Diversity of Life - Domain IV Part A: Biological...

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Diversity of Life - Domain IV

Part A:

BiologicalClassification

By Deanne Erdmann, M.S.

www.BioEdOnline.orgBioEd Online

Why Do We Classify Organisms?

Biologists group organisms to representsimilarities and proposed relationships.

Classification systems change withexpanding knowledge about new andwell-known organisms.

Tacitus bellus


Populus tremuloidesQuaking Aspen

Classification and Phylogeny

Binomial Nomenclature

Hierarchical Classification

Systematics: Evolutionary Classification


Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778)

Swedish scientist who laidfoundation for moderntaxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature

Carolus von Linnaeus

Two-word naming systemGenus

Noun, Capitalized,Underlined or Italicized

SpeciesDescriptive, Lower Case,Underlined or Italicized


Hierarchical Classification

Taxonomic categoriesKingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass CameOrder OverFamily ForGenus GreenSpecies Soup


Kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system


Systematics:Evolutionary Classification of Organisms

Systematics is the study of the evolution of biologicaldiversity, and combines data from the following areas.

Fossil recordComparative homologiesCladisticsComparative sequencing of DNA/RNA amongorganismsMolecular clocks


Taxonomic Diagrams

Mammals Turtles Lizards andSnakes

Crocodiles Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards andSnakes

Crocodiles Birds

CladogramPhylogeneticTree


Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms

Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary classification

Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrastingdescriptions.

After each description, the key directs the user toanother pair of descriptions or identifies the organism.

Example:1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2

b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3

2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5


Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms

Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) -Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls

Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants,or animals

Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts),heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls

Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile,autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose

Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile,heterotrophic, no cell wall


Streptococcus mutans(can causeendocarditis anddental caries)

Bacillus anthracis(spores can live insoil for years)

The Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria

Common name: Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes

No introns in genome

Peptidogylcan in cell wall

Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Diverse nutrition and respiration

Reproduce by binary fission, conjugation,transformation, and transduction


The Kingdom Monera - Archaebacteria

Cell wall does not contain peptidogylcan

Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found inother organisms

Genes are interrupted by introns

Classified into three groups:Methanogens—poisoned by O2

Thermaphiles—live in extreme temps.Halophiles—live in high saline


Entamoeba histolytica

The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista

A classification problem

Unicellular, colonial, andmulticellular forms

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

Some move with flagella,pseudopods or cilia

Animal-like, plant-like andfungus-like groups

Reproduce by mitosis andmeiosis


The Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, non-motile, cell wall withcellulose, mostly autotrophic

Plant life cycles

Plant Structures relate to plant needsSunlight, water and minerals, gasexchange,Reproduce without water to transmitmale gamete (in Angiosperms)Vascular tissue, roots, stems, leaves,seeds, flowers

Sunflowers inFargo, North Dakota


Major Groups of Plants

Three traditional groupings:Bryophytes—nonvascular plantsPteridophytes — vascular, seedless plantsSeed plants

GymnospermsAngiosperms

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgos are oftenvery long-lived.Some specimens arethought to be morethan 3,500 years old.


The Kingdom Animalia

No cell wall

Heterotrophic

Motile

Sexual reproduction

Three distinct layers of tissues(except sponges)

Multi-celled/specialized tissuesand functions

Distinct body plan


Invertebrates and Vertebrates Animals

Invertebrates99% of the Animal KingdomAbsence of backboneIncludes sponges, cnidarians,mollusks, worms, arthropods, andechinoderms

VertebratesInternal skeleton (bone or cartilage)Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles,birds, and mammals

Asian ladybeetleHarmonia axyridis

Notice the “false”white eye markingsbehind the head.


HymenopteraDialictus zephrum

Txodes scapularisDeer tick

Invertebrate Animals

Sponges

Cnidarians

Worms

Mollusks

Arthropods

Echinoderms


Vertebrate Animals

Chordates

FishAgnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Ardea herodiasGreat Grey Heron

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