THE GERMAN ROADMAP E-ENERGY / SMART GRIDGer manCommi ssi onf orEl ect r i cal , El ect r oni c&I nf or mat i onTechnol ogi esof DI NandVDEi ncooper at i onwi t h2Concept & Realization:Eisenhut Rtten GmbH Communications Agency, Neu-Isenburg, GermanyPublisherVDE ASSOCIATION FOR ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & INFORMATION TECHNO-LOGIESResponsible for the daily operations of the DKE German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDEStresemannallee 15 (VDE Building)60596 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyPhone: +49 69 6308-0Fax: +49 69 6308-9863Email: dke@vde.comInternet: www.dke.de3ForewordNew technologies create new opportunities. Wearefacingenormouschallenges,especiallyinenergysupply.Newtechnologycanhelpusthere. In the light of a growing share of electricityfrom volatile, renewable energy sources, the gen-eration and consumption of electricity will havetobemoreeffectivelybalancedinfuture.Fur-thermore, distributed power generation will haveto be effectively integrated in the electricity sys-tem. Finally, the currently passive electricity con-sumerswillhavetoevolveintoprosumers,who take part actively in the energy system.Solutionstotheseandotherissuesofenergyandenvironmentalpolicyarebeingdevelopedin the E-Energy technology programme, whichispromotedbytheFederalMinistryofEco-nomics and Technology in cooperation with theFederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservation and Nuclear Safety. In six Germanmodel regions, we are conducting trials on theenergy system of the future.The E-Energy Expertise Centre of the DKE, theGerman Commission for Electrical, Electronic &Information Technologies, is acting as the cen-tral contact for all matters of standardization onE-EnergyinGermany.IwishtothanktheDKEmost warmly for that commitment. As a GermanmemberoftheEuropeanCommitteeforElec-trotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and theInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),theDKEalsofunctionsasanimportantlinktoEuropean and international standardization.ThisfirstversionoftheGermanE-Energy/SmartGridStandardizationRoadmap,whichhasbeenproducedincloseconsultationwiththeresearchersandexpertsoftheE-Energyprojects, contains numerous recommendations.The task now is to ascertain the extent to whichthese approaches can be implemented.I wish the Roadmap many readers and users.Rainer BrderleFederal Minister of Economics and TechnologyDear readers45PrefaceProtection of the atmosphere and climate, anda progressive scarcity of fossil fuels, are leadingto increasing use of renewable energy sources,which are fundamentally obtained directly, or aswith wind, indirectly, from current sunlight. On ac- count of their immanent volatility (day/night cycle,weather),wewillhavetocometoregardtheconstantavailabilityofelectricalpowertotheconsumerasapersistentnationalandglobaloptimization problem: The current supply of re-newable energy has to be brought in line with thecurrent demand by consumers on a large scale.The means by which such an optimum can beachievedareintelligentlycontrolledelectricitynetworks and storage facilities and the active in-fluencing of consumption, based on a variety ofinformation on the current and expected gener -ation and consumption situations. Replacementof fossil fuels at least in part by electrical energyfortraffic(electromobility)willexpandthede-g rees of freedom in the optimization process.The concept of an internet for energy indicateson the one hand that the flexible generation, dis-tribution, storage and use of renewable energieswill be based on an information structure similartotheinternet.Ontheotherhand,thetermevok es associations with questions of informa-tion security and the protection of privacy, ques-tionswhichreachintotheareasofregulation,legislation and acceptance by society.The decentralization of power generation leadstonewmarketstructures,whichrequirecon-siderableinvestmentsinthenetworksandincollectionofthenecessaryinformationforop-timumcontroloftheoverallsystemwithits generators and loads.Standardsareessentialifthemarket-related optimization problem, the issues of networkingenergyandinformationandofsecuringin-vestmentsaretobesolved.ThisRoadmap indicateswhichstandardsalreadyexistin thisregard,andprovidesconcrete,prioritizedrecommendationstoclosethegaps.TheDKEistoplayanactivepartintheimplementation oftheserecommendations,andhasestab-lishedanE-EnergyExpertiseCentretoco-ordinatethestandardizationworkincoopera-tionwiththeE-Energyprojectspromotedby theFederalMinistryofEconomicsandTech-nology.Theaimoftheseeffortsistocontributetheexist ingandnowextendedknowledgeavail-ableinGermanyontheoptimumavailability and use of sustainably generated electric powertotheEuropeanandinternationalstandard-izationprocessinsuchawaythatasupra-regionalmarketiscreated,providingattractiveconditions for the producers and consumers ofelectrical energy and security of investment forthemanufacturersandoperatorsofthecorre-sponding systems and networks. This Roadmap,as a living document, is intended as an incentivetomaintainandexpandtheleadingroleof Germanscienceandindustryinthefieldofenergysystemsundernewenvironmentalandmarket conditions.Dietmar HartingPresident of the DKELadies and Gentlemen61. Executive Summary 82. Starting point for the German standardization roadmap on E-Energy / Smart Grids 103. Introduction 113.1. Reasons and boundary conditions for the compilation of a Standardization Roadmap 113.2. Terms and definitions: Smart Grid 133.3. Various perspectives on the Smart Grid / E-Energy topic and development of focal topics 173.3.1.Various perspectives 173.3.2.Focal topics 223.4. Benefits of Smart Grids and their standardization 233.4.1.Benefits for the state and the economy general description 233.4.2.Benefits for the energy customers 243.4.3.Benefits for the distribution system operators 253.4.4.Benefits for the transmission system operators 253.4.5.Benefits for the German manufacturers 253.4.6.Benefits for the research community 264. Activities for the development of standards in the field of the Smart Grid 274.1. Introduction 274.2. IEC Standardization Smart Grid SG 3 Preliminary Survey Draft 304.3. Study on the standardization environment of the E-Energy funding programme 334.4. CEN / CENELEC / ETSI Smart Meters Coordination Group on EU Mandate M/441 344.5. In-house Automation Joint working group of DKE and E-Energy research 354.6. Further relevant roadmaps with statements and influence on standards 364.6.1.NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards 364.6.2.UCAiug Open Smart Grid subcommittee 374.6.3.Identification of future fields of standardization 2009 Basic study by DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. 384.6.4.BDI initiative Internet for Energy 384.6.5.FutuRed Spanish Electrical Grid Platform 394.6.6.Smart Grids Roadmap for Austria 394.6.7.Electricity Networks Strategy Group (UK) A Smart Grid Routemap 394.6.8.Japans roadmap to international standardization for Smart Grid and collaborations with other countries 404.6.9.CIGRE D2.24 407Contents4.6.10.IEEE P2030 404.6.11.Automation 2020+ Energy integrated technology roadmap 414.6.12.Further roadmaps 414.7. Summary 414.7.1.International studies 424.7.2.National studies 424.7.3.Existing challenges already identified 434.7.4.Common factors in approaches to standards 444.7.5.Expansion stages and imponderables 455. Recommendations for a Standardization Roadmap Phase 1 465.1. Areas identified domains and cross-cutting topics 465.2. Recommendations for a German Roadmap 465.2.1.General recommendations 465.2.2.Recommendations on regulatory and legislative changes 505.2.3.Recommendations on security and privacy 505.2.4.Recommendations on communications 515.2.5.Recommendations for the area of architectures and network I&C 525.2.6.Recommendations for the area of distribution system automation 535.2.7.Recommendations for the area of Smart Metering 535.2.8.Recommendations for the area of distributed generation and virtual power plants 555.2.9.Recommendations on the area of electromobility 555.2.10.Recommendations for the area of storage 565.2.11.Recommendations for the area of load management (demand response) 575.2.12.Recommendations for the area of in-house automation 576. Prospects for continuation of the standardization roadmap 596.1. Implementation of the standardization roadmap Phase 1 596.2. Further topics for Phase 2 617. Bibliography for the study 628. Key to the abbreviations 649. Strategy Group for the Standardization Roadmap in the DKEGerman Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE 66Appendix Comparison of various studies on Smart Grid standardization 6881. Executive SummaryEnergysuppliestocustomersandtheuseofenergyingeneralareundergoingradicalchange.Triggeredbypoliticalobjectivessuchas limiting climate change and securing energysupplies, increasing energy efficiency, extendingdistributedpowergenerationandsignificantlyincreasing the share of renewables are regardedasfundamentalwaystowardsasolution.Thelinking of new technologies in power engineer-ing and ICT1to solve the coming challenges intheenergysectorisreferredtoastheSmartGrid.Thisentailsfurtherdevelopmentstoourenergysystemintheshort,mediumandlongterms, and, as is the consensus, enormous in-vestments.In order to achieve the desired objective of re-shaping our energy system, the correspondingpreconditions must be established both on thetechnical side (interoperability) and on the com-mercial side (security of investment and devel -opmentofnewmarkets).Boththeseaspectscan be served nationally, regionally and interna-tionally by means of standardization.StandardizationinthefieldofSmartGridsishow ever characterized by a number of featureswhich distinguish it from standardization as pur-sued to date. Here, standardization activities aremarked by the large number of players, a lot ofregionalandinternationalactivities,theenor-mous speed and huge economic effects of thevariousstandardizationactivities.Smartgridstandardizationisbynomeansbusinessasusual.Thefocusmustthereforebeonthefollowing activities: Political support Close interrelation between research and de-velopment,regulationandthelegalframe-work with standardization is necessary. SpeedThereisatpresentcompetitionbetween 1 ICT Information and Communication Technologies9Executive Summarydifferent national and regional standardization concepts. Rapid implementation of the results achieved in Germany in standards is therefore essential. International orientationRapidembeddingininternationalstandards atISOandIECisimportantforthecontri-bution of German interests, technologies and research(suchasE-Energy)tointernational activities. Coordination and focusTheSmartGridischaracterizedbyalarge numberofplayersanddisciplines.Inter-domain cooperation and coordination by the establishment of a steering group and groups dealing with focal and interdisciplinary topics arenecessaryifduplicationofeffortistobe avoided. Support innovationInordertopromoteinnovation,standardi-zationshouldfocusoninteroperabilityand avoidspecificationofregardtotechnical solutions. Use and marketing of existing standards Manyofthenecessarystandardsalready exist.Thereareinternationallyrecognized