Diversity of Living Things
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Transcript of Diversity of Living Things
Diversity of Living Things
3.1: Fungi
Plants & Fungi
• Fungi have many similarities to plants, but the differences distinguish fungi as a separate kingdom
• Similarities with plants:– eukaryotic cells with organelles and cell walls– most do not move and grow in soil or other surface– reproduction sexual, asexual, or both
Fungi & Plants
• Differences from plants:– can have many nuclei in cells (plants only one
nucleus per cell)– are heterotrophs (plants are mostly
autotrophs)– have few storage molecules (plants have
starch to store carbohydrates)
Fungi & Plants
• Differences from plants (cont’d):– have no roots (plants have roots)– have chitin in cell walls (plants have cellulose
in cell walls)– do not reproduce by seed (some plants
reproduce by seed)
Importance of fungi
• Major decomposer: cycling of nutrients• Symbiotic relationships with plants: fungi help
plants attain nutrients from soil, plants give fungi food from photosynthesis
http://www.livescience.com/php/multimedia/imagedisplay/img_display.php?pic=060410_ground_fungi_02.jpg&cap=Fungi+decomposing+a+fallen+log+in+the+Amazonian+rainforest+of+Peru.+Credit%3A+Steven+Allison
Importance of fungi cont’d
• Cause diseases in animals and plants• Source of consumer products: mushrooms,
truffles; help to make bread, soy sauce, blue cheese and alcohol; source of antibiotic penicillin; used in genetic engineering
http://www.bigoven.com/glossary/Blue%20Cheese
http://www.myhomecooking.net/bread-recipes/wheat-bread-recipe.htm
http://qtips4you.blogspot.com/2010/10/bogo-kikkoman-and-other-coupons.html
Classification and Phylogeny• More than 100 000 species of
fungi have been identified• There are 5 major phyla
including Basidiomycota (mushrooms) and Zygomycota (moulds on food)
• Phyla range in size from microscopic to largest on Earth (Armillaria ostoyae) is 2, 384 acres long which is equivalent to 1, 665 football fields!)
• See Table 1 on p. 81 http://thedarksideoftheshroom.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html
Characteristics• Display extreme diversity in
terms of life cycle and characteristics
• Body of fungi is composed of network of branching filaments called mycelium. The filaments are called a hyphae (sing. hypha)
• Each hypha contains many nuclei and has cell wall containing chitin
• Tubes may be separated by cell wall called septa
http://www.fungionline.org.uk/3hyphae/1hypha_ultra.html
http://sites.google.com/site/rccbiology/home/chapter-21-fungi
Characteristics cont’d
• Most fungi are multicelluar but some can be unicellular. Yeast is a unicellular fungi which is involved in bread and alcohol production
• All fungi are heterotrophs (saprophytes or parasites)
http://www.pmbio.icbm.de/mikrobiologischer-garten/eng/enhef01.htm
Video clip on Fungi
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_rprVa-RY4&feature=fvwrel
Characteristics cont’d
• Fungi use external digestion (digest then ingest)– They grow next to or within food source and
release enzymes which break down food so that nutrients can be absorbed across hypha
– Distribution of absorbed nutrients occurs through the mycelium
– Most fungi store their food as glycogen (like animals)
Symbiotic Relationships in Ecosystems
• Lichens are symbiotic combinations of sac fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae– Fungi supply materials for photosynthesis and
plants return favour by providing food to fungi
http://www.sheridanmedia.com/news/community-colleges-quotpartnershipsquot-and-lichens13308
Other symbiotic relationships
• Many examples between animals and fungi– Leaf-cutter ants and fungi
http://ecolibrary.org/page/DP176
Mycorrhizae
• Mycorrhizae involves more than 80% of all plants– Hyphae grow around plant’s root cells. Fungi give
plant nutrients like phosphorous and plant provides fungi with food
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/illglossary/Pages/I-M.aspx
Decomposers and disease
• Fungal diseases are called mycoses• Some diseases caused by fungi are mild like
athlete’s foot and ringworm infection • Some cause respiratory diseases such as
Aspergillosis in humans like Blastomycosis and Cryptococcosis
http://health.allrefer.com/health/cryptococcosis-cryptococcosis-on-the-forehead.html
http://littletvaddict.com/2010/05/otc-treatment-for-atheletes-foot-for-someone-on-warfarin/
Video of disease-causing fungi: Cordyceps
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCOQ0VU24xw