Diversity Diversity of of Organisms Organisms and and ClassificationClassification

Essential VocabularyEssential Vocabulary

DNADNA ProkaryoticProkaryotic: a cell that lacks a nucleus: a cell that lacks a nucleus EukaryoticEukaryotic: a cell that has a nucleus and other : a cell that has a nucleus and other

complex structurescomplex structures

FeedingFeeding AutotrophicAutotrophic: an organism that makes it: an organism that makes it’’s own food s own food

from solar energy or chemicalsfrom solar energy or chemicals HeterotrophicHeterotrophic: an organism that must eat other : an organism that must eat other

organisms to obtain itorganisms to obtain it’’s energys energy

..

Classification of OrganismsClassification of Organisms

Kingdom

Phylum / Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

King

Phillip

Came

Over

For

Green

Soup

All organisms can be classified and named

according to this system; based on shared traits and a common origin

Classification of BearsClassification of Bears

Five Kingdom SystemFive Kingdom System

BacteriaBacteria ProtistsProtists FungiFungi PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

1.1. Why Classify?Why Classify? To study the diversity of lifeTo study the diversity of life To organize and name organismsTo organize and name organisms

2.2. Why give scientific names?Why give scientific names? Common names are misleadingCommon names are misleading

Finding Order in Diversity

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jellyfish silverfish star fish

None of these animals are fish!

Bacteria KingdomBacteria Kingdom Unicellular, microscopicUnicellular, microscopic Motile (Moves)Motile (Moves) No nucleus No nucleus

ProkaryoticProkaryotic No chlorophyllNo chlorophyll

Decomposers (Saprophytic)Decomposers (Saprophytic) Sapro “rotten”Sapro “rotten” Phytic “plants”Phytic “plants”

ParasiticParasitic E. Coli: food poisoning (deadly)E. Coli: food poisoning (deadly)

Normally found in intestinesNormally found in intestines

BeneficialBeneficial Lactobacillus: yogurt and cheeseLactobacillus: yogurt and cheese

Protist kingdomProtist kingdom Unicellular; microscopicUnicellular; microscopic Nucleus presentNucleus present

EukaryoticEukaryotic

Autotrophic or heterotrophicAutotrophic or heterotrophic Classified by how they moveClassified by how they move Plant like: PhytoplanktonPlant like: Phytoplankton

Provide most of worlds oxygenProvide most of worlds oxygen

Animal like: ZooplanktonAnimal like: Zooplankton Their remains are used in cleansers such Their remains are used in cleansers such

as toothpaste and cometas toothpaste and comet

Fungus kingdomFungus kingdom EukaryoticEukaryotic Non-motile (don’t move)Non-motile (don’t move) No root, stem and leafNo root, stem and leaf No chlorophyllNo chlorophyll

DecomposersDecomposers Saprophytic or parasiticSaprophytic or parasitic

Reproduce by forming Reproduce by forming sporesspores

Most are multicellular: Most are multicellular: mushrooms, bread mold mushrooms, bread mold etc..etc..

Unicellular: yeastsUnicellular: yeasts

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom EukaryoticEukaryotic Non-motile (don’t move)Non-motile (don’t move) Most plants contains pigments Most plants contains pigments

(chlorophyll) for photosynthesis(chlorophyll) for photosynthesis AutotrophicAutotrophic

Can be divided into two groups:Can be divided into two groups: Non-flowering plantsNon-flowering plants Flowering plantsFlowering plants

Animal KingdomAnimal Kingdom EukaryoticEukaryotic Divided into two groups Divided into two groups

according to the presence or according to the presence or absence of backbone:absence of backbone: Invertebrates : without backboneInvertebrates : without backbone

Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, Round worms, Mollusks, Segmented Round worms, Mollusks, Segmented Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Worms, Arthropods, Echinoderms,

Vertebrates : with backboneVertebrates : with backbone Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds,

MammalsMammals

Animals are separated into groups or categories so that they are more easily studied and discussed by scientists and

others.