standards in the fields of power, industrial and buildingautomation.Thesewillhavetobe usedandpromotedaccordingly.Information on this standardization work and its status is an integral part of this roadmap. Further development of standardsThefundamentalneedforactionconsistsin linking the established domains. New stand -ardization projects must focus on this topic. Involvement in standardizationIncreased participation in standardization ac-tivities on national, regional and international levelsisnecessaryforachievementofthe objectives. German companies should there-foremakegreatercontributionstoGerman, European and international standardization.A series of actions have already been taken onthebasisoftheserequirements.Thosewhichstand out are the establishment of an E-EnergyExpertise Centre within the DKE and the com-pilation of this standardization roadmap. Chap-ter 3 of this standardization roadmap deals withreasons for the establishment of a Smart Grid,anddiscussesvariousdefinitions.Chapter4 des cribes the existing standards which alreadypoint the way to the future, and studies on stan-dardization work in the field of Smart Grids. Fi-nally, Chapter 5 presents recommendations forthe further procedure in the various areas underdiscussion.InGermany,wearefacedwithanenormouschallenge,butalsodiscernavarietyofoppor-tunities in an intelligent redesign of the presentsystems. The necessary steps have been iden-tified and described. It is now up to all of us toplay an active part in their implementation by ourowncommitmentinsocietyandpolitics,re-search,industryandstandardization.Wewillalso need energetic assistance on the nationaland international levels to achieve our ambitiousobjectives for the benefit of society.Now lets get to work!10Therearevariousroadmapsandframeworks for the Smart Grid which is being discussed in-tensively in professional circles, some of whichhavebeencompiledbynationalcommitteesand stakeholders, industrial consortiums and in-ternational standardization committees. They allhave one thing in common, namely the demandto meet the increased complexity and technol-ogy convergence involved in the transformationof the electricity grid and the integration of newgeneration and storage options, and also the in-volvement of customers as an active part of theelectricitygrids,withstandardizedICTand automation technology. The core of the frequentdemandforlinkingofthenewdistributedsys-tem components with the existing infrastructureis the technical and semantic2interoperability ofcomponents from various manufacturers in dif-ferentsectorsofindustry.Thiscanonlybeachieved by standards. The aim of this document is to draft a strategic,andneverthelesstechnicallyorientatedroad-mapwhichrepresentsthestandardizationre-quirements for the German vision of the SmartGrid, taking especial account of the BMWi (Fe-deralMinistryofEconomicsandTechnology)and BMU (Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) fund-ing programme E-Energy [BMWi]. In addition,itprovidesanoverviewofstandardsinthat context,andofcurrentactivities,necessaryfieldsofaction,internationalcooperationandstrategic recommendations.Germanstandardizationstrategy[DIN1,2,3]distinguishesbetweendejurestandardizationasthefullyconsensualcompilationofrules, guidelinesandcharacteristicsofactivitiesforgeneral or repeated application by a recognizedorganizationandstandardizationingeneralastheprocessofcompilingspecifications.The latter may result in various documents such astheVDERulesofApplication,PASs(PubliclyAvailableSpecifications),ITAs(IndustryTech-nical Agreements) or TRs (Technical Reports).This roadmap is not intended as a compilationofandreferencetothepreviousapproaches,but as a targeted strategic plan of German ac-tivitiesinthecontextofEuropeanandglobal developments. In the spirit of an integrated Ger-manSmartGridroadmap,thisdocument focuses on standardization aspects in the fieldsof power system management, electricity stor-age, distributed generation, safety and security,automation technology, smart meters and homeautomation.Thisdraftofanationalstandardi-zationroadmapdescribesthecorestandards ofafutureelectricalpowersupplysystem,states their importance and areas of application,andpresentstheresultingopportunities,chal-lenges and effects.TheconceptoftheSmartGridisreceivingat-tentioninmanyprofessionalgroupsandre-search projects above and beyond the E-Energyprojects. For this reason, the draft of the road-map [DKENR] was presented to a professionalaudience for comment during a symposium on02 February 2010 and then in the internet. Theopportunity to comment has been actively usedby the experts. TheStrategyGrouphastakenupmanysug-gestions in the present version 1.0 and recom-mended others, in the light of the highly detailedcommentsreceivedinsomecases,forfurther2. Starting point for the German standardizationroadmap on E-Energy / Smart Grids2 Semantic interoperability is taken here above all to mean congruence of term and signification, i.e. identical interpretation of the data exchangedby several parties or systems11Starting point/Introduction3. Introduction3.1. Reasons and boundaryconditions for the compilation ofa Standardization RoadmapAnefficientandaboveallreliablyfunction-ing energy supply infrastructure is the basis forsustainable,growth-orientateddevelopment oftheGermaneconomyandofsocietyasawhole.Variousobjectivesaredefinedbothnationallyandinternationallytopermitthesustainable operationofthisinfrastructureinthelightof thedemandsimposedbyclimatechange.InEurope, the 20/20/20 targets, aimed at a furtherexpansionofrenewableenergysourcesand the most efficient use of energy possible, havebeensetdownintheThirdEnergyPackage.This requires the future integration in the existingsystembothoffurtherlarge-scalefacilitiesonthebasisofrenewableenergysourcesandofdistributedgenerationfacilities,alsopartlybasedonrenewables.Opportunitiesforflexi-bilizationofloadaretobeexploitedforcost-effectiveintegrationofthesevolatilesources.Thisrequirescorrespondinglyoptimizednet-worksystemoperationsandgridexpansion,and increased use of new technologies such asinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT) and modern power electronics.Correspondingvisionsandtransitionpro-cesses have been described both on the Euro-peanlevelandintheUSA.TheSmartGridisregard ed as the core aspect in the achievementof this agenda. As early as 2006, the EuropeanTechnologyPlatformSmartGridssetout the challenges and solutions for future electricitynetworksinitsgroundbreakingdocument VisionandStrategyforEuropesElectricity Networks of the Future [ETPEU]3. The National Institute of Standards and Techno-logy (NIST, USA) [EPRI] defines the Smart Gridasthetransitionprocessfromtodaysenergysupplytoamodernized,betterprotected, optimizedandself-healinginfrastructurewithdedicatedbidirectionalcommunicationbe -tweentheindividualcomponentsinvolvedin thesystem.IntheSmartGridconcept,the existingelectricalnetworksandcommunica -tionstechnologiesarelinkedinthedistributedinfrastructuretoformanewintelligentsystem in which a large number of producers, consum-ersandstoragefacilitiesactonthemarket withanoptimizedportfoliointhefieldof tensionbetweenderegulation,lowerdepend-enceonimports,growthinconsumption, influenceontheenvironment,networkexpan-sion, grid capacities and competition.detail work in the implementation stage which isnow to follow (see also Chapter 6).The standardization roadmap is to be regularlyrevisedanddevelopedonthebasisofnew findingsforexamplefromtheresearch projectsandtheworkinthestandardizationcommittees. The opportunity for involvement inthisprocessbycommentingandassistinginstandardizationthereforeremainsopen,evenafter publication.TheE-Energy/SmartGridStandardization Roadmap Strategy Group3 Square brackets indicate a reference to the bibliography at the end of the document12Together with ICT, power electronics, active dis-tribution networks, protection technology, safetyandsecurity,andthepredictionandoptimiza-tiontechnologies,standardizationasacross-cutting topic is a central aspect of a Smart Gridstrategyandroadmap.Itnotonlyprovidesforinteroperabilityinthetechnologyportfoliode-scribed, but also, together with political support,changes to the legislative and regulatory frame-work,newtechnologiesandprotectionofin-vestment, decisively promotes the internationaldevelopment towards a Smart Grid.Figure 1: Motivation for a Smart Grid on the basis of the energy management triangle politicalobjectives and technical implementationSocietyEnvironmentIndustryEnergy efficiencyFlexibilization of loadDistributed andrenewable energiesLimitation of network expansion Energy efficiencyDistributed andrenewable energiesStorage Energy efficiencyElectromobilityAvoidance of gridbottlenecksDistributed and RenewableEnergy ResourcesEnergy autonomyGrowth in consumptionSecurity of supplyCompetitionEnergy costsLiberalizationPolitical objectivesTechnology / implementationLimitingclimate changeReducingpollutionReplacement of fossil fuels13Introduction3.2. Terms and definitions:Smart GridIn order to establish a common basis for discus-sionofthestandardizationenvironmentofSmart Grids, the term Smart Grid is defined inthis section. ThedefinitionusedintheDKESMART.GRID[DKESG]mirrorcommitteetoIECSMB/SG3Smart Grid4is to serve as the basis here:ThetermSmartGrid(anintelligentenergysupplysystem)comprisesthenetworkingandcontrol of intelligent generators, storage facilities,loadsandnetworkoperatingequipmentinpowertransmissionanddistributionnetworkswith the aid of Information and CommunicationTechnologies(ICT).Theobjectiveistoensuresustainableandenvironmentallysoundpowersupplybymeansoftrans parent,energy-andcost-efficient, safe and reliable system operation.There is no single type of Smart Grid, not eveninaninterconnectednetworkgridsuchastheUCTE network5. The different power generationstructuresinEurope,resultingfromnaturalre-sources and also from regulation, lead to differ-entrequirementsfortheSmartGridintheindividualcountries.Inaddition,theconsumerstructures have different characteristics, for in-stance in terms of energy prices, urban popula-tion density or habits in electricity use. This hasdirect effects on the fundamental aspect of theSmartGrid,namelythecoordinatedbalancebetweenpowergenerationandconsumption,andthusalsoontheSmartGridlandscapetobe standardized. A definition of the term SmartGridthereforeencompassespropertieswhichcan apply to all Smart Grids. Central aspects inthe present international and German definitionsare as follows: Theintegrationofmoreandmorevolatile generationwithasimultaneouslyrisingpro- portion of distributed generators and storage facilities, and a flexibilization of consumption. SmartGridisaholistic,intelligentenergy supplysystem,notjustanintelligentnet- work.Itcomprisestheoperationofactive powerdistributionandpowertransmission networkswithnew,ICT-basedtechnologies fornetworkautomation,andtheincorpo- rationofcentralizedanddistributedpower generationandstoragefacilitiesreaching rightuptoconsumers,soastoachieve betternetworkingandcontrolofthesystem as a whole. The aim is the efficient supply of sustainable, economical and safe electricity, even under the