Diversity Programs

• Oversimplification

• Helpful or harmful?

The Challenge

• To create justice and respect between groups of people and between individuals at a time when global migrations have intensified and new community situations have emerged.

Objectives

• Address issues of labor market discrimination

• Examine the economic and societal impacts of differential treatment

• Address views from individual, organizational, and societal levels

• Evaluate public policies created to “help” these societal problems

Definition of Diversity

Changing Demographics of Population

By the year 2050– 52% – 25% – 13% – 8% – 1%

Diversity Facts

• Minorities now account for _____ for the net growth of the nation’s labor force

• Women now comprise _____ of the labor force

Facts Continued…

• Over the next 20 years the US population will grow by 42 million people– 47% – 22% – 18% – 13%

Diversity…Not a new trend

• Miami is 2/3 ____________

• San Francisco is 1/3 _____________

• _______________ has minority majority standing

Cultural Lenses

• Rigid Lenses

• Open Lenses

• “An individual may assume they understand another person’s culture, but these assumptions are usually what keep the two apart”

Development of Multiculturalism

• Canadians

• Switzerland

Why do we need diversity training?

Why study diversity?

• Increasing immigration patterns

• More women in the workforce

• Changes in civil rights legislation

Does it make a difference?

• “Diverse teams are more effective and creative in an increasingly competitive economy” Honoring Diversity in the Workplace

• “Development of the future workforce is a critical issue for high tech companies. We must find ways to remain creative and innovative, and diversity of thought is fundamental to creativity.”Rich Templeton, Texas Instruments

Questions to address

• Why has the composition of the labor force been changing so rapidly?

• What are the major diversity issues?

• How can we deal with these issues on a professional level?

Examining the Intersection of Gender and Work

Powell ix-xx

Women and Work• Labor Force participation of women has

been expanding over the last several decades.

• 1970 study

Female Labor Force Participation Rates

• Definition:

• ________ in the 1970s• ________ in 1998• Male labor force participation rates decreased

from _________ during that same period.• Why the change? Are men getting lazy???

Women are becoming more numerous in what used to be

labeled “male jobs”•Examples…

•How does this impact society?

The “Female Occupation Formula”

• Occupations which employ _______ women almost always have in common certain characteristics that women seem to find desirable

What are these characteristics??

Women may be in “male jobs” but their wages are less then a

comparable male’s wage

WHY???

Discrimination

• By employer

• By other employees

• By the customer

Why women’s wages are less cont.

Sex vs. Gender

Sex and Gender is not the whole story

• Also must include

• Adds serious complications

Gender typecasts occupations

• Influences ________

• Influences _________ about that job and the person within the job

Quarter Overview

• Gender’s impact on interviews• Gender’s impact on job evaluations and promotions• Environmental changes due to changes in gender

composition• Sexuality in the workplace

– Welcome, i.e. relationships– Unwelcome, i.e. sexual harassment– Same sex relationships

• Affirmative Action

Common Sense about the “Other” (Essed p. 6-13)

• Who is the “other”?

• What is racism?

• What part did racism play in our society in the past?

• What part does it play today?

Old vs. New Ideology

• Old: Not like because

• New: Not like because

How is racism transmitted?

What causes the problems in society?• Prejudice

• Discrimination

• Segregation

Prejudice

Two types of Prejudice

• Stereotypes

• Social distance

Discrimination

Four types of Discrimination• Individual

• Direct Institutional

• Statistical

• Structural

Two ways discrimination can take place

• Indirect

• Direct

Segregation

Men & Women’s Roles in Society are Changing

• Past

Who has the power?

• Men and Women do have Physiological and Psychological differences but why are women seen as inferior?

• Ernestine Fried (anthropologist)

• Other Scientists

Men-Women Relationships Through Time

Past to present

(Blau p 12-29)

Hunting and Gathering Societies

Horticultural Societies

Pastoral Societies

Agriculture Societies

Industrialization

Early “Traditional Family”

Early “Traditional Family” Cont.

• Woman working was seen by society as:

Why would people marry under these circumstances?

• Gary Becker’s _________________

Comparative Advantage

• What is opportunity cost???

• Males – comparative advantage in???

