Prof (Col) Rajive Kohli, Ph.D.Director

30 Jan’14 from 12.45 to 2.15 p.m.9910744340 kohli9r@gmail.com

Academic Staff College107th 4-week Orientation Programme from 13 January to 10 February 2014

Disaster:A serious disruption of the functioning of a society,

causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses

which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only

its own resources.

DISASTER dimensions– Disruption to normal pattern of life, usually

severe and may also be sudden, unexpected and widespread

– Human effects like loss of life, injury, hardship and adverse effect on health

– Effect on social infrastructure such as destruction of or damage to government systems, buildings, communications and essential services

– Community needs such shelter, food, clothing, medical assistance and social care.

Disasters occur in varied forms

•Some are predictable in advance•Some are annual or seasonal •Some are sudden and unpredictable

Floods Days and weeksEarthquakes Seconds/minutesCyclones DaysDroughts Months

GENERAL EFFECTS OF DISASTER LOSS OF LIFE. INJURY. DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY. DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PRODUCTION. DISRUPTION OF LIFESTYLE. LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD. DISRUPTION TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES. DAMAGE TO NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE. DISRUPTION TO GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEMS. NATIONAL ECONOMIC LOSS. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTER

EFFECT. ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION

TYPES OF DISASTER

Natural Disasters

Meteorological

Topographical

Environmental

Man-made Disasters

Technological

Industrial accidents

Security related

NATURAL DISASTER

• A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural calamity affects humans and/or the built environment.

• Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, flood and cyclones are natural hazards

MAN MADE DISASTER

• Airplane crashes and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters.

• they cause pollution, kill people, and damage property.

Distinction between Hazard and Disaster :

“A hazard is a natural event while the disaster is its consequence. A hazard is a perceived natural event which threatens both life and property….a disaster is a realization of this hazard…”

– John Whittow, Disaster. 1980

"Hazards may be inevitable, but disasters can be

prevented."

There could be many type of hazards:• Water and Climate Hazards • Geological Hazards• Environmental Hazards• Biological Hazards • Chemical , Industrial and Nuclear

Hazards

Types of Hazards

Water and Climate related disasters• Floods and Drainage Management• Cyclones• Tornadoes and Hurricanes• Hailstorm• Cloud Burst• Heat Wave and Cold Wave• Snow Avalanches• Droughts• Sea Erosion • Thunder & Lightning

Geologically related disasters

• Landslides and Mudflows• Dam Failures/ Dam Bursts.• Mine Fires

Earthquake

Tsunami

Biologically related disasters

• Biological Disasters and Epidemics• Pest Attacks• Cattle Epidemics• Food Poisoning

Chemical, Industrial & Nuclear related disasters

• Chemical and Industrial Disasters

• Nuclear Disasters

Accident related disasters• Forest Fires• Urban Fires• Mine Flooding• Oil Spill• Major Building Collapse• Serial Bomb Blasts• Festival related disasters• Electrical Disasters & Fires• Air, Road and Rail Accidents.• Boat Capsizing.• Village Fire

WHY? And WHAT about Man made Disasters?

Manmade Disasters• Urban fires • Village fire • Mine fires• Air, road and rail accidents• Boat capsizing • Electrical disasters • Chemical and industrial

disasters• Nuclear disasters• Mine flooding• Oil spill• Major building collapse• Serial bomb blasts• Festival related disasters

civil strife communal violence internal conflict, “complex emergencies” rapid or slow onset types

COMPLEX DISASTERSurbanisation chaotic growth policy disasterswar and civil strifeSocial violence

The Myths about Disasters

• It Can’t Happen to Us.

• The Nature’s forces are so Deadly the Victims will Die anyway.

• There is Nothing We Can Do.

THESE ARE THE TIMES WHEN EVERYONE HAS TO HELP OUTTHESE ARE THE TIMES WHEN EVERYONE HAS TO HELP OUT

Disaster Management

• Disaster management is the discipline that involves preparing, warning, supporting and rebuilding societies when natural or man-made disasters occur.

• It is the continuous process in an effort to avoid or minimize the impact of disasters resulting from hazards.

DISASTER MANAGEMENTThe body of policy and administration decisions and operational activities that pertain to various stages of a disaster at all levels.