changedboundaryconditionsofthefuture. ASmartGridisbasedonanexistinginfra- structure.Atransitionprocessisenvisaged toanewoverallsystemwhichwillprovide greateropportunitiesforactiveandflexible adaptationofgeneration,networkmanage- ment,storageandconsumptiontothecon- stantlychangingrequirementsoftheenergy markets. TheSmartGridfacilitatesnew,distributed anddecentralizednetworkmanagement technologiesforautomationintheactive distribution network. Involvement of the customers in their role as consumersandpossiblyproducers(pro- sumers6)inasmartbuilding,smarthomeor with an electric vehicle with intelligent charg- ing management, communicating bidirectionally with the utility asanactiveparticipantintheenergysys-5 UCTE Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity, the European interconnected network grid, integrated since July 2009 inENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators)4 IEC International Electrotechnical Commission Standardization Management Board (SMB) Strategic Group (SG) 36Thetermprosumerdenotesacombinationofelectricityconsumerandelectricityproducer,i.e.mostlyhouseholdswhichnotonlyconsumepower but also feed power into the grid, for instance with equipment subsidized under the provisions of the Renewable Energies Act14tembymeansofcommunicationstech-nologies (e.g. via smart meter technologies or active distribution networks), receivinghigherresolutioninformationon their consumption than previously, makingdecentralizeddecisionsonthe basis of external incentives in support of a stable overall energy system, or allowing themselves to be guided directly or indirectly by external market partners of the energy system, and wishing to lend active support to objectivesofenvironmentalpolicysuchasthe 20/20/20 targets.In this way, this networked energy managementbecomes a further driving force behind the useofbuildingautomationespeciallyinexistingbuildings.Energymanagementsystemshavebeeninuseforseveralyearsnow,forbuildingor industrial automation in the more professionalenvironment. The new approaches increase thenumberandexpandthefunctionalityofthe previousschemesbyinvolvingprivatehouse-holdsandcommerce,andalsowithregard toincreasedcommunicationbetweenenergysuppliers(networksystemoperators,retailersand meter operators) and the customers. Intelligentuseofnewequipmentsuchas electronicmeters,energymanagementsys- tems,energymanagementgateways,con- sumerelectronics,electricvehicles,thermal storagefacilities(e.g.refrigerationsystems, heatpumpsandcombinedheatandpower systemswithheatstoragefacilities)and interoperableincorporationofthesecompo- nents in the grid.Market Grid OperationSmartGridInterdisciplinary technologies:Data collection, processing and recombination Smart GenerationSmart Distribution andTransmissionSmart StorageSmart ConsumptionCommunication betweenSystem ComponentsFigure 2: Action matrix of the Smart Grids15Introduction Newproductsandservicesintheenergy marketplace,particularlytoincreaseenergy efficiency and to save energy, but also to link energy management and building automation, arefacilitatedbytheSmartGrid,whichmay createentirelynewmarketopportunitiesfor services and products. Advanced, ICT-aided management functions are to make more efficient, more flexible and lower emissions operation possible. Thedynamicintegrationofavarietyofdis- tributedandrenewableenergiesandthe necessary load management in many house- holdsmeansincreasedcomplexity,which necessitatestheSmartGridwithnewICT- based solutions to secure supply at the pre- sent high level.Asearlyas2006,theEuropeanTechnologyPlatformSmartGrids[ETPEU]defineda strategic vision based on various driving forcesforatransitiontotheSmartGrid.OneoftheEUscoredemandsinthatcontextistheestablishmentofcommontechnicalstandardsandprotocolstoachieveopenaccess,inter-operabilityandvendorindependenceoftheSmart Grid components used. The Smart Gridshouldaboveallservesustainabledevelop-ment. The EU defines one of the core featuresinthatconnectionasbidirectionalismbothofcommunicationsandofenergyflows.Takingaccountofnumerousstakeholders,thetransi-tionfromtheexistingenergysystemwithitslargeproducers,centralizedcontrol,limitedmultinationaltransferpoints,localoptimiza-tionandvariousnationalregulatoryconditionstoanewsystemisbeingpushedahead.Inthatcontext,thesevencoreaspectsofthefuture energy system are the following: Coordinatedlocalenergymanagementwith integrationofdistributedgenerationandre- newablesandtheexistingcentralizedmajor producers Expansionofsmall,distributedproducers with close local links to consumers Harmonizedlegalconditionstofacilitate cross-border European trading Flexible demand-side management and new, customer-driven added value services Various services to increase energy efficiency Flexible, optimized and strategic grid expan- sion, operation and maintenance Application-relatedquality,reliabilityandse- curity of supply for the digital age.IntheStrategicDeploymentDocument fromtheETPSmartGrids[ETPSDD],aSmartGridis therefore defined as follows:A Smart Grid is an electricity network that canintelligentlyintegratetheactionsofallusersconnectedtoit generators,consumersandthosethatdobothinordertoefficiently deliversustainable,economicandsecureelectricity supplies.TheEuropeanregulatorsuseandsupporttheapproach of the ETP Smart Grids, but empha-sizethatdevelopmentmustbeameanstoanend and investments in smarter networks mustresult in user value and direct benefits to all net-workusers.ERGEG7ispressingthenationalregulators to make a clear distinction betweenthecostsandbenefitsfornetworkusersandcostsandbenefitswhicharenotrelevanttonetwork use [ERGEG].7 ERGEG European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas16NISTintheUSAsummarizestheSmartGridaspectssimilarlywiththefollowingcorechar-acteristics [EPRI]:ThetermSmartGridreferstoamoderniza-tionoftheelectricitydeliverysystemsoitmonitors, protects and automatically optimizestheoperationofitsinterconnectedelementsfromthecentralanddistributedgeneratorthroughthehigh-voltagetransmissionnetworkandthedistributionsystem,toindustrialusersandbuildingautomationsystems,toenergystorageinstallationsandtoend-useconsum -ersandtheirthermostats,electricvehicles,appliances and other household devices.In the American view, therefore, the Smart Gridisanalogoustomodernizationofthecurrentelectricitydistributionsysteminthedirection ofaholisticallycontrolledsystemonthebasisofnewICTtechnologiesbylinkingoftrans-missionanddistributionnetworks,centralizedanddistributedpowergeneration,energy storagefacilities,industrialcustomersand buildingautomationsystemsdowntotheenergyinstallationsofthefinalcustomerswiththeirsensorsystems,theirvehiclesandtheappliancesintheirhouseholds.Informed customersshouldthusbeputinaposition tousenewelectricityproducts,services andmarkets.Inordertoensuretheconsis-tentlyhighelectricityqualitywhichisrequired,operationoftheenergysystemhastobe optimizedintermsofefficiencyandbero-bustinwithstandingdisturbances,attacks and environmental influences.EverySmartGriddefinitioncomprisestech-nicalandeconomicareasofapplication,so-calleddomains,andorganizationalelementsFigure 3: The European Unions Smart Grid vision grid operation88 Source: ETP Smart Grids [ETPEU]17Introductionsuchassystemparticipants(actorsandmar-ketroles).Withindomains,intheareaofresponsibilityofmarketroles,usecasesactviaactorsuponobjects.Forthefieldofstan-dardization,thetheoreticaldefinitionsandde-scriptions of the interrelationships between sys-temparticipants,semanticobjectmodels,thesyntaxoftheinterfacesofusecasesandtherelationshipsbetweenobjects(ontologies)only hinted at here and dealt with in somewhatgreaterdetailinthefollowingchapterareofimportance.Theregulatory,organizationalandeconomicaspectsofamarketarenotdirectlylocatedwithinthesphereofinfluenceofstandardiza-tion. Standards can however have the effect ofreducingcosts,makingmanyabusinessmodelpossibleinthefirstplace.Ontheotherhand, standards are applied within the existinglegalandregulatoryframework.Thisroadmapthereforealsomakestentativerecommenda-tions on these political and regulatory aspects,astheyaffectstandardizationandacorre-spondingneedforactionwasidentifiedbothbytheStrategyGroupandinthesubsequentpublic comments. The organizational and eco-nomicaspectsarenotwithintheambitofthisroadmap,butexertamutualinfluencetogeth-er with the technical focal points. Standardiza-tionisthereforedirectlylocatedinthefieldoftensionbetweenlegalframeworkconditions,marketrequirements,expectationsofthe energyconsumers/customersandabovealltechnical development.3.3. Various perspectives on the Smart Grid / E-Energy topicand development of focal topics3.3.1. Various perspectives InthedescriptionofsolutionsorapproachestoaSmartGridalsoforexampleforthedetailed further development of certain parts ofthisroadmapthefollowingdifferentper-spectivesareregardedashelpfulinoutliningtheinitialdevelopmentofacomprehensiveanduniformapproach.Someoftheseimpor-tanttopicscanonlybesketchedouthere:Ontheonehand,anin-depthdescriptionofdefi-nitionsandrelationshipswouldbetoocom-plex, and on the other hand this work is still inprogress. For further updated details, attentionisdrawntothewebsite9oftheDKE-Kompe-tenzzentrumsE-Energy(ExpertiseCentreE-Energy). Roles / Market roles Rolesareusedtoassignactivitiesinthe SmartGrid.Theyrepresentlegallycompe- tent,fine-graininstancesintheaddedvalue network of the E-Energy market. Rolesareinpartdefinedandcharacterized nationallyorregionallybydifferentregula- tory or legal provisions. With an as extensive aclassificationoftheoretical,granularroles aspossible,anattemptcanbemadeto describesolutions,functionalities,modules orinterfacespecificationsbasedonanun- derstandingofthevariousrolesextensively insuchawaythatfundamentalresultsre- main applicable on the international or Euro- peanlevels.Thismeansthatmanymarket rolescoincideinpractice,andthatmany market participants play several market roles. Thefollowingmarketrolesexistandhave been identified on the basis of responsibilities9 www.dke.de/KoEn18 previously in existence or newly created with the development of the Smart Grid: Producer (power or heat generator) Energyuser(powerconsumerorconnec -tion user) Transmission system operator (TSO) Distribution system operator (DSO) Energysupplier(inthemulti-utilitysense: electricity, heating, gas and water) Balancing group manager Balancing group coordinator Energy trader Energy exchange (EEX) Meteringpointoperator(MPO),metering service provider (MSP) Energymarketplaceoperator(collection/ negotiationofoffers,forexample,energy supplies,systemservicessuchasbal-ancingpowerbydemandresponsema-nagementorstorage,andprovisionof reactive power) Furtherenergyserviceproviders(suchas energyconsultantsandcontractingcom-panies) Communication network operator Thesemarketroles,directlyinvolvedinthe processes,aretobesupplementedcon- ceptuallybyfurtherstakeholders,suchas themanufacturersofequipmentwithSmart Grid capabilities. Bundle role Thisdefineslegallycompetentinstances groupinggranularmarketrolesintheadded value network of the E-Energy market Examplesofsuchbundlingincludeprosum- ers,bundlingthemarketrolesofproduc- ersandconsumer(energyusers),andthe utilitiesasenterpriseswithafullyintegrated addedvaluechaincomprisingpowergener- ation, transmission, distribution, energy