• Females – comparative advantage in???

Producing and trading

• Two people: Elizabeth and Brian

• Each produce two goods: Bread and Apples

• Elizabeth 10 loaves of bread and 10 apples

• Brian 5 loaves of bread and 15 apples

Elizabeth Apples

Elizabeth Bread

Brian Apples Brian Bread

Comparative Advantage• Should both produce apples and bread or should

they specialize?

• What does specialize mean?

– Looks at opportunity cost• What was that?

What are the opportunity costs?

• Elizabeth– If give up 10 apples how

much more bread can she produce?

– If give up 10 loaves of bread how many more apples can she produce?

• Opportunity Costs

Elizabeth Apples

Elizabeth Bread

20 0

10 10

0 20

What are the opportunity costs?

• Brian– If give up 15 apples how

much more bread can he produce?

– If give up 5 loaves of bread how many more apples can he produce?

• Opportunity Costs

Brian

Apples

Brian

Bread

0 10

15 5

30 0

Should we specialize?

• Elizabeth

• Brian

• Who produces apples cheaper?

• Who produces bread cheaper?

Here is the deal

• Elizabeth produces only

• Brian produces only • Trade 8 loaves of bread for 12 apples• Breakdown of end result

– Elizabeth Bread?

– Elizabeth Apples?

• Brian Bread

• Brian Apples

• Are they better off??

Are they better off??

No Specialization

or Trade

Specialization and Trade

Gains from trade

Elizabeth Bread

Elizabeth Apples

Brian Bread

Brian Apples

Why don’t marriages stay together as much as in the past?

Divorce Rates of Selected Countries

Country Divorce Rate

U.S. 62%

Russia 34%

Canada 25%

China 8%

Japan 4%

Why did women begin devoting more time to working after 1960?

Changes in Society overtime

• Marriage Bar (late 1800s until mid 1900s)

• Labor Force Participation of women has consistently been increasing

• How have these changes impacted the workforce?

II. Gender and Other Identities

Powell pages 3-16

Remember: Sex vs. Gender

• Sex =

• Gender =

General Theory

• Men and women differ in nature so should their roles in society

• Comes from:

Question

• If general theory is correct, how do men and women differ beyond child bearing?

• Should humans of the male (female) sex (biological) be forced to “act” as the male (female) gender (psychological)?– Time Magazine “His name is Aurora” 09/19/00

How do we examine gender?

• Examination?

• Questions?

• Set up a Model of gender…

Model

• What is this?

Uni-dimensional Model of Gender

Problems with “simple” model

Earliest references to Male vs. Female Worth

Biodimensional Model(Sandra Bem pages 155-162)

Bio-dimensional Model cont.

Gender-Role Identity

• A person with both male and female traits is said to be ________________

• Remember --- PSYCHOLOGICAL NOT PHYSICAL

How measure?

Your Personal Qualities

• “The measure of psychological androgyny”– Sandra Bem

• BSRI includes both male and female characteristics based on society’s standards of desirable behavior for men/women.

Your personal qualities cont.

• Measure is a function of the difference between the endorsement of the masculine and feminine characteristics

• Score determines the gender type orientation of the individual

Findings

Is the Bio-dimensional model broad enough?

• Many researches argue ____________

Are the definitions of male and female gender correct?

• Some argue definition is ______________

• Why?

Do more positive things happen to men?

• Research has shown more positive outcomes are associated with being male and ______________________

• Less distinction is made with ______________________________

Are we clear on

Sex and Gender?

When do we use Sex vs. Gender?

• Sex –

• Gender –

Now want to expand this understanding to other races and

cultures• Gender is easy to examine

• People differ within genders as well as within races and cultures

• Research on “other races” are predominately on white/black differences

Is Race and Gender really important?

• Much emphasis within society on treating people equal

• Is all this hype helping or increasing the problem?

Advertisements

• Advertisements convey ______________________________________________________________________

• Several stereotypes of women’s roles occur regularly

Advertisements cont.

• Men have stereotypes as well

• Women’s jeans advertisements emphasize ____________________________

• Men’s jeans advertisements emphasize ________________________________

Advertisement cont.

• Why the difference?

• What about the addition of race and culture?