An applied science which seek, by systematic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, mitigation, preparedness, emergency response and recovery.

Encompass all aspects of planning for and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.

AIMS/ GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• Reduce (Avoid, if possible) the potential losses (lives & infrastructure) from hazards.

• Reduce the risks by timely measures, short-term and long-term policies

• Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster when necessary.

• Achieve rapid, effective, sustained & durable recovery & rehabilitation.

What is Disaster Management

Disaster Management Cycle

Stages of Disaster Management Cycle

The cycle generally comprises four major stages:

1. Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation 2. Disaster Response and Immediate Relief 3. Disaster Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and

Recovery 4. Long-term Development

Disaster Management Continuum

pre-disaster phase• Prevention• Mitigation • Preparedness

post-disaster phase• Response• Rehabilitation• Reconstruction

Six elements that defines the complete approach to Disaster Management. 

Disaster Preparedness Framework

Rehearsals Public Education

and Training

Response Mechanisms

Warning Systems

Resource Base

Information System

Institutional Framework

PlanningVulnerability Assessment

COMPONENTS OF PREPAREDNESS

Typical Post Disaster Needs

The Initial Response

• Search, Rescue and Evacuation• Medical Assistance• Disaster Assessment

• Short term food and water provision

• Water purification• Epidemiological Surveillance• Temporary shelter

The Secondary Response• Repair or reconstruction• Reestablish or create employment• Assist with recovery of agriculture

through loans, distribution of farm equipment and tools

• Assist with recovery of small businesses and fisheries

WORKING TOGETHER WE CAN REDUCE OUR VULNERABILITIES

Scale of DisasterIs Dependent on :• Lead Time Available.• Intensity of Hazard.• Duration.• Spatial Extent.• Density of Population & Assets.• Time of Occurrence.• Vulnerabilities existing in the

Elements at Risk.

• Hazard X Vulnerability = Disaster

Role Players in Disasters• People : Individuals, House -Holds, Volunteers• Gram Panchayat : Sarpanch, Panchayati Secretary, Panchayat Members• Village Elders : Caste/Community/Religious Leaders, Teachers, Doctors, Engineers, Retired Army & Police Personnel• Govt. Deptl. Officers : Agriculture, Medical, Engineers (Housing, Roads & Buildings, Irrigation) Revenue Department, Public Health, Police, Defence, NGOs

Earthquakes57%

Cyclones 8%

Floods 12%

drought 70%

Landslides 3%

Hazard Vulnerability in India

One million houses get damaged annually, in addition to human, economic, social, and other losses

Zone Magnitude

Zone V Very High Risk Quakes of Magnitude 8 and greater

Zone IV High Risk Quakes upto Magnitude 7.9

Zone III Moderate Risk Quakes upto Magnitude 6.9

Zone II Seismic Disturbances uptoMagnitude 4.9

Source: IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 (BIS)

SEISMIC ZONING MAP

Major Disasters in India

1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy2001 Gujarat earthquake 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 2008 Mumbai attacks 2013Uttrakhand floods

Floods July 2005

Tsunami Dec 2004

Super Cyclone Oct 1999

Flood, Assam & Bihar 2004

MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA (1980-2011)

Earthquake Uttarkashi, Oct 1991

Earthquake Chamoli, April 1999

Earthquake, Bhuj Jan 2001

Avalanche, Feb 2005

Earthquake, Latur Sept 1993

Tsunami Dec 2004

Bhopal Gas Disaster, Dec 1982

Earthquake, Oct 2005

Kosi Floods, Aug, 2008

Cyclone Aila, West Bengal, 2009

From 15 to 18 June 2013, Indian state of Uttrakhand and adjoining area received heavy rainfall, which was about 375 percent more than the benchmark rainfall during a normal monsoon.

16th and 17th June,2013The Day of Destruction happened in history of

UTTRAKHAND

FLOODING IN UTTRAKHAND…

HUMAN LOSS According to the official records 400 houses were destroyed and 265

were damaged 4,200 villages effected 6,000 people were dead,10,000 injured and 1,00,000 stranded

ECONOMIC LOSS 20,000 crores loss Major roads, telephone towers

destroyed due, communication lost Tourism loss

RESCUE AND RELIEF OPERATION

The Army, Air Force, Navy, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Border Security Force, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Public Works Department and local administrations worked together for quick rescue operations.