trad- ing,supply,meteringpointoperation,me- tering point services and energy services. Actor Actordesignatesanactiveelementinado- mainofactione.g.aphysicaldevice,a logical device, a person or a corporate entity. Domains Domains of action are used to define system areaswithdefiniteboundaries,inwhichthe activitiesofusecasestakeplaceanda roughdivisionoftheoverallenergysystem canbeestablishedonthebasisofthe physicalflowofelectricityand/ortheIT connectionssuchaspresentedinthe NIST or IEC roadmaps. In the sources refer - redto,theareasofcentralizedgeneration, transmission,distribution,customers,mar- kets,operationandservicesarenamed.A bundlingofusecasescanhoweverbe appropriate to establish a further subdivision of the overall system, e.g.: generation as a domain can be subdivided intocentralizedgenerationinlarge-scale powerplantsanddistributedgeneration incustomerproperties(e.g.photovoltaics or unit-type district heating power stations), the customer domain can be subdivided intosub-domainsofdomesticcustomers, commercialcustomersandindustrialcus-tomers, the market domain is for example imple-mentedintheelectronicregionalmarketwithavirtualbalancinggrouporvirtual power plant, energy wholesaling or trading in balancing power Use Cases / Functions / Interfaces Ausecaseisastructureforbundlingof activities on the bottom level of classification. Usecasesarethereforetorepresentde- tailedfunctionaldescriptionsindependentof thebusinessmodelorsystemarchitecture withinadomain.Thedescriptionofuse caseswithobjectmodelsandserviceinter- facesisregardedasthebasisofstandardi-19Introduction zationintheSmartGrid,astheusecases aretobedesignedtoencompassvarious actors.Thesystemunderobservationand itssystemboundariesarealwaystobe stipulatedindefiningusecases,inwhich contexttheusecasesareviewedfromthe outside and the internal flow of the activities is not detailed. Example:Switchingagenerationsystemor a load device on and off. Activity in a use case Anactivityinausecaseisanactivitywithin adomainofactionintheenergymarket, withdefinitionofaninputviaasenderasa logicalnodeandoutputviaareceiverasa logical node. Example:Usecaseprovisionofreactive power,activityinformationtowindfarm, senderbalancinggroupcoordinator,re- ceiverwindfarm,actorsbalancinggroup coordinator and energy generator and sys- tem service provider wind farm. Theactivitiesofarolearebundledinuse cases. Semantics,syntaxofserviceinterfaces, semanticobjectmodels,relationshipsbe- tween objects (ontologies) The use cases as building blocks in processes communicate via interfaces and require a uni- formsemanticsofobjects,definitionofthe relationships between objects (ontologies) and a defined syntax if they are to be able to en- suretheflowofinformationacrossawide range of interfaces, communication models and market roles. This eld in partic ular is regarded as an important task for standardization. High level functions Bundlingofusecaseswithvariousactors, soastodescribecomplexbusinesscases appropriately,irrespectiveofrolesandsys- tems,andtosystematizethemultitudeof conceivable, detailed use cases. Example:Energymetering/billingordemand responsemanagementbymeansofincen- tive-orientated information. Processes and products Usecasesarelinedupbymarketrolesto formprocesses,andlinkedtoproducts. Productsdefineaservicefromasupplierto ademandentity.Ifproductsaretobeoffer- edinanelectronicmarketplaceforenergy by machine to machine communication, ser- viceinterfacesandadatamodelforprod- ucts must also be defined. Example:Electricitysupplyinconnection withaparticular,possiblydynamic,tariff; machinetomachinecommunicationmayin thiscasemeantheprovisionofinformation onanewtariffbytheelectricitysuppliers ITsystemtotheenergymanagementsys- teminthehousehold,whichautomatically usesthatinformationtooptimizethein- houseloadmanagement,i.e.switches devices on or off. Business cases Businesscases,aseconomicservicesor usemodels,arisefromthelinkingofpro- cesseswiththeircomponentusecasesand theproductsinthecaseofaroleorbundle role.Forexample,abusinesscaseGrid LoadBalancingcanbedefinedwiththe rolesoftheDistributionSystemOperator andMeteringPointOperatorasabundle roleinconnectionwiththerolesofStorage SupplierandSystemServicesProvideras thebundleroleProsumer.Businesscases aresubjecttofreemarketconditionsand are therefore not to be standardized. What is 20 howeverrelevanttostandardizationisthe interaction between the modules in the form ofusecasesorgenericproductmodelsto defineoffersbythemarketparticipants against the background of possible changes of supplier. See figure 4. New,practicablebusinessmodelshaveto resultfortheactivemarketparticipants. Newfunctions,technologiesorchallenges are not in themselves sufficient when market participantscannotexpectanycommercial successinreturnfortheirinvestments.The finalcustomerasamarketparticipantmust alsobeinformedandperceivethenew functions as beneficial. Automation Whereasbusinessprocessescanoftenbe representedstaticallyalongalinearchain withbranches,andstaticinterfacedescrip- tionsarethereforesufficient,complexauto- mationprocesseswithfeedbackloopsare dynamic.If,inordertoreducecomplexity decentralizedanddistributedautomation technologiesareusedinplaceofpurely centralizedcontroltechnologies,interoper- abilityinaheterogeneoussystemenvi- ronmentwithabroadrangeofsuppliers requiresthestandardizationofcondition andfunctiondescriptions.Thisespecially affectsthedomainsofdistributionnetworks and buildings. Cross-cutting issues Therearerepeatedtopicsrelevanttostand- ardizationspreadhorizontallyacrossalldo- mainswhichcannotbeassignedtoany particularareabutpervadealltheareasof afutureSmartGrid.Theseincludefor examplethearchitecturedefinition,safety and security topics, stipulation of a common terminologyorauniformsemanticsfordata transfer across several interfaces and stages of added value. MarketroleMarketroleMarketroleUse case1Usecase2UsecasenFurther Actorse.g. bundle roleprosumer being both storage and system servicesproviderBundle roleBusiness Cases / ProductGrid Load BalancingProcessMarketService ProviderDistributionGridProviderFigure4:Explanationandexamplesofthetermsbusinesscase,actor,marketroleandusecase21Introduction PrivacyExample:Protectionofenergymeterdata (Smart Meters) SecurityExample:Protectionofinformationfrom hacker attacks or falsification Safety of products and systemsExample:Safetyofprojectswithnew Smart-Grid capabilities Critical infrastructurePreservationofthesecurityofsupplyand thusinparticularmaintenanceofthein-dispensablecorefunctionsofenergy supply, even in crises. ICT architectureWhereasanICTarchitecturedevelopson themarketandissubjecttorapid changes,thesystematicsofarchitecture definitionandthedevelopmentofage-nericreferencearchitectureshouldhow-ever be pursued.Thegenericreferencearchitectureforthe SmartGridshouldformthebasisofsus-tainability,flexibility,efficiencyandcost-effectiveness,andalsosatisfyspecial requirementssuchasrobustnessand resilienceofthefutureenergysupply system. Interest groups / stakeholders Togetherwiththemarketroles,avarietyof furtherstakeholdersareactiveintheenvi- ronmentofSmartGridsandcanalsomake acontributiontotheimplementationof SmartGridsorexertinfluenceontheir design and implementation. These comprise associations,universitiesandresearch institutes,consumerandconservationor- ganizations,andalsopoliticiansinthatthey establishthelegalframeworkconditions, and authorities such as the Federal Network Agency with its regulatory stipulations, etc. Challenges, motivation and obstacles As a rule, the new developments in this area aremotivatedbythenewchallenges,such asclimatechangeingeneral,anewenergy mixorthenecessarymodernizationofthe networks.Ingeneral,asaconsequence, increaseduseofrenewableenergysources orimprovementsinenergyefficiencyare stipulatedaspoliticalobjectives.These pointsareaddressedinbriefintheintro- duction and in section 3.4, and described in detail in much of the source literature. Standards Existingstandards,andstandardstobe developedormodified,mustbetakeninto accountinthedevelopments.Thebenefits of standards to the individual market partici- pants is dealt with in section 3.4.223.3.2. Focal topics ForthecomingimplementationinGermany,thefollowingfocaltopicshavebeenidentifiedfromthediscussiononthevariousperspec-tives for priority treatment in standardization. Itisplanned,andhasalreadyinpartbeenorganized,forfocusgroupstodealwiththesetopicsforstandardizationandthusestablishalinkbetweenthegeneraldiscussionontheSmartGridandthedetailedworkinthestan-dardization committees i.e. the focus groupswillbringcommitteesandstakeholdersto-getherwithregardtothefollowingtopics (seealsoChapter6Prospectsforcontinua-tion of the standardization roadmap). Informationsecurity,privacyanddatapro- tection as a cross-cutting issue (see above) Uniformrecommendationsoninformation security,privacyanddataprotection, assessment procedures for security systems invariousareasandwithchangingthreat scenarios. Communication Datamodelsandsemantics/syntaxofser- vicesinterfaces,semanticobjectmodels, relationships between objects (ontologies) Developmentofauniformsemanticmodel todescribeobjectsandtherelationships betweenobjects,thesyntaxfortheinter- facesofusecasesinprocessesacrossthe variousaddedvaluestagesandinterfaces, and between different market roles. Here, for example,additionstotheCIM10modelsare considerednecessary.Thisworkistoserve asthebasisforthedevelopmentofnew marketmodelsforgenerationandload management. Smart Meters Digitalenergyconsumptionmeterswith standardizedcommunicationinterfacesfor localandremotecommunications,andob- ject models for new types of equipment (see also In-house automation). Distributed generation and load management Connectionconditionsandincorporationin communicationstechnologyofdistributed generationfacilitiessuchaswind,photo- voltaicorcombinedheatandpowersys- temsandloads,alsoincludingstorage facilitiesandelectricvehicles,generation management / load management, for instance via price signals / dynamic tariffs. In-house automation Energy management in buildings or in industry, takingaccountoftheloadmanagementof equipment, local generators or storage facili- ties.In-housecommunicationwithvarious devices,systems,andsmartappliancesor heating systems. Distribution system automation Automation in the distribution system, espe- ciallybyextendingnetworkmanagementto thelowvoltagerangebydistributedand decentralizednetworkmanagementtech- nologies.These focal topics are congruent with the esti-mationthatthereareextremelygoodcondi-tionsandahighlevelofexpertiseinthesefieldsinGermany,bothonthebasisofthealreadylargeshareofwindandsolarpowerandthepoliticalwilltoexpandtheuseofrenew able energy sources further, making thisasustainabledrivingforcebehindtheE-Ener-gyideas,andonthebasisofthesubsidizedE-Energyprojectsthemselvesandfurther projects on electromobility.Thetransmissionsystem,forexample,isdis-cerned as one of the topics to be dealt with infurther stages.10 CIM Common Information Model (see Chapter 4)23Introduction3.4. Benefits of Smart Grids and their standardizationVariousstakeholdersbenefitindifferentwaysfromSmartGridsandfromstandardizationinthatfield.Thefollowingsectiondescribesgeneraladvantagesforvariousstakeholdergroups and sets