DNA Replication & Cell Cycle

Preparing and Dividing the DNA

Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids, joined by a centromere

In human mitosis, 46 chromosomes form 92 sister chromatids

Each chromatid splits from sister and enters one of the two daughter cells

Now it is considered to be a single chromosome.

chromosomes have telomeres (protective end caps)

With every DNA replication, the telomeres on its DNA become shorter.

No replication if telomeres are too short.

DNA replication must occur before a cell can do cell divisionThe chromatin shorten and thicken into chromatids

Dividing the DNA

DNAdouble helix shapetwo nucleotide

strandsthey run anti-

parallel to each other (in opposite directions)

held together by 2 types of bonds

DNA Bonding1. phosphodiester bonds

- link the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of the other to create the sides

2. hydrogen bonds – connect the complimentary nitrogen bases to create the rungs

DNA Replication“copying of DNA’semi-conservative - each

new DNA strand formed is half an old strand and half a new strand.

DNA ReplicationSteps:1. DNA strand is pulled

apart by the enzyme DNA helicase.

2. DNA polmerase (enzyme), adds nucleotides to each strand which produces two new, identical DNA strands.

3. The strands wrap back up and the cell is ready to divide (mitosis!!!)

The Cell CycleDuring the cell cycle, the cell lives, grows, duplicates its DNA, prepares for celldivision, and then divides into two daughter cells.

The cell cycle

The Cell Cycle Eukaryotic cells go through a growing stage and a division

stage.1. Interphase – growing stage

Regular cell activities take up 90 percent of the cell cycle increases protein supply creates new organelles grows larger 3 parts:G1 & G2 – gap phase, either side

of S phaseS – synthesis phase, DNA is

replicated

2. Mitosis – M phase 2 processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.

1. mitosis - nucleus and genetic material duplicated and distributed equally between two daughter cells (PMAT).

a) Prophase: sister chromatids visible centrioles move to either side of cell spindle fibres attach to chromatids nuclear envelope breaks down

b) Metaphase

chromatids attached to spindle fibres

lined up across centre of cell

c) Anaphase

• chromatids separate from sisters to become single chromosomes

• spindle fibres pull chromo to opposite ends of cell

d) Telophase

chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin

spindle fibers disappear

nuclear envelopes reappear around daughter chromosomes

2. Cytokinesisin animals occurs along the cleavage furrow in plants, occurs along a cell plate (more rigid).two genetically identical daughter cells are produced.Each has a single nucleus, correct amount of DNA,

cytoplasm and organelles, and a plasma membrane.

Daughter cells

Cytokinesis