DNA – What is it?
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Transcript of DNA – What is it?
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DNA – What is it?
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A Rather Large Molecule That Encodes for Genetic Instruction
* Deoxyribonucleic acid
** DNA is a polymer in the nuclei of cells
**Made up of monomer subunits called nucleotides
* Most of your cells have identical DNA but genes are “turned on” according to what proteins are made
*Example: skin cells will not produce proteins for the liver
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Nucleotides
**DNA Nucleotides float in the cytoplasm and have three parts:
Phosphate group
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base
**There are 4 nitrogen-containing bases:
*Adenine (A)*Thymine (T)*Cytosine (C)*Guanine (G)
The Backbone
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For Simplicity Purposes – A Single Nucleotide
A, G,T or C
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Nitrogenous Bases Make Up The DNA “Alphabet” – A,G,T,C
Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
ALWAYS Pairs With
Guanine (G)
ALWAYS Pairs With
Cytosine (C)
Purines Pyrimidines
** Make notice that purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines have one.This is what will gives DNA molecules their shape!!
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DNA** All of the rungs of the DNA “ladder “are pairs of
nucleotides, coiled into the shape of a double helix!!**Like a spiral staircase**“rungs” are held together by hydrogen bonds
Nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds
Remember base-pairing rules!!!
A with TC with G
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Structure of DNA’s Nucleotides Proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953
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DNA – It’s all in Your Genes
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Genes are Found on Chromosomes (We’ll Discuss These a Little Later!)
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Genes• Made up of a series of DNA nucleotides
– Only the 4 letters of DNA’s “alphabet”• All of your genes make up a genome• There are about 21, 000 genes• About 3.2 billion base pair
• It is estimated that in one single human cell, if you uncoiled the double helix, it would be about 6 foot long!