Subtle stereotyping• Functional ranking

• Relative size

• Subordination

• Feminine touch

• Family

How does the media contribute?

Findings

• Where do stereotypes come from?

Adding in Race, Culture and Ethnicity (Powell 17-36)

What is the definition of minority?

• Anyone except white men???

• People differ not only within genders but within races

• Most research is on white/black differences

Race

• What is your race?

• What is my race?

• How did you make this assessment?

Race cont.

• Although physical markers combined with ancestry are used as the base for assigning race, scientists have concluded that there is NO basis for the use of race as ____________________________

• IQ tests

IQ tests• Indicates?

• Average is ___________

• Average difference between whites and blacks is ____________ points

• Measures __________________

Problems

• How much you know depends on your _________________________

• If control the ________________ IQ differences between the races decreases to ___________________

• Race is ___________________

IQ tests continued…• The cops have put Tony, Uncle Junior, Silvio, Paulie

Walnuts, and Livia in a lineup, standing in spots numbered 1 through 6 from left to right. There’s one empty space. Livia is the third person from the left. Tony is to Uncle Junior’s immediate left. If Paulie Walnuts stands in space 6 with no one beside him, where is Silvio?

• Seven years ago Jack was three times as old as Jill. If Jack is now five years older than Jill, how old is he? – (a) 12-1/2 (b) 13 (c) 13-1/2 (d) 14-1/2 (e) 15

STANDARDIZED TESTS:Do They Measure Minorities Fairly?

SAT is a ____________ that has come under fire for being _________ in ways that preclude many minority students from achieving high scores.

Standardized test have been used to measure:

INTELLIGENCE DEFINED

R. J. Sternberg defined intelligence as consisting of _________________________________________________________________ (Sternberg, 1984)

Intelligence Defined...

Sternberg identified three types of intelligence:

P.M. Greenfield in her Model of the Variability in Human Intelligence made two points:

•

RACISTS ORIGINS

_____________ first devised the IQ Test in ____________to identify children with low academic aptitudes that may need special schooling.

He specifically stated _______________________________________

Racist Origins...

Members of the ______________ societies ______________Binet’s intention and claimed that scores on the instrument provided ___________________________

Eugenics• The study of hereditary improvement especially

human improvement by ___________________

• Believe in _____________

– Why???

Racist Origins...

Therefore, the eugenicists said, the test could identify ___________________________________

Racist Origins...

In 1912, Henry Goddard used the standardized test to “scientifically prove” that:

• ______ of Jews

• ______ of Hungarians

• ______ of Italians

• ______ of Russian”

Were ____________ (Fallows, 1980)

Racist Origins...

In 1914, R.A. Ross and other eugenicists used the statistics provided by mental testing to campaign against integration of:

Racist Origins...

Carl Bringham, designer and developer of the SAT, articulated the following:

“The army mental test has proven beyond any scientific doubt that, like the American Negroes, the Italians, and the Jews are ineducable. It would be a waste of good money even to attempt to try to give these born morons and imbeciles a good Anglo-Saxon education, let alone admit them into our fine medical, law, and engineering graduate schools. (Kamin, 1974).

DOES THE SAT MEASURE MINORITIES FAIRLY?

African Americans tend to score ____________________ Whites on intelligence tests.

A furious debate over the meaning of these discrepancies has scientist examining the scores to determine the differences between the races.

HEREDITARIAN STANCE

The hereditarians strongly argue for

• Some site __________

• Others maintain ______________

• Propagates idea _______________

• Researchers conclude ___________________ African Americans and European Americans

ENVIRONMENTAL STANCE

In direct opposition to hereditarians, environmentalists argue that the discrepancy between scores is __________________

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

The Importance of Education on Intelligence Testing

THE EVIDENCE

Waco School District

Given a white failure rate of 37 percent what can we expect for the failure rates of blacks?

SAT Scores vs. Income

Test scores go up with ____________

They also improve with _________________

Both trends are observed within all ethnic and racial groups.

But before you blame ________________ status for test score gaps consider this:

SAT Scores vs. Parental Education

Some argue that social position, access to libraries, and the opportunity to take vacations may cause the gap in scores. However, consider this:

ECONOMIC COSTS

Are the tests biased??