Several thousand soldiers were deployed for the rescue missions.  

Activists of political and social organizations are also involved in the rescue and management of relief centres.

Helicopters were used to rescue people, but due to the rough terrain, heavy fog and rainfall, maneuvering them was a challenge.  

Even the Corporates joined hand to help the people..

• Struck the Odisha coast, off Gopalpur 9.15 pm 12 October 2013

• Winds raging at 200km an hour, storm surge of a over 3 meters and inundating areas up to half a kilometer inland

• 873,000 people moved before the cyclone made landfall

• 100,000 were evacuatedSome 600,000 people were left homeless after the storm swept through 14,000 villages mainly in coastal districts.

DEAD: Confirmed dead – 27

Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management

1. Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC2. Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department3. Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department4. Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare5. Avian Flu: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment, Ministry

of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry6. Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and Forests7. Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour8. Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways9. Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation10. Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs11. Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy12. Mine Disasters : Department of Mines

Disaster Nodal Ministry

Natural Disasters Management (other than Drought)

Ministry of Home Affairs

Drought Relief Ministry of Agriculture

Air Accidents Ministry of Civil Aviation

Railway Accidents Ministry of Railways

Chemical Disasters Ministry of Environment & Forests

Biological Disasters Ministry of Health

Nuclear Disasters Department of Atomic Energy

National Level

NATIONAL LANDMARKS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution

• Eleventh Schedule and Twelfth Schedule

• High Powered Committee (HPC)

• Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth Finance Commissions

• Tenth and Eleventh Five Year Plans

• Disaster Management Act 2005

• National Policy on Disaster Management

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

Management of Disaster in India

Paradigm shift in approach. a) From Response and Relief Centre to:-

i) Prevention & restoration ii) Mitigation and Preparedness

b) From Ministry of Agriculture to Ministry of Home in 2002.

High power Committee under J C Pant-1999. i) Culture of preparedness

ii) Culture of quick response iii) Culture of strategic thinking

iv) Culture of Mitigation. All party National Committee under chairmanship of P.M.-2001

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Disaster Management……contd.

DM Act - 2005i) Constitution of NDMA, SDMA, DDMA

ii) Constitution of NDRF/SDRFiii) Provision of Mitigation/Legal Actions

iv) Responsibility to each department

Inclusion in Five year plan

Development can not be sustainable unless D.M is built into development process

Recommendations by 13th Finance Commission Inclusion of curriculum in Education system

Community Preparedness/Awareness.

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10 NDRF Bns A Specialist Response Force with :

-High skill training -State of the art equipments

A Multi Disciplinary, multi skilled and high tech Force

-for all types of disasters capable of insertion by Air, Sea & Land

All NDRF Bns to be equipped and trained for all natural disasters including NBC.

Dedicated exclusively for Disaster Response54

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE (NDRF)

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY OF NDRF BNS

Area of Responsibility will be relocated once NDRF Bns at Patna and Guntur get operational

Composition of NDRF Bns

Each Bn have 1149 personnel Each Bn have 18 specialist teams of 44

Members to handle natural & NBC disasters.

Each team have Engineers, Paramedics, Technician, Electrician, Communication

personnel & Dog squad. Organized, equipped and trained for all

type of disasters.56

Role of education and schools• Promoting and enabling Disaster Risk Reduction • focus on disaster risk education in primary and

secondary schools• to raise awareness and provide understanding of

disaster management for children, teachers and communities.

• structural changes to improve safety in building schools to protect children and their access to education, but also minimise long term costs.

• students of all ages can actively study and participate in school safety measures

Role of education and schools• Students can work with teachers and other adults in the

community towards minimising risk before, during and after disaster events.

• Methods of participatory vulnerability assessment, capacity assessment and hazard mapping have been be used with broader communities, schools and other institutions.

• Government can effectively reach out to communities and protect them by focusing on schools in DRR initiatives to achieve greater resilience to disasters.

SCHOOL EVACUATION PLAN

Disasters: Negative and Positive Aspects

Aspects Negative Aspects

Positive aspects

D

I

S

A

S

T

E

R

Damage

Interruption

Severe

Antagonistic

Scourge

Traumatic

Emergency

Risk

Development

Innovation

Sharing

Awareness

Self sufficiency

Transformation

Education

Resilience