them in relation to the aspectofstandardization.BoththeadvantagesofSmartGrids11andthoseofstandardization12are described in the literature. It is not the inten -tiontorepeatthoseargumentsinthefollow-ing description, but merely to draw attention tospecial aspects between these two fields.3.4.1. Benefits for the state and the economy general descriptionAvarietyofadvantagesareassociatedwithaSmartGrid,anintelligentenergysupplysys-tem,andthesearetobeoutlinedhereinthefollowinglistwhichisbynomeanstobecon-sidered complete:Environmental policy advantages Establishmentofconditionsforclimatepro- tection and the 20/20/20 Agenda by: Integrationofrenewableanddistributed power generation. Futureintegrationoffurtherrenewable energy sources in the existing systems will only be possible with Smart Grids.Withcoordinatedconnectionanddiscon-nectionofgeneratorsandloads,more systemswillbeintegratedinthegridand integrationofrenewableenergysources willbesupportedbyconceptssuchas that of the virtual power plant13. The aim istosupportlocaloptimizationandload shifts,inconjunctionwithlocalstorage units.Notonlythesupplyofactivepower intothegrid,butalsothecontributionto thegenerationofreactivepoweristobe considered in this context. Energy efficiency SmartGrids/SmartMeteringcreatein-centives for energy efficiency. Avoidance/reduction of balancing power directuseofrenewableenergybyload management. Economic policy advantages Sustainableandeconomicensuranceof energy supplies Increased energy autonomy, diversification ofprimaryenergysourcesandreplace-mentoffossilfuelsbyintelligentuseof wind and solar energy. Contribution to grid stability Securingandincreasingtheexpertiseof national manufacturers Germanindustrybenefitsfromitsstrong ICTbackground,butaboveallfromthe globaldemandfornewtechnologiesby expertiseinengineeringdisciplinessuch asmechanicalengineering,plantcon-struction and automation. Inaddition,Germanmediumsizedbusi-nessesarestronglyengagedinthefields of renewables and special technologies.Standardization policy advantages Facilitationofexportsandsecuringofmar- ketswithextensivestandardizationofthe components of a Smart Grid German experts are already highly involved in many international elds, e.g. in the internatio-11 See for example [BDI, BMWi2, 3, ETPEU] and also sections 3.1 and 3.212SeetheGermanstandardizationstrategy[DIN1,2,3]andsourceliteratureontherelationshipbetweenstandardizationandinnovation [Footnote 25, CENELEC2]13 In the context of Smart Grids, mainly in connection with distribution systems, the clustering of small power plant units, especially those using renewable energy sources and feeding in on the medium/low voltage side, to form larger controllable units, is referred to as virtual power plants.24 nalworkinggroupontheIEC61850-7-420 standard14.Inthisway,theinterestsofGer- man manufacturers of distributed generation facilitiescanalsobecontributedtothedis- cussion. Lowerimplementationcostsconnection costsandengineeringworkforconnection ofde-centralizedplantsorloadmanage- mentsystemsinthenationalimplementa- tionoftheSmartGridasaresultofinter- operability standards. Supportinsecuringknowledgefromthe resultsofgovernmentallysponsoredre- searchprojects(suchastheBMWiand BMUE-Energyprojects)bystakeholder involvementintheDKE-Kompetenzzentrum (ExpertiseCentre)E-Energyandthecorres- ponding DKE and DIN committees. Adirectcost-reductioneffectforthestate, asstandardsaredrawnuponinthestipula- tionoflegalandregulatoryframeworkcon- ditions. Complexity Standardsmakethecomplexitywhich necessarilyincreasesinthecourseoftech- nologicalconvergenceoftheICT,automa- tion,electricalengineering,automotiveen- gineeringandpowersupplydisciplines manageable. Market penetration of innovations InnovationswhichresultfromSmartGrid developmentsareabletoestablishthem- selves on the market more easily with stand- ards,andinparticularwithstandardized interoperability.Theconfidenceofusersina new,complextechnologyisincreased. Time-to-marketofthenewsolutionsisthus reduced. Supportfromstandardsinthesafeapplica- tion of new devices and systems with Smart Grid capability. Standardizationandinteroperabilitystand- ards facilitate market communications The further liberalization of the existing ener- gy markets and the creation of new forms of energymarketsandservicesfortheSmart Grid require standards. Standardsfacilitatethereuseofsoftware solutions.These general effects are considered in greaterdetail below.3.4.2. Benefits for the energycustomersBenefits of the Smart GridBothdomesticandindustrialcustomerswillnolongerperceiveenergyasacommodityprocured for annual or monthly payments, butwillactivelyinfluenceandoptimizetheirener-gy consumption on the basis of new markets,energyservicesandproductsforinstancebyDemandSideManagement,DemandRe-s ponseManagementornewtariffmodels.Itwill be possible to sell potential load transfers,andthepreviouslypassiveconsumerwillbe-come an active player.SmartMetersystemsaretorepresentcon-sumptionwithhightimeresolutionandmakeusersawareoftheemissionscaused.Energyefficiencythusbecomestangibleandpracti-cablefortheconsumer.Theuseofcorres-pondingtariffscanbeanincentivetochangeconsumption behaviour and may possibly leadto cost savings for the customer.14 EN 61850-7-420:2009, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation. Basic communication structure. Distributed energyresources logical nodes (IEC 61850-7-420:2009)25IntroductionBenefits of standardsThisscenariorequiresstandardsforhomeautomation,SmartMetersystemsandthecorrespondinginterfaces.Standardsarees-pecially necessary in the field of future electro-mobility,sensiblyintegratingahouseholdsvehiclesintheSmartGrid.Inrelationtotheconnectioncostsforintelligentchargingman -agement,suchstandardscanreducethecostsforthecustomer.Afurtherrelevantpoint for domestic customers is the security oftheirpersonaldata(privacy).Inthatcontext,standardscandefineprocedureswhichbothmakesecurityverifiableandtransparentandstrengthentheconfidenceofthecustomers inaSmartGrid(customeracceptance).Fur-thermore,againstthebackgroundoffar-reachingchanges,thefurtherdevelopmentofthestandardsinthefieldofconsumerpro-tectionisalsotobediscussed,forexamplewith regard to grid and supply quality.3.4.3. Benefits for the distri-bution system operatorsBenefits of the Smart GridThefurtherdevelopmentofthedistributionnetworkisanintegralpartoftheSmartGrid.Againstthebackgroundofincreasingdecen-tralizedinfeed,particularlyonthisgridlevel,distributionsystemoperatorscanplananop-timizednetworktakingintoaccountthere-servesrevealedinthefirstplacebytheSmartGrid,thuspossiblyavoidingnetworkexpan-sionwhichwouldotherwisebenecessary[BMWi3]15.Furthermore,theSmartGridena-blescouplingofthedistributedgeneratorsforthepurposeoflocaloptimizationandfacili-tates the better balancing of concepts such aselectromobilityinthelocalnetwork.Within -creased use of actuator systems and meteringfacilitiesinthedistributionnetwork,bottle-necks, overloads and voltage range deviationscanbedetectedandovercome,andthein-tegrationofelectromobilityanddistributedge-neration further optimized.Benefits of standardsStandardsforcommunicationforthemeas-uringsystemsinthenetworkanduniformmodellingofmeasurementsandcontrolcom-mandsfordistributedgeneratorscontributetothepromptprovisionofinformationtodistri-butionsystemoperatorsonloads,generationcapacities and thus the system loading.3.4.4. Benefits for the trans-mission system operatorsBenefits of the Smart GridTheSmartGridallowstransmissionsystemoperatorstoinvolvedistributedenergypro-ducersandvirtualpowerplantsinsystem servicessuchastheprovisionofbalancingpo wer.ComponentssuchasFACTS16facili-tate load flow control and monitoring.Benefits of standardsStandardssuchasIEC61970,CommonIn -formationModelensurethattopologydata,forinstance,canbeexchangedbetweentheUCTEtransmissionsystemoperators(TSOs),leadingtoacommonsemanticmodel,im-provedloadflowcalculationandoperationalreliability.3.4.5. Benefits for the GermanmanufacturersBenefits of the Smart GridPromotionofGermanindustryinthefieldofSmartGridswillnotonlybuildupknowledgeandexpertise,butalsodevelopinternational15 Bytes instead of excavators, in the presentation by the Austrian delegation at the Annual E-Energy Congress, 2009, http://www.e-energie.info/documents/Huebner_Austria_261109.pdf16 FACTS Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System26marketsand,finally,securejobsforhighly qualified employees. Benefits of standardsWorkingonstandardsfortheSmartGridse-curesinternationalcommercialsuccessandatechnologicalleadforthecompaniesinvolved.Asthegridshavetoberenewedandex-panded,countriessuchasChinaandIndia arecurrentlyconvertingtheirinfrastructure tonew,openIECstandardssuchasCIM (IEC 61970/6196817) or IEC 6185018.3.4.6. Benefits for the researchcommunityBenefits of the Smart GridProgrammessuchastheBMWiandBMUE-Energyprogrammeandmanyotherresearchprojects directly back systematic promotion ofmajorpilotprojectsandprovidesupporttotechnologyconvergenceandtheICTindustryinparticular.Targetedpromotionwillcreateplatformswhichenableresearchersbettertoexchange information and facilitate networkingwhich can lead to further cooperative venturesontheEuropeanlevel.TheaimforGermanresearchersmustbetoaddressthetopicofSmartGridsinapracticalmanner,withsup-port from industry and the government.Benefits of standardsThesolutionsdevelopedandfrequentlypub -licly subsidized in the research projects shouldflowintostandardizationatanearlystage,soastosecuretheresultsofresearchfromthepointofviewofsocialpolicyandputtheminto practice.17 IEC 61970 Energy Management System Application Program Interface (EMS-API); IEC 61968 Application Integration at Electric Utilities18 IEC 61850 Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation 27Development of standards4.1. IntroductionTherelevantstandardswhichhavebeen identifiedinthefieldofSmartGridsworld-wideonthebasisofpreviousroadmapsby thecommunityofmanufacturers,usersandresearchersarenamedbelow.InthefieldcoveredbytheDKEasanimportantnationalstandardizationorganizationintheIEC(Inter-national Electrotechnical Commission), the IECstandardsareaboveall,butnotsolely,tobeidentifiedasrelevant.Figure5representsthedependenciesandorganizationalstructures of the relevant organizations.4. Activities for the development of standards in the field of the Smart GridIEC CouncilSMBTechnical Committeese.g. TC 57WG 13WG 14WG 19AK 15AK 10AK 1Technical Committeee.g. DKE K 952National standardizationInternational standardizationEuropean standardizationSystem operators / suppliersManufacturersConsultantsAcademicsAuthorities (GOs)Other organizations(NGOs)System operators / suppliersManufacturersConsultantsAcademicsAuthorities (GOs)Other organizations(NGOs)Figure5:Dependenciesbetweenthestandardizationorganizationsinthefieldofelectrical engineering28There are of course further standardization or-ganizationswhichhavetointeractinthenet-works of the Smart Grids technologies. DIN onthe national level in Germany, CEN and ETSI onthe European level, and ISO, ISO / IEC JTC1 andITU-Tontheinternationallevelareespeciallyworthy of mention. Cooperation with other or-ganizationshasalreadybeenextensively formalized.Inthecourseofthisroad map,fur-therdependenciesarealsodocument