Should we stop the SATs?• University of California says __________

• Question: What does it measure???

• Biased against _____________________

Changes in IQ

Country IQ

United States Increased 24 points since 1919

Britain Increased 27 points since 1942

Argentina Increased 22 points since 1964

What is causing these increases??• Twin study

• Environmental influence on genetics accounts for the rest

Is Race Psychological or Biological?

Now add Race and Gender…

• Story becomes more complex

Wage differentials between men and women

White 40%

Asian 22%

Hispanic 15%

African American

11%

Interaction of Race and Gender

• Additive effects

• Interactive effect

• Both additive and interactive

Double Jeopardy

Now add in culture

• How do you define a person’s culture?

• Is this accurate?

Race, culture, and ethnicity

• Each is a distinct part of an individual

• Within society many use these terms interchangeably

• Can you define the three distinctly?

Race, culture, ethnicity

• Race:

• Culture:

• Ethnicity:

Differences???

• Culture has ___________________

• Everyone (minority or majority) has ___________________

Ethnicity can change views

• Men and women views

• If didn’t look at ethnicity _________________________-

Ethnicity actually highlights the problems with generalizing

across groups**These generalizations can lead to important

facts about the society being studied being missed**

To better understand discrimination and workplace issues we NEED to consider GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY AND

CULTURE!

Do we need diversity??(Daly p. 88-102)

• Society keeps telling us ___________

• What is diversity?

Diversity refers to…

• Ethnicity

• Racial origin

• Sexual orientation

• Gender

• But also…

What does the firm want to achieve?

• Does diversity increase this?

• Example: Do women run the airlines??

The changing organization

The changing organization cont.

• Middle management cut out

• Workplace is now a community

• Is the airline industry a community?

Benefits of the “Community” feeling

Problems with lack of diversity• Public welfare

• Need for evaluation and accountability

• Stereotyping professions

Why doesn’t everyone diversify?

Changes in the Labor Market in the past 30 years

Gender Equity Versus Equality

• Equality

• Equity

Impacts of changing workplace

• Women are seen as flexible in their working lives

• Women are seen as more attractive employees

Changing view of management

• Past:

• Present/Future:

Division of Labor between work and household responsibilities

• Old ideology:

• Problems:

Gender Gap in Earnings

• Since 1955 earnings has been tracked to see if there is a “__________________”

Important Points

• If gender gap = 64%

• Must be ___________________

How calculate???

Example

• Female wage = 24561

• Male wage = 32472

• Gender earnings ratio?

• Gender wage gap?

How has the earnings ratio changed?

• Relatively constant at __________

• Early 1980s decreased to ________

• Increased steadily since then to _______ in 1994

• 1999 the gap was calculated as _______

Important things to remember

• Increases in the the gender earning ratio could also mean ______________-

Why the variation?

How does wage vary with…

• Education?

• Age?

Earnings ratio and Age

Why the difference?

How vary by race?

• Same basic pattern as white workers exists for Hispanic and Asian workers

• Education influences differ by gender within the race

Goal

• See what is

• Evaluate why they are there

Remember

• Female-Male earnings ratio must be between two __________ people with ____________ to say anything about the number

• Why?

If compare OVERALL male and female wages…

• Gap looks bigger than it actually is

• Why??

%female Earnings ratio

Managers 31.8 60

Physicians 20.7 51.5

Insurance Salesmen

35.1 56.7

What appears true…

% female Earnings ratio

Registered nurses

94.4 88.2

Librarians 80.3 81.3

Secretaries 98.7 90

So what is the deal??

• BUT…labor force participation of women has been increasing, so why hasn’t the earnings ratio increased faster?

Men??

• Why do these types of jobs have a higher pay scale?

• How are wages determined??

The Labor Market

• Who demands labor?

• Who supplies labor?

Law of DemandLaw of Demand

Labor Demand CurveLabor Demand Curve• Graphical representation of the labor

demand schedule

• Why type of relationship do you expect wage and number of workers to have?

Number of Workers

Wage

10 20 30 40

10

20

30

40

DL

Law of SupplyLaw of Supply

Labor Supply CurveLabor Supply Curve

• What type of relationship do we have between wage and number of workers?

