DNA Mutations and Repair part 2 and 3
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Transcript of DNA Mutations and Repair part 2 and 3
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DNA Mutations and Repairpart 2 and 3Chapter 18
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Mutation Rates and Frequency
1 to 10 mutations per million gametes Incidence within a group
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Causes of Mutations
Spontaneous Induced
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Spontaneous Mispairing of bases Changes in chemical structure of DNA
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Tautomers
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But this is probably a much more common occurrence.
A spontaneous error
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Spontaneous Incorporated Error (perhaps due to wobble)
A replicated Error
To Replicated Errors
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Chemical changes to the DNA
Depurination
Deamination
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Depurination
Chemical change in the DNA
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NH2 is gone
DNA Repair
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NO REPAIR!
Naturally Occurring
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Environmentally Induced DNA changes
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Chemicals and Reactions Leading to Mutations
Base analogs Alklating agents Deaminations Hydroxylamine Oxidative reactions Intercalating agents
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Mistake!!
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alklyating
Deamination
Adds OH
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Oxidative radicals Reactive forms of
oxygen can lead to these radicals
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Intercalating agents Insert and distort DNA
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Radiation
Hiroshima (Aug. 6th, 1945) (Techa River)
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Thymine DimersSOS
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Detecting mutations with the AMES test
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THE AMES TEST
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AMES TEST Saccharin
Aflatoxin
2-aminofluorene
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Aflatoxin B1
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DNA Repair: general characteristics Double stranded DNA Redundancy of pathways
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Types of DNA repair Mismatch repair
Direct Repair
Base-Excision Repair
Nucleotide Excision Repair
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Mismatch repair Mut H
Recognize GATC hemi-methylation
Mut S Mut L
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A closer look at mismatch repair
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Direct Repair
DIRECT REVERSAL REPAIR
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BASE EXCISION REPAIR
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BASE EXCISION REPAIR
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Nucleotide Excision Repair
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Diseases of DNA repair!
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Xeroderma pigmentosumAutosomal recessive
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Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer HNPCC
15% of all colon cancers
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Li-Fraumeni P-53 mutation
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