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KVK COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,SURMAIGUDA,HYD.

ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL AND BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS

INTRODUCTION:

Diabetic mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia caused by a

relative or absolute deficiency of insulin or by a resistence to the action of insulin at the celullar level. It

is most common endocrine disorder. The person suffering from this metabolic disease is considered to

die-a-bitand hence die-a-bit is called as diabetes.

Range of sugar levels in normal persons, Prediabetic persons, Mild Diabetic, Severe Diabetic persons:

Sl.no Particulars Normal person Prediabetic person Mild Diabeties Severve Diabetes

1 Fasting Blood Sugar 80-120mg/100ml 105-110mg/100ml 115-125mg/100ml 150-160mg/100ml

2

Blood Sugar

Reaches it peak in 1

hr.

130mg/100ml 150-160mg/100ml 190-200mg/100ml 320-350mg/100ml

3Returns to the

fasting level

At the end of

2hrsAt the end of 3 hrs _ At the end of 4 hrs

4 Urine No Glucose No Glucose 1-2% Glucose More than 2%

CLASSIFICATION:

On basis of etiology two main catagories of diabetes are recognized:-

1) PRIMARY DIABETES2) SECONDARY DIABETES

1) Primary Diabetes:- It is Divided into two Types(a) TYPE I /JUVENILE / INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (IDDM).(b) TYPE II / NONINSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS (NIDDM).

In juvenile type of diabeties there is a profound decrease in the number of b-cells in the islet of langerhans

of Pancreas and thus there is absoulte deficiency of insulin. In Type II diabetes the patients are usually

obese and the treatement is usually dietary.

2) Secondary Diabetes:- The symptoms results from the following . Pancreatic dysfunction


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Harmonal Imbalance Insulin Receptor abnormalities Malnutrition

SYMPTOMS OF SEVERE DIABETES:

Hyperglycemia Glycosuria Loss of weight due to increased breakdown of fat and tissue protien. Increased production of ketone bodies by liver and their incomplete utilization by the tissue leading to

their accumulation in blood (Ketosis) and elimination in Urine (Ketonuria)

Lowering of pH of blood due to circutlating keto acids (acidosis). Dehydration due to elimination of large amounts of water with glucose in Urine. Increased levels of lipid, fatty acids and cholestral in blood (lipemia). Inreased tendency to develop cataract in the eye and atheromatous and artherosclerotic lesions of

blood vessels

TREATEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS:

1) Insulin2) Oral hypoglycaemic drugs3) Herbal drugsINSULIN:

The pancrease secrete insulin. Corbohydrate metabolism is primarily under the control of insulin. Insulindeficency occurs in a person due to functional disorder of the pancrease.

Adverse effects: Local reactions, allergy, edema, hypoglycemia and its route of administration is not

comfortable as it is IV .

ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC DRUGS:

(a) SULFONYLUREAS::First Generation Second GenerationTolbutamide Glibenclamide

Chlorpropamide Glipizide

Acetohexamide Gliclazide

Tolazamide

Adverse effects: Hypoglycemia


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(i) Non specific: Nausea, Flatulence.(ii)Hypersentitivity: Rashes, photosensitivity.

(b) BIGUANIDES:Phenformin

Metformin

Adverse effects: abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, metallic taste, lactic, acidosis.

(c) Miscellaneous:Acarbose

Guargum

HERBAL DRUGS:

Since ancient times a number of herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of diabetes.

Herbal medicines are great body balancers that help regulate body functions and it can be used tosupport balance process of our body and after the nutrients that the body face to receive due to

poor diet or enviromental deficiencies in soil and air.

They can be used to treat many diseases such as diabetes, asthma, premenstrual syndrome, migrane,chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome etc.

Herbs promote health and serve as excellent healing agents without side effects. The potency of herbs varies on genetic variation.

