Diversity of Living Things 1.1: Biodiversity. Biodiversity Number and variety of species and...
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![Page 1: Diversity of Living Things 1.1: Biodiversity. Biodiversity Number and variety of species and ecosystems on Earth By the end of 2010, 1.7 million species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649f0d5503460f94c21b92/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diversity of Living Things
1.1: Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
• Number and variety of species and ecosystems on Earth
• By the end of 2010, 1.7 million species have been identified
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Levels of Biodiversity
• Genetic diversity: variety of genes among organisms belonging to one species (environmental adaptation and evolution)
• Review Species: Members of groups or populations that can interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring.
• Species diversity: quantity of each species as well as variety of different species in an ecosystem
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Levels of Biodiversity
• Structural diversity: the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem
• Greater species diversity and greater structural diversity increases biodiversity
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Biodiversity At Risk• Loss of biodiversity
-threatens our food supply
- eliminates sources of medicines
- economic impact on tourism and forestry
- cause serious problems in cycles
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Diversity of Living Things
1.2: Classification
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Taxonomic Systems• Biological classification: systematic
grouping of organisms into biological categories based on physical and evolutionary relationships
• Taxonomy: science of classifying organisms
• Aristotle (Greek, 384-322 B.C.)-“ladder of nature” - simplest organisms at the bottom of the ladder, most complex (i.e.humans) at the top
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Taxonomic Systems
• Carl Linnaeus (Swedish, 1707-1778)- Father of Taxonomy
-classification system based on physical and structural features of organism
-binomial nomenclature: method of naming organisms by 2 names (genus + species), e.g., Homo sapiens-indicates similarities in anatomy, embryology, evolutionary ancestry
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Levels of Classification
•The most accepted system has seven levels of classification (taxa)
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Levels of Classification
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
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Dichotomous Keys
• dichotomous key = two-part key to identify organisms
*See textbook for examples:
- birds, page 18, Figure 8
-fish, page 32-33, Investigation 1.2.1
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Dichotomous Key: Limitations• More complex when classifying a lot of
organisms• Plants: Can observe features by dissection
only at certain times of the year• Criteria used for classification (Example:
Horseshoe crab is more closely related to spiders than true crabs based on internal blood chemistry
• Average bird family contains 50 species whereas there are 60,000 species of parasitic wasp in Ichneumonidae
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Diversity of Living Things
1.3: Phylogeny and Modern Taxonomy
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Phylogeny• Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a
group of organisms
• Phylogenetic tree: indicates relationships, from ancestral forms of organisms to all descendants
• Clade: taxonomic group that includes a single ancestor species and all its descendants
• See Tutorial 1 on p. 22 for example
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Phylogeny
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Taxonomy Today
• Morphological criteria of classifying organisms may overlook evolutionary relatedness
• Phylogenetic analysis can help in unravelling evolutinary relationships
• DNA barcoding (Paul Herbert): DNA profile of every species in the form of a barcode
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Diversity of Living Things
1.4: Kingdoms and Domains
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Domains of Life
• Carl Woese in 1996 proposed three distinct groups- Eubacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria- Archaea: Kingdom Archaea- Eukaryotes: Protista, Animalia, Plants and Fungi
• See p. 28• See Table 1 on p. 27