Number of Workers

Wage

10 20 30 40

10

20

30

40

SL

Auction Model

But…• There is only one price where SL=DL

• This is called the _______________

• The market is always working towards this wage

Scissors and economics?

• Alfred Marshall compared Supply and demand to a pair of scissors

What determines the wage?

SL

DL

Number of Workers

Wage

Equilibrium• Also called the market clearing wage

At Disequilibrium can have…

• Shortage

• Surplus

Moving to Equilibrium

Number of Workers

Wage

DL

SL

Moving to Equilibrium

• If we have a surplus, wage must _______ to get to equilibrium.

• If we have a shortage, wage must _______ to get to equilibrium.

What about earnings ratios in other countries?

Earnings ratio

1975Earnings ratio

1994

Australia 80 86

Denmark 83 83

Korea 47 52

Japan 49 43

Why the difference?

• Labor force structure

• Occupation sex structure

• Degree of modernization

• Gender ideology

What can explain the differences?

• Two theories…

• Individualist theory

Types of Individualist Theories

• Neoclassical Theory

Does work effort by men and women differ on average?

So…why are women are in the “low wage” occupations??

• Remember the female occupation formula??

Atrophy

• How many of you took 5th grade math?• It was claimed that the shepherd was the shepherd of

2000 sheep. The shepherd exclaimed, "I am not the shepherd of two thousand sheep!" Pointing to his flock, he added, "If I had that many sheep plus another flock as large as that, then again half as many as I have out there, I would be the shepherd of two thousand sheep." How many sheep were in the shepherd's flock?

Second Individualist theory

• Status Attainment

If true…

• Why is the gender gap decreasing???

• Are women now making different (better) choices?

Institutionalist Theory

Types of Institutionalist theories

• Labor market segmenting theories

Second type

• Occupation Segregation

Ls Ls

Ld Ld

# workers # workers

Wage Wage

Firm Discriminates Firm does not Discriminate

1

W1W1

1

Third type of Institutionalist theory

• Statistical discrimination

Recent developments

in the labor marketBlau (pages 235-242)

What has changed the wage gap?

Real vs. Nominal Prices

•

How convert??

• Looks at how a cost of a ___________ purchased in some _________ changes over time

• Percent changes in the CPI measure ________

• How do you calculate a percent change?

Example

• 1970 CPI = 38.8

• 1999 CPI = 167

• Was there a little or much inflation??

• Milk prices were $1.05 in 1999 and $0.65 in 1970

• Was milk more expensive in 1999?

PRICECPI

CPI*

• What is 1999 milk in 1970 dollars?

• What was 1970 milk in 1999 dollars?

• What is a real wage?

• What is a wage?

What is a ECONOMIC reason for the wage gap?

• Would you expect an editor to get paid $100,000? A neurosurgeon?

• What is the difference?

Human Capital

• How does it relate to skill level?

• How does it relate to wage?

How does HC relate to women and wage gap?

• Why isn’t wage gap closer to zero?

Losses to men are gains to women

• Wage gap decreased when middle management began to be cut out

Averages are deceptive

• 4 student’s exam grades: 100,75,73,69

• Throw out 100

What makes up the wage gap??

Are differences in wages due SOLEY to discrimination?

Lifetime Labor Force Participation

What is payment for HC??

Important Points

• If only look at return to HC ______________________________

• If look at ________________ see CHOICE brings about return differences

What types of choices come out of this?

• If you don’t expect to work as many years do you get as much HC?

• Atrophy

• How do these decision affect wages?

Atrophy Uncle Henry was driving to Halifax when he spotted a big green

gorilla on the side of the road. He screeched to a stop, jumped out of his car. He saw the outline of a number on the gorilla. He couldn't quite see the number, but he knew it was a 4 digit number. And:

1) He remembered seeing a number 1. 2) In the hundred's place he remembers the number is 3 times the

number in the thousand's place. 3) He said the number in the one's place is 4 times the number in

the ten's place. 4) Finally he said the number 2 is sitting in the thousand's place. What is the number?