The different Herbs used in the treatement of diabetes mellitus are as follows:

(i) ACACIA ARABICA (Babhul) : It acts as anti diabetic byreleasing powedered seeds of Acacia. When adminstered

(2,3&4Kg per body weight) induces hypoglycemic effect by

initiating release of insulinfrom pancreatic Beta cells. Along

with exhibiting hypoglycemic activity this extract also

prevented

peak rise in blood sugar at first hour in OGTT.

(ii) ALLIUM CEPA (ONION):Various ether soluble fractionsas well as unsoluble fraction of dried onion powder show

potent hypoglycemic & anti hyper glycemic activity. It is also

known to have antioxidant & hypolipidemic activity.


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(iii) ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC): Allicuin, a sulphur containingcompound is responsible for its pungent odour & it shows a

significant hypoglycemic activity. This effect is though to be

due to increased hepatic metabolism, increased insulin

release from pancreatic Beta cells.

(iv) ALOE VERA: Aloevera shows a potent hypoglycemic e effect,this action is through the stimulation of synthesis or release

of insulin from pancreatic Beta cells. This plant also has an

anti inflammatory activity which depends on dose.

(v) AZARDIRECTA INDICA (NEEM): Hydroalcoholic extracts of thisplant show hypoglycemic as well as antihyper glycemic activity.

It also shows antibacterial & anti malarial, anti fertility &

antioxident effects.

(vi) COCCINIA INDICA: Dried extracts of coccinia indica(500mg/Kg body wt.) were administered to diabetic

patients for 6 weeks. These extracts restore the

activites of enzymes LPL which was reduced in

untreated diabetics patients & glucose -6- Phosphatase

, the levels of which were raised in plasma of severe untreated

diabetics.


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(vii) EUGENIA JAMBOLANA (JAMUN): Decotion of kernals of Eugeniais used as house hold remeady for diabetics. This also forms a

major constituent of many herbal formulations for diabetics.

Anti hyperglycemic effect of acequ ous & alchoholic extract as

well as lypophyllised powder shows reduction in blood glucose

level.

(viii) MAGNIFERA INDICA (MANGO): The leaves of this plants areused as an antidiabetic agent. It pocesses hypoglycemic activity

due to

intestinal reduction of the absorption of glucose.

(ix) MOMORDICA CHARANTIA (BITTERGOURD): It is commonlyused as Antidiabetic & anti hypoglycemic agent. Extracts of

fruit plup, seed, leaves & whole plant has shown to have

hypoglycemic effect. This is because of incubation of

glycose-6-phosphatase enzyme.

(x) OCIMUM SANTUM (HOLY BASIL, TULSI): The aqueous extractof leveas showed the significant reuction in blood sugar level.

It shows hypoglycemic effect.

(xi) TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM (FENUGREEK): 4-hydroxy leucine,a noval aminoacid has been extracted and purified from fenugreek


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seeds. It increases glycose stimulated insulin release by isolated islet

cells.

some other indian medicinal plants:

Name Common name Antidiabetic & other benificial effects

Camellia sinesis Tea Hypoglycemic Effect

Hibiscus rosaninesis Gudhal/Jasson initiates insulin release from pancreatic Beta Cells

Murraya Koeingii Kurry patta Hypoglycemic

Phyllanthus amaras Bhui Amla Hypoglycemic

Punica Granatum Anar Anti Hyperglycemic effect

CONCLUSION: Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder. Differences in social structure, psychic stress,

obesity, hormonal imbalance and heredity are optimizing the growth of pandemic. At present the

treatment of diabetes mainly involves a sustained reduction in hyperglycemia. However due to unwanted

side effects the efficacies of these compounds are debatable and there is demand for new compound for

the treatment of diabites.

Hence plant have been suggested as a rich useful antidiabetic drugs.

BY:-

GUIDED BY:

PROF. SAI BABA R.DIVYAREDDY,

K.VIJAYA LAKSHMI,

M.SWARNA LATHA.


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