Use the following slides to fill in the Use the following slides to fill in the ““Classification QuestClassification Quest”” Worksheet Worksheet

Important Invertebrates:Important Invertebrates:ArthropodsArthropods

• Most diverse group of invertebrates• Segmented body• Hard exoskeleton • Several pairs of jointed legs• Divided into 3 groups:

1. Crustaceans2. Arachnids3. Insects

DiversityDiversity

InsectsInsects Body with 3 segmentsBody with 3 segments 6 legs6 legs

Moths, Butterflies, Bees, Moths, Butterflies, Bees, Praying MantisPraying Mantis

ArachnidsArachnids Body with 2 segmentsBody with 2 segments 8 legs8 legs

Spiders, Scorpions, TicksSpiders, Scorpions, Ticks

CrustaceansCrustaceans 2 antennae2 antennae Body with 3 segmentsBody with 3 segments 7 or more pairs of legs7 or more pairs of legs GillsGills Aquatic and Land FormsAquatic and Land Forms

Lobsters, Rollie Pollies, Lobsters, Rollie Pollies, ShrimpShrimp

Vertebrate Groups:Vertebrate Groups:

FishFish AmphibiansAmphibians ReptilesReptiles BirdsBirds MammalsMammals

FishFish Live in water (Aquatic)Live in water (Aquatic) Cold-bloodedCold-blooded Body covered with wet and slimy scalesBody covered with wet and slimy scales Streamline body for easy movement Streamline body for easy movement

through waterthrough water Fins for balance and to control Fins for balance and to control

movementmovement Gills for breathing, must keep moving to Gills for breathing, must keep moving to

breathe breathe External fertilizationExternal fertilization Most fish lay large numbers of eggs, Most fish lay large numbers of eggs,

but some have live birthbut some have live birth

AmphibiansAmphibians Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Moist, scaleless skinMoist, scaleless skin

Must stay close to waterMust stay close to water AmphibianAmphibian means "two lives,  means "two lives,

(metamorphosis)(metamorphosis)

Limbs presentLimbs present Tetrapods (walk on four legs)Tetrapods (walk on four legs)

Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungsbreathing; adults use lungs

External fertilizationExternal fertilization Lay eggs in waterLay eggs in water

ReptilesReptiles Cold-bloodedCold-blooded Body covered with dry, hard scalesBody covered with dry, hard scales Lives on landLives on land Breathe with lungs, and sometimes Breathe with lungs, and sometimes

absorb oxygen though their mouthabsorb oxygen though their mouth Internal fertilization (mating)Internal fertilization (mating) Lay shelled eggs ( hard or leathery)Lay shelled eggs ( hard or leathery) Closely related to birdsClosely related to birds

BirdsBirds Warm-bloodedWarm-blooded With feathers and wingsWith feathers and wings Have bodies and hollow bones that Have bodies and hollow bones that

are adapted for flightare adapted for flight Beak for feedingBeak for feeding Lungs for breathingLungs for breathing Internal fertilization ; lay hard shelled Internal fertilization ; lay hard shelled

eggseggs Live in almost every habitat on earthLive in almost every habitat on earth

MammalsMammals Warm-bloodedWarm-blooded Specialized Teeth based on food Specialized Teeth based on food

preferencespreferences Single Jaw boneSingle Jaw bone Hair on skinHair on skin Females have mammary glands Females have mammary glands

for producing milkfor producing milk Lungs for breathing with a Lungs for breathing with a

diaphragm diaphragm Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization Embryos develop inside Embryos develop inside

mothers bodymothers body

Mammal Mammal SubgroupsSubgroups

1.1. MonotremesMonotremes egg-laying mammalsegg-laying mammals duckbilled platypus, echidnaduckbilled platypus, echidna

2.2. MarsupialsMarsupials pouched mammalspouched mammals short-lived placentashort-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossumkoala, kangaroo, opossum

3.3. PlacentalPlacental true placentatrue placenta shrews, bats, whales, humansshrews, bats, whales, humans