ed,es-peciallywithafocusonnewtopicssuchasdigitalenergyconsumptionmetersorelectricvehicles, and new links are proposed.ThefollowingsectionshowstheIECarchi-tecturefortheSmartGridofthefuture. Thisarchitectureisdiscussedinvariousna-tional and international studies on the topic ofSmartGridstandardization,andisregardedasthecoreoffutureautomationandpowersystemmanagementforglobalSmartGridimplementations.CIM ExtensionsDMS Apps EMS Apps SCADAApps61970 / 61968 Common Information Model (CIM)Inter-System / Application Proles (CIM XML, CIM RDF)Bridges toother DomainsTechnologymappings61970 Component Interface Specication (CIS) / 61968 SIDMSMarketOperation AppsData Acquisition and Control Front-End / Gateway / Proxy Server / Mapping Services / Role-based Access ControlEngineering & Maintenance AppsExternal IT AppsEnergy MarketParticipantsUtilityCustomersUtility ServiceProviderOtherBusinessesNetwork, System and Data Management (62351-7)61850-7-3, 7-4 Object Models61850-7-2 ACSIEnd-to-end Security Standards and Recommendations (62351 1-6)61334DLMS60870-5101&10461850-8-1 Mapping to MMSTC13WG14Meter StandardsCommunication Industry Standard Protocol Stacks(ISO/TCP/IP /Ethernet)Mappingto Web ServicesExistingObject Models61850-6Engineering60870-6-503App Services60870-6-802Object Models60870-6-703Protocols60870-6TASE.2OtherControl CentersDERs,MetersRevenueMetersIEDs, Relays, Meters, Switchgear, CTs, VTsFieldDevicesTC13WG14Field Devicesand SystemsusingWeb Services60870-5RTUs orSubstationSystems61850SubstationDevices61850Devicesbeyond the SubstationApplication To Application (A2A)and Business To Business (B2B)CommunicationApplication InterfacesEquipment AndSystem InterfacesSpecic ObjectMappingsField Object ModelsSpecicCommunicationService MappingsProtocol ProlesExternal Systems(Symmetric Client / Server protocols)Telecontrol CommunicationsMedia and ServicesWAN CommunicationsMedia and ServicesSystem EngineeringFigure6documentstheindividuallayersof theIECTR62357SeamlessIntegrationRef-erenceArchitecture[IEC62357].Itisbased onestablishedstandardsfromIEC/TC57 andIEC/TC13,andsetstheseinrelationtoeachother.Therearetwointerfacestoexter-nalsystemsanddomains,aboveallinthe areasofmarketcommunication(whichismostly regulated on a national level) and digitalmeters,oftenreferredtoasSmartMeters.Therestofthearchitectureunderconsider- ationismostlyorganizedandimplementedinternallywithintherelevantmarketpartici-pant(e.g.networkoperatororsupplier).ThestandardsoftheIECSeamlessIntegrationArchitecture(SIA)canthereforeroughlybeassignedtotheareasofintegrationofappli-cationsandbusinesspartners,integrationofFigure 6: The IEC TR 62357 Seamless Integration Reference Architecture (SIA)29Development of standardsenergysystemsandsecurityanddataman-agement (see Figure 6). TheIECSIAdefinesthebasicdatamodelsofaSmartGrid(IEC61970andIEC61968series:CommonInformationModelCIM).Forthe CIM, interfaces to the primary and second -aryITforenergymanagementsystems(EMS)anddistributionmanagementsystems(DMS)areprovided.Fundamentally,areassuchasmarketcommunicationanddistributedgener-ationarealreadybeingtakenintoaccountinthecurrentworkontheSIA,andinterfacesbetweensystems,communicationarchitec-tures(Service-OrientedArchitectures,SOAs),processesanddataformatsarebeingstand -ardized.Withregardtocross-cuttingfunc-tionsfortheSmartGrid,IECdefinesthecoreareaofsoftwaresecurityintheIEC62351seriesofstandards.Communicationproto-cols(IEC60870)andsubstationautomation, communicationwithdistributedgeneration(IEC61850-7-4XX)andcouplingwiththe digitalmetersarealsointhefocusofthear-chitecture.Careistakeninthatcontextnot tostandardizeapplicationsandfunctionstooclosely,sothatproprietaryvariationsandimplementationsarestillpossible,leavingroomforcompetitionandinnovation.Allin all,therefore,standardsforanumberofthecoreaspectsoftheSmartGridhavealreadybeendefined,andcaneitherbedirectlyappliedoraboveallusedasthestartingpointforfurtherworkinthesenseofacrystalliza-tionpointforstandardizationinthefieldofSmartGrids.Figure7showsthecomplex systemincludinginterdependenciesofthevariousstandardizationorganizationswhich,byvirtueoftheirrelevantcoretopics,areofimportance to the Smart Grid. ...MultiSpeakUCA 2ProjectCCAPIProjectTC 57Coordination WG 19WG 13EMSWG 16CIM/61850WG 17WG 18WG 15WG 9Distribution FeedersWG 7ControlCentersWG 10SubstationsWG 14DMSUser GroupsFigure 7: IEC/TC 57 in the context of other committees and organizations30Thefollowingsectionspresentthreestudies inthefieldofstandardizationfortheSmartGrid,eachofwhichbuildsupontheworkofIEC/TC57SeamlessIntegrationArchitecture,whichisrelevanttotheDKE,andmakesrecommendationscompiledbynumerousex-perts at home and abroad.4.2. IEC Standardization Smart Grid SG 3 Preliminary Survey DraftTheStandardizationManagementBoard(SMB)ofIECresolvedtheestablishmentof aStrategyGrouponSmartGrids(StrategyGroup3),whichsubmittedaninitialroadmapforitsownstandardsand11highlevelre-commendations to the SMB in February 2010.Atthepresenttime(April2010),theroadmapisstillinthefinalconsultationphase.Thisworkandtheserecommendationsareespe-ciallyrelevanttoanationalstandardizationroadmap as pursued by the DKE. The heart ofthe Smart Grid in the IEC roadmap comprisesboth improved supervision and the monitoringof all the components located in the grid. Thishowever,intheopinionoftheIEC,requiresahigher level of syntactic19and semantic20inter-operabilityforallthecomponentsandsys-tems involved. Requirements for this transitiontoaSmartGridalsoresultfromtheintegra-tionofexistingsystemsandimprovedinvest-mentsecurityfromstandards.ExistingIECcorestandardsserveasthebasisforfurtherSmart Grid standards to be developed.IECidentifiesthemaindrivingforcesastherising demand for energy, the further spread ofdistributedgenerationfacilities,sustainabili-tyingenerationanddistribution,competitivemarketprices,securityofsupplyandtheageinginfrastructure.Thefieldsconsideredinthe roadmap are as follows: HVDC/FACTS Blackout prevention /EMS Distribution system management, distribution system automation and intelligent substation automation Distributed generation and storage facilities AMI,DemandResponseManagement,load management Home and building automation Storage, electromobility Condition monitoring ApartfromthedivisionofitsstandardsintocorestandardsfortheSmartGridandotherswithlessrelevance,theIECalsodescribesgeneralrequirementsforaSmartGridrefer-encearchitecture.Thesearepresentedinbrief in the following section.SmartGridsmayoccurinvariousforms,andarebasedontheexistinginfrastructure.TheIECaimsatfurtherinternationalstandardiza-tionofexisting,triedandtestedcommunica-tionsmechanismsanddefinitionofinterfacesandrequirementswithouthoweverstandard-izingapplicationsandbusinessprocesses,asthesearetoonationalincharacter;anationalroadmapcanwhereappropriateprovidesup-plementaryrecommendationsorstipulationsaddingtotherelevantnationallegalframe-work.TheIEChasalreadydevelopednumer-oussuitablestandards.Itsaimisthereforealsotodisseminatethesefurtherandtodrawattentiontothem.ThespecialfocusinthatcontextisonIEC62357,SeamlessIntegra-tionArchitecture,asalreadymentioned.Astechnicalgridconnectionconditionsare subject to national law, the IEC will not stand-ardizethem,butonlyissuegeneralre-commendations.Inthefieldofmarketcom-munications,theIECaimstoharmonizetheexistingproprietarymodelsinthelongterm,and is working together with UN/CEFACT andUN/EDIFACT,forexample.Thiscooperation 19 Technical interchangeability20 Technical and interpretative interchangeability31Development of standardsisintendedtoleadtoharmonizationinthefieldofSmartGridsandpromotetheseam-lessintegrationofthemarketsinthetechni-calinfrastructure.Inaddition,theIECwishestotaketheworkofEPRIandNISTintoaccount,andisseekingclosecooperationinordertorectifytheweaknessesinstandardi-zation identified by the NIST roadmap in futurestandards.TheIEC/TC57standardsidentifiedascorestandards are the following:Table 1: Core standards of IEC/TC 57Core standards TopicIEC 62357 IEC 62357 Reference Architecture SOA Energy Management Systems,Distribution Management SystemsIEC 61970/61968 CIM (Common Information Model) EMS Energy Management, Distribution Management DMS, DA, SA, DER, AMI, DR21, E-StorageIEC 61850 Substation Automation, EMS, DMS, DA, SA, DER, AMIIEC 62351 SecurityTheIECRoadmapsassessmentalsoincludestheclassesofLow,MediumandHighrelevance.Thefollowingstandardsarecon-sidered to be of high relevance:Table 2: Standards of High relevanceStandards ofTopicHigh relevanceIEC 60870-5 Telecontrol, EMS, DMS, DA, SAIEC 60870-6 TASE.2 Inter Control Center CommunicationEMS, DMSIEC TR 61334 DLMS, Distribution Line Message ServiceIEC 61400-25 Wind Power Communication EMS, DMS, DERIEC 61850-7-410 Hydro Energy Communication EMS, DMS, DA, SA, DERIEC 61850-7-420 Distributed Energy Communication DMS, DA, SA, DER, EMSIEC 61851 EV-Communication Smart Home, E -MobilityIEC 62051-54/58-59 Metering Standards DMS, DER, AMI, DR, Smart Home, E-Storage, E-MobilityIEC 62056 COSEM DMS, DER, AMI, DR, Smart Home, E-Storage, E-Mobility21 See Chapter 8 for a key to the abbreviationsAtotalofover100IECstandardswereidenti-fied,describedandprioritizedbySMBSG3.TwelveapplicationareasandsixgeneraltopicblockswereexaminedbySG3,and44recommendationsforaSmartGridundertheaspectofstandardizationissued.Asitsays,the IEC accepts the challenge of standardizingthetechnicalinfrastructurefortheSmartGrid32of the future and wishes to function as a one-stopshopforthestandardsofthefuture22.Closecooperationwiththenationalcommit-tees and their experts (e.g. NIST and its PriorityAction Plan) are in the focus of interest. Inthecourseofpubliccommenting,thespe-cialimportanceoftheSG3Roadmapwasemphasizedandattentionwasdrawninpar-ticular to further recommendations with regardtodistributionsystemautomation:Blackoutprevention,outageanalysis,smartsubstationautomationprocessbuswithtimesynchroni-zation, protection technology.Nine of the eleven high level recommendationssubmittedtotheSMBwereacceptedinearlyFebruaryandarealsofundamentallysup-ported by the DKE: SG3DECISION0:Toputinplaceaformal liaison between NIST SGIP and SMB SG3 SG3 DECISION 1: TCs will provide practical guidelinestoincreasecurrentusabilityof standards SG3 DECISION 2: Fast-track new standards to close the gaps Inordertosavetime,theadoptionofexist- ing standards from other organizations in an IECframeworkistohavepriorityoverthe developmentofIECsownstandards,and forexamplebeacceleratedbytheuseof the Publicly Available Specifications (PAS). SG3 DECISION 3: Set up a Feedback proc- ess for continuous improvement Experiencegainedfromtheuseandappli- cation of the standards is to be more rapidly integrated in the existing standards. SG3DECISION4:AcrosstheIECSmart GridFramework,theApplicationDomain TCs must use the methods delivered by the horizontal TCs included in the Framework. Horizontalstandardsandseriesofstand - ardssuchasIEC61850andCIMaretobe definedandappliedbyallTCswithinthe IEC for the use of Smart Grids. SG3DECISION5:TheApplicationDomain TCsmustdeveloptheirownDataModels and Test Cases Basedonthesehorizontalstandards,data modelsandtestcasesaretobedeveloped in the relevant application domain TCs. SG3DECISION6:Acceleratetheharmoni- zation of IEC 61850 and CIM SeealsorecommendationSG-ANLT-2in section 5.2.5. SG3DECISION7:DelivergenericUse Cases