DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLDDIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

POWER POINT PRESENTATINPOWER POINT PRESENTATIN

BY HEERA KUMAR PGT BY HEERA KUMAR PGT BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

LIVING ORGANISMS

WHY DO WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS ?WHY DO WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS ?

ANS. WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS ANS. WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS FOR THEIR CONVENIENT STUDYFOR THEIR CONVENIENT STUDY

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION

THERE ARE DIFFERENT BASIS OF CLASSIFYING THERE ARE DIFFERENT BASIS OF CLASSIFYING LIVING ORGANISMS LIVING ORGANISMS

ON THE BASES OF THEIR HABITAT ON THE BASES OF THEIR HABITAT EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC ON THE BASIS OF FEEDING HABITON THE BASIS OF FEEDING HABIT

ON THE BASIS OF BODY STRUCTURE ETC.ON THE BASIS OF BODY STRUCTURE ETC.

CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS IS RELATED CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS IS RELATED TO TO

EVOLUTION EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION : THE FAMOUS DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION : THE FAMOUS DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION GIVEN BY CHARLES DARVIN ISEVOLUTION GIVEN BY CHARLES DARVIN IS

“ “ DESCENT WITH MODIFICATIONDESCENT WITH MODIFICATION “ “

THAT IS GRADUAL CHANGES FROM SIMPLE TO THAT IS GRADUAL CHANGES FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX IN LIVING ORGANISMSCOMPLEX IN LIVING ORGANISMS

THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION GROUPSTHE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION GROUPS

GROUPING ORGANISMS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES AND SUB GROUPING ORGANISMS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES AND SUB CATOGARIES . EACH STEP IS CALLED TAXON . AERRANGING CATOGARIES . EACH STEP IS CALLED TAXON . AERRANGING TAXONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SIZE IS CALLED TAXONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SIZE IS CALLED HIERARCHY. THESE ARE HIERARCHY. THESE ARE

KINGDOMKINGDOM PHYLUM (ANIMALS) / DIVISONS(PLANTS) PHYLUM (ANIMALS) / DIVISONS(PLANTS) CLASSCLASS ORDER ORDER

FAMILY FAMILY GENUSGENUS SPECIES SPECIES

SO THE LOWERMOST OR THE BASIC UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION SO THE LOWERMOST OR THE BASIC UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION IS SPECIES.IS SPECIES.

WHITTAKER’S FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION WHITTAKER’S FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

IN THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS IN THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

ROBERT WHITTAKER PROPOSED ORGANISMS BE CLASSIFED ROBERT WHITTAKER PROPOSED ORGANISMS BE CLASSIFED INTO FIVE MAJOR GROUPS KNOWN AS FIVE KINGDOM INTO FIVE MAJOR GROUPS KNOWN AS FIVE KINGDOM

1.1. MONERA : ALL PROKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . MONERA : ALL PROKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . EXAMPLE – BACTERIA EXAMPLE – BACTERIA

2.2. PROTISTA : ALL EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . PROTISTA : ALL EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS . EXAMPLE – AMOEBA , PARAMOECIUM EXAMPLE – AMOEBA , PARAMOECIUM

3.3. FUNGI : UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR NONGREEN FUNGI : UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR NONGREEN PLANTS . EXAMPLE – YEASTS , AGARICUS PENICILLIUM ETC. PLANTS . EXAMPLE – YEASTS , AGARICUS PENICILLIUM ETC.

4.4. PLANTAE : ALL GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS .PLANTAE : ALL GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS .

5.5. ANIMALIA : ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC WITHOUT ANIMALIA : ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC WITHOUT CELLWALL AND HETEROTROPHSCELLWALL AND HETEROTROPHS

SUB DIVISIONS OF PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA SUB DIVISIONS OF PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA

PLANTAE: FIVE DIVISIONS PLANTAE: FIVE DIVISIONS

THALLOPHYTATHALLOPHYTA

BRYOPHYTA BRYOPHYTA

PTERIDOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA

GYMNOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS AND

ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM

THALLOPHYTA THALLOPHYTA

PLANTS WITHOUT LEAF , ROOT AND STEM . BODY PLANTS WITHOUT LEAF , ROOT AND STEM . BODY HAS SIMPLE THALLUS . THE PLANTS IN THIS HAS SIMPLE THALLUS . THE PLANTS IN THIS GROUP ARE COMMONLY CALLED GROUP ARE COMMONLY CALLED ALGAE .EXAMPLES –SPIROGYEA, ALGAE .EXAMPLES –SPIROGYEA,

ULOTHRIX, CLADOPHORA ETC. ULOTHRIX, CLADOPHORA ETC.