So…• Wage gap is greater because of

_______________between men and women NOT ________________

• Second reason…

Now…

Differences in Occupations and Earnings

Where does gender difference in earnings come from?

• We will deal with the less subjective one first

Why might men’s and women’s tastes for occupations differ?

• Reasons?

• How do these reasons affect wage?

• What are some problems with trying to identify differences in “tastes” between men and women?

• What about innate ability?

Are differences due to choice or societal discrimination?

• What is societal discrimination?

• How does it shape actions and ideals?

More direct way to look at differences…

• Human Capital

• How does physical capital differ from human capital?

Physical vs Human Capital cont.

• Why does the government give so much money to students???

• Why don’t banks readily give students money for college??

Why do men and women gain different amount of education?

• Men and women equally likely to finish high school

• Men are more likely to go to college

• Men are most likely to complete all four years of college in sequence

Table

• Differences small (1-3%) at High School Level

• 4-6% at the college level• Less high school drop outs in 1995

than 1970• Higher probability of attending at

least some college in 1995 than 1970

Differences by Race

• Overall pattern similar to white trend

• Blacks and Hispanics vs. white

Attainment is only half the story

• Beginning in high school…

• Girls…less natural science and mathematics

• 1972 – girls took 20% fewer semesters in these subjects than boys

• 1992 – girls took 98% as many as boys

Trends

1965-66 1992-93

% women % women

Engineering 0.4 15.8

Economics 9.8 29.8

Business 8.5 47.2

Architecture 4 35.2

So…

• Gap appears to be closing

• Men and women appear to be choosing similar disciplines but earnings differentials still exist

Why does education increase wage?

• Where does the productivity come from?

• What “types” of productivity?

• So does education act as a signal to your potential employer?

• What types of signals?

How do employers “choose” employees?

• Use a screening device

• Problem is ______________

• Resume and References

Review…

• Men and women differ as to investment in human capital and major area of study

Socialization

Children’s games and movies

• Do stereotypes still exist???

• Videos

• Barbie and GI Joe

Barbie in the 60’s Barbie in the 70’s and 80’s

Barbie in the 90’s

                  

                                             

GI Joe in the 80’s and 90’sGI Joe in 2001

Social Influences

• May not be explicit but influential in shaping behavior– Examples?

• Shapes our ideas of what masculine and feminine traits “should” be

What does this influence?

• Male or female?

• If you expect a certain type of person and get the opposite your experience may be changed (+ or –)

So isn’t this discrimination?

• Title IX of the Educational Amendments (to the Civil Rights Act of 1964)

• What does it do?

• Why is the government able to DICTATE this

type of provision in this area?

• Provision excludes

Applies to all educational institutions

• Higher education –

• Exempt are single sex school

• Major impact on ___________

• Virginia Military Institute and Citadel

On the Job Training (OJT)

• Formal

• Informal

• Job Specific

• General

How differ between the genders?

• Male’s OJT __________ Women’s OJT

• Why?

• Women have less experience than men

• 1966 women averaged 3.45 years less than men

• 1991 women averaged 2.23 years less than men

• Difference but narrowing

Sex Segregation of Occupations• Second reason for the wage gap

• What was the first??

• Basic “male jobs”

• Basic “female jobs”

• Not all people in these professions are Male (Female) but a large % --- Why??

Why do we see this segregation?Three aspects of sex segregation

How do we break up occupations?

• How you break up can skew the number and the interpretation

• Example:

Findings

• Male jobs –

• Female jobs –

• Management

Recent trends

• 1997 – __________ of women would have had to change occupations to be distributed in the same manner of men

• Index of Segregation was ___________

• Even though women have been breaking into “male jobs” we still have inequality

Question

If we rid sex segregation will we have gender equality in earnings??

How compare to other countries?

• Japan

• Sweden

So…• __________ can play a role in occupational

choice

• Occupational segregation seems to be decreasing– New problem:

• Table

Gender Bias in

Interview Evaluation

Men and women are in different levels of the same job

• What was that called?• Is it differences in HC?• Is it discrimination at the hiring level?• Questions to address:

– To what extent does gender bias occur?– What variables moderate the effect of applicants gender

on interviewers judgments?– How does this discrimination take place?– How does research methods affect findings?