TC8asthesystemTCforelectricalpower supplyistodevelopusecasesincoopera- tionwiththeapplication-relatedandprod- uct-related TCs. SG3DECISION8:EstablishanewTCor SConconnectingtheconsumerapplica- tions (decision postponed) SG3DECISION9:AddaSmartGridcertifi- cation process to the IEC System family SMB passes on this recommendation to the IEC Conformity Assessment Board (CAB). SG3DECISION10:Addoperationalman- agement of the IEC Smart Grid Framework RecommendationtoimplementtheHigh LevelRecommendationssubmittedandthe IEC-Roadmap.22 http://www.iec.ch/zone/smartgrid/33Development of standards4.3. Study on the standardi-zation environment of the E-Energy funding programmeThestudyonthestandardizationenvironmentoftheE-Energyprojectswascommissioned inOctober2008bytheBMWiandperformedbetweenOctober2008andJanuary2009[BMWi].OnthebasisofanexpertpollintheE-Energyprojects,theexperienceofthecon-sortiumcompilingthestudyandbibliographi-calresearch,standardswereidentifiedandpresentedindetail.Thestudycoveredthetopicsofsoftwarearchitecturestandards,de -velopmentmodels,ICT,automationtechnolo-gies, distributed generation, digital meters, na -tionalandinternationalmarketcommunicationandhomeautomation.Thestudyprovidesnoinformationonthefieldofelectromobility. TheBMWiprogrammeICTforElectromo-bilitywasonlyestablishedafterthestudystarted,andwillpresumablylaunchitsownstudiesonthisaspect.Thestudysrecom-mendationsforactionarealsoapplicabletootherSmartGridprojects,asthefullpublicreportdoesnotincludetheindividualrecom-mendationsfortheindividualprojects[ETG,BMWi].Thefollowingtableprovidesanover-view of the recommendations issued for SmartGridstandardsfromtheIECSIAenvironment,and forms the basis of the development of thisroadmap.Table 3: Recommended standardsRecommended standardsSubject IEC 62357 IEC 62357 Reference Architecture service-orientated architecture,EMS, DMS, metering, securityIEC 61970/61968 CIM (Common Information Model), domain ontology, interfaces, data exchange formats, profiles, process blueprintsIEC 61850 Substation automation, distributed generation, wind parks,hydro power plants, electromobilityEDIXML Market communications with gradual transition from EDIFACT to modern, CIM-capable technologiesIEC 60870 Established communicationsIEC 62351 SecurityIEC 61334 DLMSIEC 61499 SPC and automation, profiles for IEC 61850 (planning)Digital meters / Reference is made here to competitive solutions andHome gateways EU mandate M/441IEC 62325 Market communications using CIMIEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system (added during comments phase)ApartfromtheIECstandards,attentionwasdevotedabovealltothetechnologicalcon-vergenceofICTandautomationtechnology,andintheareaofstandardscloselycon-nectedwithIECarecommendationofCIMforthefieldofmarketcommunicationswasissued,buttheregulatorydimensionandthestronglynationalcharacterofEDIFACTwerepointed out.34Asaresultofthelargenumberofstandardsonwiredandwirelesshomeautomation,nodedicatedrecommendationswereissuedonthisfieldinthestudycited,astheE-Energyprojectsbringdifferentinfrastructureswiththem. With Mandate M/441 from the EU Com-missiontoCEN,CENELECandETSI,consoli-dationwillwherenecessaryalsotakeplacehere,andanintegrationofthemulti-utilityapproach will be possible (see next section). 4.4. CEN / CENELEC / ETSISmart Meters CoordinationGroup on EU Mandate M/441TheEuropeanUnionhasissuedamandate for the standardization of smart meter function -alitiesandcommunicationsinterfacesforuseinEurope[CENELEC],[ETPSDD]fortheelec -tricity,gas,heatandwatersectorstotheorganizationsCEN,CENELECandETSI.TheresultsofMandateM/441arestandardsortechnical documents. Standards in this contextare to be voluntary technical specifications andgeneral technical rules for products or systemsonthemarket.Theaimsaretosecureinter-operability,protectthecustomersandensuresystemreliability.Aboveall,thefollowingsixaspectsofsmartmeteringareconsideredandthe prevailing standards examined. Reading and transmission of measurements Two-way communication between the meter and a market participant (biller) Supportbythemeterforvarioustariff models and payment systemsETSInon-electricity meters(battery powered)CommercialUse Cases (Billing, Tarication, Prepayment,...)Technical Use Cases (EDM, Smart Grid, DSM, ...)Smart Meter (M2M) GatewayElectricity Meter(mains powered)Local display andhome automationCentral communication system M/441 standardization areaWAN area in public networksM2M area in private networksOther areas impacted"Smart Meter" AreaCENELEC TC 13CEN TC294CENELEC TC205Figure8:ReferencearchitectureoftheSM-CGandcooperationbytherelevantEuropean standardization organizations35Development of standards Remotemeterdeactivationandstart/finish of supply Communicationwithdevicesinthehouse- hold Supportofadisplayorinterfaceinthe householdfordisplayofthemeterdatain real timeThemetersmustnotalwayssupportallthefunctionalities;thiscanbearrangedfromcountrytocountry.WithintheSmartMetersCoordinationGroup(SM-CG),existingstand-ardsareclassifiedinrelationtothesesixfunctionalities and responsibilities delegated toindividual standardization committees. Inthediscussionofthedraftofthisroadmap,itwasalsosuggestedthatthepropertiesofmetersshouldbeexaminedoverandabovethefindingscurrentlydiscussedwithregardtoextendedSmartGridsuitability,e.g.fordis-tributionsystemoperators,alsotakingac-count of any regulatory frameworks.Inaddition,attentionisdrawnheretotheactiv itiesoftheEUCommissioninrelationtoSmartGrids.Thenecessaryactionsforimple-mentation of a Smart Grid in Europe are beingexaminedbyataskforcewiththreesubordi-nate working groups. Even if the work current-lyappearstobeconcentratedontheregula-toryandlegalframeworkconditions,itwillhave effects on standardization.4.5. In-house Automation Joint working group of DKE and E-Energy researchIfdistributedloadandgenerationmanage-ment,theuseofdistributedenergystoragecapacities in buildings and industrial propertiesandtheprovisionofenergyefficiencyservicesaretoberealizedinresponsetofundamentalchallengesoftheSmartGrid,communicationwithinutilitiesanddowntotheequipmentinbuildingsandindustrialpropertiesisneces-sary.Abasicdistinctionismadebetweentwoapproaches: Directcontrolofdevicesbymarketrolesin theenergysystem(e.g.coldstoragefacility balances out wind peaks) Thistypeofcontrolislikelytobeexpected forrelativelylargesystemsinindustrialor commercial environments. Indirect,incentive-basedcontrolfordecen- tralized,autonomousdecision-making(ex- ample:variablepricemodels,CO2-free electricity, stipulation of a running schedule) Indirectcontrolbyincentivessuchasdy- namicpricesignalsfromoutsideisinpar- ticularenvisagedprimarilyforhouseholdsor smallbusinesses.Studiesarecurrently focusingonwhatanoptimumpricesignal whichmaycontainadditionalnetwork aspectscouldlooklike,orwhetherdirect controlispossible(bywhom,andtowhat criteria).Anenergymanagementsystemwillbeacen-tralelementinthisconnection,reactingtotheincentives from outside in accordance with thewishesofthecustomer,andpassingoninfor-mationtoin-housedevicesandgenerationfacilities.Energymanagementcanbeimplementedinvarious ways: In-houseautomationisalreadyinplacein somebuildings.Thisistobeextendedby adding energy management functions. Aseparateenergymanagementsystemis installed. This variant is currently encountered in most casesintheSmartGridandE-Energyre- search projects. Theenergymanagementfunctionsarein- tegrated in future devices in various ways.36 Agatewayonlytransmitsinformationbe- tweenthemarketactors(e.g.suppliersor networkoperators)andtheindividualde- vicesandsystemsinthebuildingswhich have distributed intelligence and, for examp- le, react autonomously to price signals. Alternatively,reasonsofconvenienceand theopportunitytoimplementmorecomplex control algorithms speak in favour of centra- lizedbuildingenergymanagement(exam- ple:energymanagementgatewayimple- mentedasruntimeenvironmentwithadded communicationwiththeterminalunits).The energymanagementsystemcommunicates inthebuildingwithsensorandactuator componentsandthesmartmeteringinfra- structure,andhasacontrolinterfacewith thebuildingusers.Finally,basicfunctio- nalitieswillasaruleremainindependentin thedevicesforreasonsofproductliability (e.g.refrigeratorrestartswhenamaximum temperature has been reached).IInthecourseofthepublicdiscussiononthedraft of the standardization roadmap, attentionisdrawntotheactivitiesofCENELECTC205and CEN TC 247 WG 4: DIN EN ISO 16484 Parts 5 and 6 (BACnet) DIN EN 50090 and DIN EN 13321 (KNX) DIN EN 14908 (LON)and to CiA23437 for photovoltaic systems, based on EN 50325-44.6. Further relevant roadmapswith statements and influenceon standards4.6.1. NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Inter-operability StandardsEmpoweredbytheEnergyIndependenceandSecurity Act (EISA) of 2007, the Department ofCommerceintheUSAdevolvedthemainre-sponsibility for the coordinated development ofaframeworkfortheachievementofinteroper-ability of Smart Grid systems and devices, tak-ing especial account of protocol and data modelstandards for information management, to NIST[EPRI].Variouspiecesofequipment,suchasSmart Meters for the US Smart Grid, are alreadybeingevaluatedinfieldtrials.NIST24alsoem -phasizesthatlargeinvestmentsinaSmartGrid will not be sustainable without standards. NISThasthereforeestablishedaphaseplanin tendedtoaccelerateidentificationofthestandards required for the Smart Grid. The doc-ument[EPRI]istheresultofthefirstphaseincompilationoftheframework.ItdescribesanabstractreferencemodelofthefutureSmartGridandindoingsoidentifiesalmost80essentialstandardswhichdirectlyservetheSmartGridorarerelevanttoitsdevelopmenton a meta-plane. In addition, 14 key areas andgapsareidentified,inwhichneworrevisedstandards are needed, especially in the field ofsecurity. NIST further establishes plans of actionwith aggressive timetables and coordinates thestandardization organizations to the extent thattheysupportitsplanstoclosethegapsinachieving Smart Grid interoperability in the nearfuture. Table 4 presents an overview of the ini-tially identied 16 standards on which the expertgroupsinthethreemajormeetingsreachedconsensus;notallthestandardslisted,how-ever, fulfil German requirements for a standard.23 CAN in Automation (CiA)24 NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology37Development of standardsTable 4: Overview of the 16 proposed core standards for the NIST Interoperability RoadmapDesignationTopicAMI-SEC SystemAdvanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and SG end-to-end security Security RequirementsANSI C12.19/MC1219 Revenue metering information modelBACnet ANSI ASHRAE Building automation135-2008/ISO 16484-5DNP3 Substation and feeder device automationIEC 60870-6/TASE.2 Inter-control center communicationsIEC 61850 Substation automation and protectionIEC 61968/61970 Application level energy management system interfacesIEC 62351 Parts 1-8 Information security for power system control operationsIEEE C37.118 Phasor measurement unit (PMU) communicationsIEEE 1547 Physical and electrical interconnections between utility and distributedgeneration (DG)IEEE 1686-2007 Security for intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)NERC CIP 002-009 Cyber security standards for the bulk power systemNIST