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Genes• Can be several hundred to several thousand
base-pair long• Some genes carry the instructions to make
proteins that give you traits, like eye color, hair color and freckles!
• Some genes are regulatory genes that may control other genes
• Some genes are promotor genes, sequences of DNA needed to turn genes “on” or “off”
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On the Next Slide is an Example of Part of a Code for a
Gene and is only one side of the “ladder”
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GACAGACAGACAGACAGACGGACATGCTCATATCGACTCAGGAGGTGATCCTGATCAAGAATATATATACTTTATAGGGTCGGAGATGTCTTCTTCACTGCGTTGCACACTTTTGACCAAAATTATAATACCCTCTGCAAGGGTATAAAAATGAAGCTATACTATATAGTTATTATATATATGCAAAGTCTGGACAAAATTTTGTGCCGATCGGGCCACCACTTTCTTTTTGCCCCATAGAATCCAATGCTCCCTGGGACAAAAATTTACAAAATATTCTTGAAAATTGGGTCAATATATCTAATAAATTATAATCCGGCACTATCCAACCTACTTTTATTCCATGAAAAATGCTAGGTTGAAATTGTTTAATATTCAACTTTACAATATGTATATGCGCTTATACACAAATACACATCACATTAAACAAATATGGAATTAAACACTTAAATTTTACATACCTACACTAATAATTTCCATTTTACGTTGTTTTAAAATATCCAGTATAACATTTGAAATCTTACTTTAAAATGTGATATTATTTAGCGCGCCAAAAAGTCAACGTTTCCGATCAACGAACAGCTGACTTGGGGCATTGGGACCAGTGTGATGTCGAAGGAATCTCACATTAATACTCTGCATAAAAAAGGGAAAAAATCTTACGCTGCCAATTATAGGGGCATTTCTAAATTGTCAGCAAGCCTTCTTGAAAAACGAATTACTCCACATTTTAAACACCTTTATAGTTCAATAATATGATCGTGCCAGCATGCCTTCATGAAGAGCCACTCTACCACTACCAACTTTTTGGAGCTAACATCTTTTGTCACGGATGGGTTCCATTTACACTGACTTTAGTTAAGATTTTGACTCTGTTAACCATCCTACATTTTACATTGTGTATTAACGACTTTCCCCTTGTTTTAACCAATTCACTTTTACTTATGTATATCTGCATTATGGATTCACTTGTGCCGAATCTAAACTTCAATCCGATTTGGCCAGATATTAAAATTGGTGTTTTGAAAATAACCTAAGACTTATTGTATGCAACTGTAAATTCGTGTCATTTTATCGATTTAGAGCAGGGATGGCCCTGTTGTTAGATTGCTCTGTCATATGGGAAGAGCAATGTCATATACGTGTGCTGCTCCCAGTATAGGCGATGAAAATTAATAAAAAAAAATTTTGCGTGGCTCAACAACGTTTAACATAGTTTCATAGTTAACTTAACTTCTTTGGTCTGTCCGATATTTAAGTATCGTGTAGTAGAGCCCTCATTATGGAGTAAACCGAGATCACATCGAATCTGTACAAAAAAATTCCTGATTTTCCTGACGATATTTCCAACATACATATATCTAATAATATAAACTGCCAACTAACTGCAAGCCGGTAAATATCAACTTCGCCTCCGCCCGATGTGGAGTTTTCTTTCTTGTTATAATTTGTTTACGTTAGAAATTAAAAAAATAATTTTTTAAAGAAAAAGATGGAAAGCTACAAAGCCACCACAAAGCCGCTTACAGAAAAGTGAAAAAAATTGTAAATGCCGTAAAAATTGAGAATATCAAGATGTCAATCAATGCGCATTCAATATTATAGTGTTATTAAAGATAAAGAAAGAAATACTTTTTTATAGATATGGTGACTATAACTTTCCAAAAATATAGTGAATGAACATTTTAATACTCCTTGAGCACATTAAGGCATGCGATACGACATTTCAATTCTTTCGAACCGAAGCGCATAAGTGCAAAAGGCAACAACCTTAAAAAGTCAACAACCTTGAAAGCAATTTGAATATTTGTATATAAATTAAATGATAAATGCCAAAAAAATATAACTTTGATCCACTTTCAAGAACGCTTTTACTTTTGTTTGATACTGTTTGTTACTAAGTGATTGTAACTAAATGATTCAACAAAAAGATATTAAAATTTCCATATTATAAGGGTGTGTCCAATTTTCGTGTTTTTAGCTTAATTTGAATTTCCAAATTAATTATACATACAAAATACTTACATTATTGCAATTTCTCATCTATTTACATTTCAATGTTAACCAATTCTTGAATTTACATGAAAAAGCCTATTTACACAGTTCACGATTTTAATTACTTTGGATTGTTTGTGGTCAAAGTATTTTAGGTATATTTTTTTGGAATTGATAATAAAGTCAGTTTTGTTGCAACCGCATATATAAACTCACACTCGAGTATTTACGGGTTAGTTGCCAATTGCTTAGCAATTCGTTAATACGCTTTCAATTTATTTAATGTTAACGCCGCAAACATATACACCGTTTTAAACATCAACGACTTTAAATAATTAGAAATTTAACAAAAACTTAAATGGAGATGGCAAAAAATAAGAAATATTCCCGGTCTCTGCCAGAATCAGACGGAGATGATATAGTAATTTCTGGAATGGCCGGAAAATTTCCAAACTGTAGCAACATATCGGAATACGAGTTTAAACTATATAACAAGGTTAGAAACAAAGTTTAAAATAAAACGTCCAATGGGGAAAACCATCTAATAATACTGATATGAAAAAAATTTGGTGAATAAAACATAACAAGAGCATTTTTAAACTGTGAATTGAAATAAAATAGTTGATTAAAAAGAACAGTACGCAGGAAATGGAAAAGTAAAAAACACAAGAAAGAAAAGATAACTTTGGGCGCAGCCTAAGTAGCAGAAATTTCTTGCGACTTGCCCCCAGAGGCCCCAGACAGAATCTCACTTCCCGTCCAATCGACCGAGGGACGCTGCACATAACGTACTCAAATCGTGGGGATAGATCCGAGAAAGTAGGAGTAAGATATCACGACCAAGAGAGTTGCGGATAAGGCGTTTAGTATAAGGGATTTAGAATTGTTAGTGGAGCAAAGGGACAGGATGTGGTAGAGATCATTGTAGTCCGAACATAATACCCTGAACGGATCGTGTTGGGCAAATGTCGAACTACAATGGCTGAAGAGTAGAGGACGAAAGATTCTAGTCCGCCTACTAGGAACGTTAAAATTTAAACGAGTTAGTAAATGCTAGCTGTCTTCATTACCATAAATAGGATTGTATAGAAACATAACGCTTTATTAATGACGGTAAGTTGATTAATAAAAGTCTACTAATATAAGAGAGGAGGTGGAGATTGGCATCCCAATTAAGTCCACTAAGGGCGAAAATCAGGAAATTTTTTTGAACTGATCTCGGTGTACTCCGTATTGAGGACTCCAGTGACACGAATCATTAAATTCTTTTGACCATCTTTTCATAAAACCAAATACACCCATTATTAACCAGTTATATTAACCATGGTGGATGTATGGTTGGTAAATTTAAGTTTCAAATTTAATATGACCTAGATCGTTACCTGAGTTAATCCTTCTAAGGCGTTCCCATAGAGGAAATACATAGCCTAATGATGACTAGATCGATAAAATGACATTAGTTTACATTTCGATCCATTAAGCGTTAGCTTATTTGCTAAACACCAATTTTGAAATTTATTCAAATAGGATTAAAGTCTAGATTGGGGCACCCAAGATGTAGCGCGCAATAAACGCGAGGTAACATTTTTAAAGAAGACACATTGGGTTCTTTAAGATAAGTAGCTCCAAATCCAGATAAGAAGGTCAGTTGGGAATCCCAAAAAAACTGAGTTTTCTTATAAGAAGCGAATTGTTAACAGAGAAAAATCCTTTACTGAAGTCGGTGTAAATGACGTCTGTTTGTAAGCCATTCCGGAACCAATCGTGACAAAAGATGTTAACTCCTATAAGTTGGTAGTTGCGGAGTGGCGCTTCATGAAGCCATGCTGGCACGGAGATATTACTTACAGAATTAACACTCCTCCTCCCTTTCGCAGGGGTCGACGTCAAAATGTACTTACTTGGAAAAAATTTAGAGCTTAAGATCTCCGGCTTTAACCAAGTTTATGTAAAGAACCTAATGTGAGATGCAAAGGAAGAACTATAAGAATACATTTTGGGAAGTTTACTACGTAACCCTGGAGTATTCTGATAGGTAAATGTTAGTAACAAAAATTAATTTTTTCGAATCTGATGAAGATGAGATTAAAGGTTGTTTAGTGGCTGTAACATCTGGCAATTTTACTCATACAGGTTTGGTCATTTTGTTTTTTTTGACGAAAATGTTCTCTGGCCAAGAACAGGCGAAACAAATCGTCTTGAATATCTGCAAGGGCACACGTATACCTGTGCCTGGTGTATGAATATTTAAATTTTGTAATATACACCACCTTTATGTCGGCTTTTGTTTTGGCTTTGATGTTAGCCGATATATCAATCTCAGAAGTATCAGAGGCAAGCTGGGAAATAAAAATGTGTTTCGATGGAGGAACCACCTGCAACAGTTTCGGTGCCGTCGTAACTAGTTCTGCGACATCAGTTCGTACCGGGGGTCCAGACTTTTGATTACCCTGTTCGGACTTCTCAGGGGTCTTGAATTATTGGGTCTGGAATCACTTGAAGCGATGCCAAAAAGGACATATCAGACAATTGCACATTTATTTTGAGATATTCGGAAGCCGAATTTTTCTCAGGTTCGGCCCTTGGGGTTGCCAGAGATATAAGCGGCTGCATAATCGTCGGTAAAAGAGGATTTCTTCGCTTTGGAGACTTATTTAGTAGTTGAAGACTACTAAACCGTATATCGAGCGCACAGAGTTGGTCATTAATTTTACGAAAACCGCTAATCAACTCGTTGAATCCACTTTTAGCACGACAACCGTCACATTACAAGTAGAGACCGGATCTACGTGAAATAGCATCCGGCACACTTAGCGTGTAAAACGTTTTCACACAGTGAAATGAAAAAGGGAGATTAAAGAGAGCGATTAGTGTGGGTTAGTAAACTGCAAAGAATAGAGATAAGAATCTCTATTGAGAGAGAATAGAAGCATAATCGTAAAAGATGAAGAAGCAGAGCAGGGCTATTTTTGAAAGAAAATTAATTAAGTTATTATTTTACCTCCAAATATATCACTGCACACGCGAAGCAATACGGATGTTTGCGAATGCGAAAGTTTGTTTTTATAAATGTAAATAAATAAAAATAAACACTGGATTGTTAGCTAATAAAAGATTTGATAATAACGCACAAAAATCCGCTTTCAGATAAAGAGAGGCTGTCCTTTTCATAAAAAGATTTGTATTTTATCATACGTTTTTAAAAATTAACGCATTTTACCAAATATTATTATAATTATTAATTAATTTTTAACTTTTAAGATAGATATGGTTGACGATGATGAGCGCAGATGGCGTCATTTTAACCCGGAAATACCAAAACGATCTGGAAAAATTAGTGAGCTTGAAAAATTTGATGCAACATTTTTTGGAGTTCATTTTAAGCAAGCTCATACAATGGATCCCCAAACTCGAATTTTGATTGAGACTGCATATGAAGCGGTCATAGATTCCGGAATAAACCCAAAAAGTCTTCGGGGATCAAAAACTGGAGTGTACATTGGATCTTGTATTTCTGAATCAGAAAAAACATGGTTTTATGAAAAAGTTTCATCTGGTGGATTTGGAATAACTGGCTGCAGTCGGGCTATGATGGCTAATAGAATATCTTACTGTTTAGGACTCGAGGGACCTTCTTTTCTATTAGATACTGCATGTTCAAGTTCAATGTACGCGTTGGATAATGCCTTTAGTGCACTTCGAAATGGAGAAATAGATGCAGCAATAATTGGTGGCTCCAACTTACTTCTTCATCCATTTGTGACTCTTCAATTTGCTCGGTAAGCTTTTTGATTTTTTTAAAATTTTATTTCCTAACAAACTTTAAATTCCATAACATCATAGACTCGGCGTACTTGCTCCAGATGGGTTTTGTCGTCCATTCGATAAAAATGCAAGTGGCTATACCAGATCTGAAACTATCAATTGCCTATTTTTGCAACGAAAACGGGATGCAAAGCGTGTGTATGCTAGTGTTGTGTATTCAAAAACTAATTGTGATGGATATAAGCCAGAGGGTATAACGTATCCATCTGGGGTAGTCCAAGAAAAGTTGTTGGAAAATTTCTATAAAGAGATCGAACTTACCCCCTCAGATTTGGGCTATTTAGAGGCTCACAGTACTGGAACTGTAGTTGGTGATCCAGAAGAATGCAAAGCAATAGACAATGTAATTTGTAGCCAAAGACGCGAGCCTTTATTAATTGGATCTGTTAAATCAAATATTGGACATTCCGAAGCTGCATCAGGAATATGCTCACTTGTTAAAGCTTGCTTTGCATTTGAAACTGGCATGATTGCACCGAATATAAATTTTGCAGAAGTAAAACCAATTATTGCACCTCTAGCAGAAGGAAGATTGCTTGTTGTTAAAGATAAAACGCCTCTACCAAAGCCATACATCGGTATAAATTCTTTTGGATTTGGAGGTGCAAATGCACATGCACTTCTGAAAGGTTTTACCAAATCAAAGACAAATTTTGGGATTCCTGAGGATGATGTACCTCGACTTCTTACATGGGCCGGTAGGACAGAAGATGCAGTGCATGAAATTTTTAGCGACATAGAAAAAAGACCCCTAGATGCAGAATTTATCGGACTACTTCAAAATATTCAAGAGG
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Let’s Make A DNA Molecule !!!
Beads and Demo