Extent of problem

• Subjective research so extent of problem is not agreed upon

• 0-4% of gender difference

• What is the gender bias?

Variables

• Applicant characteristics

• Recruiter characteristics

• Situational factors

How does discrimination take place?

• Questions posed to candidates

• Do you plan on having children?

• Are you married?

Research Methodology• Real interviewer information vs. case study

interviewer

• Simulated Applicants

• 20 methods used in an attempt to see how discriminatory the interview process can be

• Why so little agreement???

What characteristics are looked at?

• Attractiveness

• Weight

• Dress

• Sexual orientation

• Communication Skills

Recruiter Characteristics

• Demographic similarity

• Conservative vs. liberal

Situational Factors

• Higher probability of being hired if

• Interviewer has “ideal” prototype in mind

Gender qualities

• Feminine

• Masculine

Studies

• Hiring in restaurants

• Hispanic males vs. Anglo with similar labor market qualifications

Findings

• Anglo more likely to be successful

• Hard to access if the discrimination is on the employer, employee, or customer level

• Employer is carrying out the discrimination, but the motive is unclear

Gender GroupComposition

And Work Group Relations

How does the workforce change when the composition changes?

• What could happen if employees are not happy (satisfied) with their job?

• Look at how the environment changes if the percentages of females (males) in the workplace changes

Abstract way to look at workforce

• Asking “what if”…

• Look at variables such as:

Which shape you find most appealing. Consider both form

and color?

Personality Types

• Type A

• Type B

Free and spontaneous life; thrive on change

Take charge type of person; put little faith in luckAnd more in your own deeds

What could be the outcome of this team?

Free and spontaneous life; thrive on change

Willing to accept risks for interesting and variedWork. Routine has a paralyzing effect on you

What could be the outcome of this team?

Does Personality Matter?

• Dealing with Productivity

• Men and women have different personalities• Different proportions of men and women will

alter the environments of the workplace….but how???

• 5 theories

Similarity-Attraction Behavior

Social Contact Perspective

Limitations

• Focus:

Two aspects of social differentiation

Does size help environment?

• Problem

Findings

Group Competition Perspective

Two types of relationships

Economic Resources cont.

• Why??

• What would be considered success?

• Economic term for ultimate outcome of success??

• But…if not successful what happens once minority group grows?

Political Power

Political Power cont.• What would happen to discrimination as

minority size increases?

• Does this discrimination ever decrease as size of minority group increases?

• Alliance

With Group Competition… • Minority group

• Dominate Group towards minority group

Social Identity Perspective

Self Interest

• Goal:

• What feeling are towards members of your group?

• Members of other groups?

Application

• Small number of women

• As number of women increase

Relative Deprivation Perspective

Who is the comparison group?

• Depends on the group composition

• High % of men?

• High % of women?

Summary

Students

• More female teachers

• Less female teachers

Which approach is correct?

Homosexual and Bisexual Individuals

Now…

What part of the population is homosexual or bisexual?

• Population = • Homosexual or Bisexual population =• Or about _______• Very unlikely that you will never come in

contact with a person from this group• Will you know???

Statistics• 1992

• 1996

– Why is there still verbal and physical violence then?

– Why does a homosexual relationship not receive the same benefits as a heterosexual relationship?

Why does sexual identity have such a large impact?

• This is just ONE characteristic of a person.

• Normal perception ________________

• Slang terms…

Why are people heterosexual?

• Biological or Societal??

• Four stages of the “gay process”

Challenges faced by homosexual and bisexual individuals

• Homophobia

• Invisibility

• Discrimination

Homophobia

• Four types

Homophobia cont.

• Tied to culturally appropriate and sanctioned gender and sexual identities

• Homophobia is towards anyone who violates these culturally sanctioned norms even if not homosexual

• May result in sexual harassment

Workplace

• Provides setting for all four types of homophobia

• Why??

• How??

What does homophobia result in?

Impacts on homosexual

• Remain “in the closet” (at least in the workplace)

• Why?

Does concealing lead to problems?

Problem

• Two sides of workplace policies

How does discrimination take place?

So…

• Double Jeopardy again

• Double with…– Gender– Race– HIV status– Disability– Ethnicity– Culture

Protection Legislation

• Federal Legislation was attempted– What was the aim?– Why did it fail?

