–DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions...
-
Upload
gabriella-hill -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions...
![Page 1: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
– DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism.
– How are these directions carried out?
Flow of Genetic Information
Gene
DNA
RNA
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acids
![Page 2: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Gene
DNA
RNA
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acids
– An organism’s genotype is its genetic makeup, the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA.
– The phenotype is the organism’s physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of proteins.
Flow of Genetic Information
![Page 3: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenous baseA, G, C, or U
Uracil U
Sugar ribose
Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
– DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA, ribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acids
![Page 4: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Review nucleotide structure:
Nucleic Acids
![Page 5: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nucleic Acids●Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)
Adenine A Guanine G
Thymine T Cytosine C
● Each RNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U)
![Page 6: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DNA Structure
*Early 1950’s Rosalind Franklin*1953 Watson and Crick
![Page 7: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
NucleotideBasepair
Hydrogenbond
Bases
a DNA strandpolynucleotide
b Double helixtwo polynucleotide strands
●Nucleic Acid Structure
DNA Structure
![Page 8: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
DNA nucleotide
Nucleotide Thymine (T)
Sugar
Polynucleotide
DNAdouble helix
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenous base(can be A, G, C, or T)
DNA Structure
![Page 9: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DNA Structure
![Page 10: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
•Complementarity
”It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism … “
•Mode of DNA ReplicationSemiconservative
DNA Replication
![Page 11: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
*Overview: DNA replication
*Complementarity determines which nucleotide will be added
*Chain elongation in a 5’-to-3’ direction
DNA Replication
![Page 12: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Initiation
*Primase
*Strands must separate•Helicases•SSBPs•DNA gyrase
*Two are antiparallel•Continuous DNA synthesis = leading•Discontinuous DNA synthesis = lagging
DNA Replication
![Page 13: –DNA functions as the inherited directions for a cell or organism. –How are these directions carried out? Flow of Genetic Information Gene DNA RNA Protein.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9d5503460f94a86ef9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A large team of enzymes carry out DNA replication:
•Helicases
•SSBPs
•DNA gyrase
Elongation:
•Association of polymerase
•Sliding clamp
•Primase
•DNA synthesis (DNA pol)
•Primer removal and replacement (DNA pol)
•Ligase closes the gaps
DNA Replication