Special Publica- Cyber security standards and guidelines for federal information systems, tion (SP) 800-53,including those for the bulk power systemNIST SP 800-82Open AutomatedPrice responsive and direct load controlDemand Response (Open ADR)OpenHAN Home Area Network device communication, measurement, and controlZigBee/HomePlugHome Area Network (HAN) Device Communications and Information ModelSmart Energy Profile4.6.2. UCAiug Open Smart Grid subcommittee InthefieldofthetwoseriesofstandardsIEC61850 and IEC 61970, an association of usersof those standards has come into being as theUtilityCommunicationsArchitectureInterna-tional Users Group (UCAiug), whose memberssupplyimportantinputforinternationalstand -ardizationonthebasisoftheirexperience.Asthe two standards are regarded as core stand-ardsofafutureSmartGrid,asub-group,theOpen Smart Grid Group (OpenSG) was found-ed within the UCAiug. It regards technical SmartGridstandardsasacriticalfactoringreaterinteroperability,morecompetition,andsimpli-fiedimplementation.TheaimistocarrythenewSmartGridstandardsintothemarketsinorderthattheybeusedfornewenergyeffi-ciencyapplicationsandproductsandtose-cureinvestmentsininfrastructure,projects and products. The work focuses on profiles forstandards,promotionoftheirdisseminationinapplications,improvedcooperationbetweenmanufacturersandstandardizationorganiza-tions,developmentofmetersystems,andverifiabilityofimplementationsbyinteropera-bility tests.384.6.3. Identication of future eldsof standardization 2009 Basic study by DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V.InthecontextoftheinitiativePromotionofInnovationandMarketCapabilitybyStand-ardization Innovation with Norms and Stand -ards(INS)25theINSbasicstudyIdentifica-tionoffuturefieldsofstandardization2009hasidentifiedfuturechallengesforstandardi-zation[DININS].TheINSprojectissponsoredby the BMWi.Thebasicstudycombinesthestatistical analysisofvariousindicatorswithanonlineDelphipole,andprovidesinformationontheareasinwhichanincreasedneedforstand-ardizationcanbeexpectedinfuture.In 2009,togetherwiththefieldofopticaltech-nologies,E-MobilityandE-Energywerecoretopics of the study. In the poll, focal topics forE-EnergyandE-Mobilitywereidentifiedandtherelevanceofstandardization,theneces-sary types of standards, the level of the activi-tiesandthetimeprioritiesforstandardizationwere assessed. Theresultsofthestudyemphasizeame-diumtohighimportanceofstandardization foralmostallthetopicsidentified.Forthecommercialandtechnologicaldevelopment ofE-Energy,standardizationisclassifiedashavingahighlevelofimportance,andforenvironmentalprotectionandsecuritytheimportanceisclassifiedasmediumtohigh.Thetimepriorityofthestandardizationwork ismainlyseenaslyingwithinthecoming 5years.Thepotentialsofstandardization arediscernedinthesolutionofspecifictech-nicalproblems,theimprovementofcoop-erationwithresearchersanddevelopers,andasabasisforfutureresearchanddevelop-ment.Asthenecessarytypesofstandardization, theexpertsidentifiedcompatibilitystandards,terminologyandclassificationstandards, andqualityandsafetystandards.Itisrecom-mendedthatthestandardizationactivitiesmainlytakeplaceonthenationalandEuro-pean levels.Thestandardizationroadmapaddressesthemostimportantrequirementsidentifiedinthebasicstudy.Withregardtothe63individualtopicsidentifiedinthefieldsofdecentrali-zationofpowergeneration,systemmanage-ment,energytransmissionnetworks,energystorageandtransformationfacilities,energymeteringsystemsonthegenerationlevelandconsumerlevel,andalternativeenergygener-ation,coordinationcanstilltakeplaceafterthe official publication on 20 April 2010.4.6.4. BDI initiative Internet for EnergyThestudyonInternetforEnergyICTfor theenergymarketsofthefuturecompletedbytheBDIinDecember2008andpublishedinFebruary2009[BDI]dealsnotonlywith thethreeaspectsofenergyscarcity,there-gulatoryenvironmentandtechnicaldevelop-mentswithrisingenergyprices,butalso withtheGermanelectricitysystemanditspenetrationbyICTtechnologies.Togetherwithsubstantiveroadmapsdealingwithtech-nologiesandscenarios,theroadmapalsoprovidesrecommendationsforthefieldofstandardization.TheBDIaboveallissues fourrecommendations:thedemandforim-proved harmonization and integration of exist-ingstandardsand(communication)protocols,theextendingofstandardizationeffortstocovergas,waterandheat,thecoordinatedpromotionofinteroperabilityandthedevelop-mentofopencommunicationsstandardsfor25 www.ins.din.de39Development of standardsnewtechnologies.Thedomainsidentifiedaredistributedenergygeneration,transmissionanddistributionnetworks,energymeteringandend-userconsumption.Standardsfortheuselevel,applicationandtransmissionlevelandthetransmissionandcommunicationmedialevelwereassignedtoeachofthesetopics.4.6.5. FutuRed Spanish Electrical Grid PlatformTheStrategicVisionDocumentfromthe SpanishSmartGridplatformFutuRed[SGES]issuesnumerousnationalrecommendations intheareasofregulation,politicalandlegis-lativesupportandgeneraltechnicalprogress.Furthermore,recommendationsaregivenonthefieldofstandardization,withouthoweverexplicitlynamingestablishedstandards.Heretoo,standardsareregardedasthebasisforthe achievement of interoperability in the com-plex system of the Smart Grid. Without simpli-fiedintegrationofthevarioussystems,bar-rierswouldariseandendangerthetechnicalimplementationofSmartGrids.TheFutuRedroadmapthereforedemandsthestandardiza-tionofcommunicationsprotocols,gridcon-nectionconditionsfornewproducers,safetylimitsforthegrid,andprocessestomaketheSmart Grid become reality.4.6.6. Smart Grids Roadmap for AustriaTheSmartGridroadmap[SGA]presented for the first time at Smart Grid Week 2009 inSalzburgmakesnoexplicitstatementsonstandardization,butdoesdefinefieldsof technologyinwhichtechnicalprogressisindispensableforaSmartGridofthefuture.Aboveall,generalizedinformationmodelsintheareaofSCADA,bandwidthforcommu-nicationwithdigitalmeters,regulationofthefrequencybandsforPLC,integrationofelec-tromobility,integrationofexistinginfrastruc-tures and general interoperability are regardedas important.4.6.7. Electricity Networks Strategy Group (UK) A SmartGrid RoutemapInGreatBritain,aso-calledSmartGridRoute mapintheformofaPowerPointpre-sentation has also been established by ENSG,theElectricityNetworksStrategyGroup.ItexaminestheextenttowhichaSmartGridcan help in Great Britain in supporting the gov-ernmentstargetsoncarbondioxideemis-sions and cost reductions for final customers26.Thestrategygroupsaretobringtogetheralltherelevantstakeholdersinthefieldofelec-tricitygrids.Thegroupismanagedandsup-ported both by the energy ministry DECC27andtheregulatorOfgem28.Theperiod2010-2015isseenasthetimehorizonfordemonstrationprojectsoftheSmartGrid.Underthreemajorobjectives,namelycarbondioxidereduction,securityofsupplyandcompetition,twelve differentchallengesarediscussedanddoc-umented.Withtheaimofanintegrated, scal abletechnicaldesignfortheSmartGrid,standardsarealsodiscussed,withoutrec-ommendinganyparticularstandardsassuch.Asfullyintegratedend-to-endsolutionsareatpresentmostlynotscalablefromatechnicalpoint of view, interoperable solutions and suit-abletechnologieswillhavetobefoundandintegratedforthefutureSmartGrid,inbothcommercialandtechnicalregards.Safety,securityandprivacyaspectsarealwaystobetaken into account.26 http://www.ensg.gov.uk/27 Department of Energy and Climate Change28 Office of Gas and Electricity Markets404.6.8. Japans roadmap to international standardization forSmart Grid and collaborationswith other countriesTheJapaneseapproachtostandardizationinthecontextofSmartGridsishighlysimilartotheapproachofNISTintheUSA:StartingwithaninitiativebytheMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI),astrategygroupwasfoundedinAugust2009withtheaimofpromotingJapaneseactivitiesininternationalstandardizationintheSmartGridsfield. Standards are seen in that context as a funda-mentalelementintheachievementoftherequiredinteroperability.TheflexibilityandexpandabilityofthefutureSmartGridcan,accordingtothestrategygroup,onlybeachieved with an appropriate degree of stand-ardization.AfirstreportwascompletedbyJanuary2010,providingfortheestablishmentofaroadmapinclosecooperationwithotherstandardizationorganizationsandcountries.On the basis of a general picture of the futureSmartGrid,sevenmainfieldsofbusiness(Wide-Area Awareness in Transmission, Supply-SideEnergyStorage,DistributionGridMan-agement,DemandResponse,Demand-SideEnergyStorage,ElectricVehiclesandAMISystems)wereidentified,towhich26PriorityActionAreasareassigned.SpecialcoreaspectsfortheJapaneseeconomywerealsoidentified.Thetopicsaretobeaddressed incooperationwithIEEE,IECandCEN/CENELEC.Therecommendationsarethere-forealsocongruentwiththepreviousrecom-mendations from those organizations.4.6.9. CIGRE D2.24CIGREWGD2.24dealswiththetopicofEMS Architectures for the 21st Century. Theaim of the group is, by its own statements, todevelopavisionforthearchitectureofthenextenergyandmarketmanagementsys-tems.Thisarchitectureistobeappliedinpractice and its implementation is to rank as adefactostandard.Realtimesystemsaretobecoupledwithtransmissionnetworkandmarket systems, and extended to cover distri-butionandgeneration.Theworkinggroupdefinesthenon-functionalrequirementsofinteroperabilityandreusability.Inaddition,itdevelopsasetofrequirementsanddescribesanarchitectureanditsstandardcomponents.Thegrouphasagreedonthefollowingtenpoints as design principles: Component-based,service-orientedarchi- tecturetofacilitateintegrationandreusabil- ity in utilities Modularizationforbreakdownofbusiness processes High speed buses for real time messaging CIM as the domain data model A security level as a cross-cutting function Use of industry standards Standardized user interfaces Abstractionofcurrenttransmissionproto- cols for future proofing Scalability for future applications Standardizedtoolsfordatamanagement and displayThereiscooperationbetweenCIGRED2andIEC/TC57intheformofaCatALiaison. CIGREintendstobasethedevelopmentof itsarchitectureaboveallonestablishedIEC/TC57standardsandreportitsresults to IEC.4.6.10. IEEE P2030Under the name of IEEE P2030, a project hasalso been established at the USAs profession-alassociationforelectricalengineeringand41Development of standardsinformation technology dealing with the devel-opmentofadrafttoensuretheinteroperabil- ity of energy and information technology in theSmart Grid with the special focus on end-userapplications. Similarly to that of NIST, this pro-jectdevelopedbyIEEEistraceabletotheUSgovernmentsEnergyIndependenceSecurityAct(EISA)fromtheyear2007.AspartofSCC21,SmartGridStandards,theP2030workinggroupiscompilingthedocumentIEEE P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid Inter-operabilityofEnergyTechnologyandInfor-mationTechnologywiththeElectricPowerSystem(EPS),andEnd-UseApplications andLoads.Theaim,accordingtoIEEE,isaknowledge base with coordinated terminology,characteristics,functionaldescriptionsandevaluationcriteria,andsuitabledevelopmentmeasurestoachieveinteroperabilityintheSmartGrid.IncontrasttoIEC,architecturalbestpracticeexperienceandfunctionsarealsotobedescribedhere.AsaresultoftheclosecooperationwithNIST,itistobeex -pectedthattherecommendationswillbehighlysimilarandtherecommendedstand-ards will be identical.4.6.11. Automation 2020+ Energy integrated techno