• 25% of Fortune 1000 companies have some policy that prohibits homosexual discrimination

Is Legislation Fair?

• Homosexuals must sign affidavit

Sexual Harassment

Powell 263-280and

Essed 46-56

Is this really a problem?

• Estimates

• Recent issues– Anita Hill vs. Clarence Thomas– Paula Jones vs. Bill Clinton

Two part

• Objective

• Subjective

Legal side

• Person must ____________ he/she was treated adversely

• Problem – Sexual harassment means different things to different people

• What is the definition of reasonable?

What is Sexual Harassment?

• Can be answered in from three views

Individual

Conceptual (behavioral)

Conceptual (behavioral )cont.

• When does sexual harassment become a problem?

Legal

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

legal definition• Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for

sexual favors and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature is sexual harassment if:

1. Explicit or implicit term or condition for employment

2. Yes or no influences important decisions3. Conduct interferes with work performance

creating a hostile, intimidating or offensive working condition

Two types

What “causes” Sexual Harassment?

• Individual perspective– What causes an action to be labeled as sexual

harassment?

Organization of firm can also play a role…

Why are men usually the initiators?

How do courts prove sexual harassment?

How do people (the firm) respond to sexual

harassment??

Immediate or Overtime?

How many actually report?

• ________________

• Why so low??

What should be the response of firm?

Consequences of Sexual Harassment

• Three types

Same Sex Sexual Harassment

• Normal Assumption

• Same Sex Sexual Harassment

How do these differ?

• Workplace romance

• Sexual Harassment

• Which do you think comes first?

How are race and ethnicity influenced by Sexual Harassment?

• Why is there an influence?

“To know what is not acceptable one must first know what is

acceptable given the circumstances”

Examples

• Denise– 25 year old African-American woman

• Angela– 28 year old Hispanic woman

• Is there a racial and gender undertone going on??• Are some races more prone to sexual harassment?

Identification of Sexual Harassment

Romantic Relationships in Organizations

Where have you seen depictions of romances in the workplace???

Good or Bad???

Questions???

• Why do we crave this information?

• Why is there little research on workplace romances??

• Why should (if they should) organizations be talking about it???

Why should it not be allowed?

Examples of banning relationships

• Wal-Mart

• U.S. armed forces

• Air Force

What may these relationships cause?

Why is this problem growing?

Romantic vs. Other Relationships

• Romantic

• Other types

Main difference

• No argument that organizational relationships should exist

• Many arguments that romantic relationships shouldn’t exist

Qualifications for a Romantic Relationship

What leads to romantic relationships?

• Intimacy

• Passion

• Decision/commitment

Three stages of workplace relationships

Proximity

• Two types

What influences whether or not to begin relationship?

What do individuals receive from relationship?

• Job motives

• Ego motives

• Love motives

What are the risks?

Change in participants

How should firm respond?

• Three ways to respond

• Conservative firm

Important question…

If firm is not affected explicitly by relationship should we intervene?

The Government and Equal Opportunity

What does equal mean?

• Definition

• Are all workers the same???

• Do we rather want fair treatment?

• Definition of fair

Why do we attempt legislation to promote equal opportunity?

Drawbacks of Equal Opportunity Legislation

Equal Pay Act of 1963

• What is equal work?

Title VII of the Civil Right Act (1965)

• Original

• Amendments

• Who does it cover?

• Who oversees actions?

Affirmative Action (a preview)

Translations of Title VII have changed overtime

• Beginnings

• Current

Two Types of Discrimination

• Disparate Treatment

• Disparate Impact

Disparate Impact is Illegal even if not intentional

• Beginnings

• Current (1989)

How effective are the policies?

• Equal Pay Act

• Title VII

Affirmative Action

• Goal

• Refers to

Important points

Two Views

What is the Government’s role?

Problems

Who are the target groups

• African Americans

• Hispanic Americans

• Asian Americans

• Native Americans

• White Women

How does it differ from other anti-discrimination policies?

Is Affirmative Action in other Countries?

• Japan

• Russia

• Belgium

What are the effects?

Ramifications?