BRYOPHYTA BRYOPHYTA

THESE ARE CALLED AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT THESE ARE CALLED AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM BECAUSE THEY INHABIT BOTH LAND KINGDOM BECAUSE THEY INHABIT BOTH LAND AND WATER TO COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE. AND WATER TO COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE.

THE PLANT BODY IS COMMONLY DIFFERENTIATED THE PLANT BODY IS COMMONLY DIFFERENTIATED TO FOR STEM AND LEAF LIKE STRUCTURES BUT TO FOR STEM AND LEAF LIKE STRUCTURES BUT THERE IS NO SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE THERE IS NO SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY TO ANOTHER . TO ANOTHER .

EXAMPLE – FUNARIA , MARCHANTIA.EXAMPLE – FUNARIA , MARCHANTIA.

PTERIDOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA

THE PLANT BODY IS DIFFERENTIATED INTO ROOTS , THE PLANT BODY IS DIFFERENTIATED INTO ROOTS , STEM AND LEAVES AND HAS SPECIALISED TISSUE STEM AND LEAVES AND HAS SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER FOR THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY TO ANOTHER . TO ANOTHER .

EXAMPLE –MARSILEA , FERNS ,HORSE TAILS .EXAMPLE –MARSILEA , FERNS ,HORSE TAILS .

THALLOPHYTES , BRYOPHYTES AND THALLOPHYTES , BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES HAVE NAKED EMBRYOS THAT PTERIDOPHYTES HAVE NAKED EMBRYOS THAT ARE CALLED CALLED SPORES . THE ARE CALLED CALLED SPORES . THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF ALL THESE GROUPS REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF ALL THESE GROUPS ARE VERY INCONSPICUOUS OR HIDDEN THEIRFOR ARE VERY INCONSPICUOUS OR HIDDEN THEIRFOR CALLED CALLED CRYPTOGAMAECRYPTOGAMAE

THE PLANTS WITH WELL DIFFERENTIATED REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES THAT ULTIMATELY MAKE SEEDS ARE CALLED PHANEROGAMS

PHANEROGAMS CONSISTS OF TWO GROUPS GYMNOSPERMS AND

ANGIOSPERMS

GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS

WORD GYMNOSPERMWORD GYMNOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS WORDS

GYMNO – MEANS NAKED GYMNO – MEANS NAKED

SPERMA – MEANS SEED SPERMA – MEANS SEED

THAT IS PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS THAT IS PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS

THE PLANTS ARE USUALLY PERRINIAL, EVERGREEN AND THE PLANTS ARE USUALLY PERRINIAL, EVERGREEN AND WOODY . WOODY .

EXAMPLES – PINES LIKE CYCAS , PINUS EXAMPLES – PINES LIKE CYCAS , PINUS

ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS

THE WORD ANGIOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK THE WORD ANGIOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS WORDS

ANGIO – MEANS COVERED ANGIO – MEANS COVERED

SPERMA – MEANS SEED SPERMA – MEANS SEED

THE SEEDS DEVELOP INSIDE AN ORGAN WHICH THE SEEDS DEVELOP INSIDE AN ORGAN WHICH ULTIMATELY CHANGES INTO FRUIT . ULTIMATELY CHANGES INTO FRUIT .

ANGIOSOERMS ARE ALSO CALLED FLOWERING PLANTS ANGIOSOERMS ARE ALSO CALLED FLOWERING PLANTS

THE STRUCTURE INSIDE SEED IS CALLED COTYLEDON THE STRUCTURE INSIDE SEED IS CALLED COTYLEDON OR SEED LEAF OR SEED LEAF

ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED IN TWO GROUPS ON THE ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED IN TWO GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS BASIS OF NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR MONOCOTS :MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR MONOCOTS : PLANTS WITH SEEDS HAVING SINGLE COTYLEDON PLANTS WITH SEEDS HAVING SINGLE COTYLEDON

DICOTYLEDONOUS OR DICOTS :DICOTYLEDONOUS OR DICOTS : PLANTS WITH PLANTS WITH SEED HAVING TWO COTYLEDONS .SEED HAVING TWO COTYLEDONS .

SUMMARYSUMMARY

PLANTSPLANTS

WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATED PLANT BODY

THALLOPHYTA

HAVE DIFFERENTIATED PLANT BODY

WITHOUT SPECIALISED

WITH VASCULAR TISSUE

DONOT PRODUCE SEEDS PRODUCE SEEDS - PHANEROGAMS

BEAR NAKED SEEDS

BEAR SEEDS INSIDE FRUITS

GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS

DICOT MONOCOT

BACTERIA ANABENA

AMOEBA PARAMOECIUM EUGLENA

fungifungi

algae

pinus Cone of pinus

cysasCone of cycas Stem of cycas