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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences Eurasia J Biosci 13, 1755-1762 (2019)

Diversity and distribution pattern of Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) in the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track in Mount Lawu Magetan, East Java, Indonesia

Efri Roziaty 1*, Nur Mela Wijaya 1 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, INDONESIA *Corresponding author: er375@ums.ac.id

Abstract Mount Lawu is one of the many mountains in Java, Indonesia. Mount Lawu is located between Central Java and East Java, Indonesia. Cemoro Sewu is a part of Mount Lawu climbers track. Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) is one of the most Asteraceae families, the largest family of flowering plants in the mountainous zone. The research analyzed the biodiversity and distribution of Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) in the Cemoro Sewu climbing track. The research used the exploration method by purposive sampling technique of plot making (5x5 m2 plot/square). This study made of 21 plots. The results showed two species of Anaphalis namely Anaphalis javanica and Anaphalis longifolia. The Important Value Index (IVI) for Anaphalis javanica was 172.7% the highest and Anaphalis longifolia 27.3% was the lowest one. The diversity index of Anaphalis was 0.102, it was relatively low. The distribution patterns of Anaphalis sp. were aggregate, it also influenced by climate and humidity of habitat. Keywords: Diversity, Distribution Patterns, Mount Lawu, Anaphalis, Cemoro Sewu Roziaty E, Wijaya NM (2019) Diversity and distribution pattern of Anaphalis sp. (Edelweis) in the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track in Mount Lawu Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. Eurasia J Biosci 13: 1755-1762. © 2019 Roziaty and Wijaya This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

INTRODUCTION The biodiversity in Indonesian is known to be the

highest in the world. This is due to Indonesia’s location in the equatorial, making it the center of world biodiversities of flora and fauna. Anaphalis sp. (or Edelweiss, the local language) is one of the shrub plants that grow in the highlands, this plant is a typical mountain plant (Prakasa et al. 2016). Anaphalis population in Indonesia is still quite large, especially on Java and Sumatra.

Anaphalis is a member of herbaceous and woody flowering plants in the Asteraceae family. Asteraceae is one of the largest family of flowering plants in the Flora Malesiana region (Tjitrosoedirdjo, 2002) where the characteristics of plants in this family have a wide distribution starting from Europe and America to Asia (Chanchani et al. 2007).

Anaphalis have special characteristics, one of which has a distinctive odor and can last a long time after being picked, so it is widely used by the community as a souvenir from the mountain (Sulistyawati et al. 2017).

Ecological distribution pattern of Anaphalis that is random, regular/uniform and grouped/aggregate (Amaral et al. 2015). The pattern of the plant distribution in a community referred to the spatial distribution of these plants in an ecosystem (Roziaty 2019). The pattern of distribution of vegetation is closely related to

environmental conditions. Organisms in a place are interdependent, and if an organism interrupts or some environmental factors affect the whole community. Research that has been carried out in several places in North Sumatra Province, Samosir Regency, Toba Samosir Regency, and Karo Regency which generally dominates the Anaphalis longifolia (Blume.) Population (Prakarsa et al. 2018). Another organism, on Mount Papandayan, West Java which is threatened in its habitat (Sulistyawati et al. 2017). Many local people near the forest exploitation this plants in several places in Indonesia for their regional ceremonial equipment (Pramita et al. 2013).

Mount Lawu is one of the mountains on Java Island with an altitude reaching 3.265 m. asl (above sea level). Mount Lawu located between three districts namely Ngawi Regency (East Java), Magetan Regency (East Java), and Karanganyar Regency (Central Java), Indonesia. This mountain has biodiversity, both flora, and fauna. To reach the top of Mount Lawu can be through the Cemoro Sewu climbing track. Cemoro Sewu is still favorite for climbers all over the area in Java. One of the typical mountain plants found on Mount Lawu is

Received: August 2019 Accepted: October 2019

Printed: November 2019

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Anaphalis (Edelweis) found at an altitude of around 2.800 m.asl to 3.000 m asl.

This study aims to: 1) determine the species of Anaphalis in Cemoro Sewu climbing track Magetan East Java Indonesia; 2) assessing the diversity and distribution patterns of Anaphalis on Mount Lawu, especially in the Cemoro Sewu border crossing between the Karanganyar District of Central Java and Magetan Regency in East Java.

MATERIALS AND METHODS This research is located on the Cemoro Sewu

Magetan Climbing track East Java starting from Post 1 to Post 5 (Fig. 1). The climbing path of Cemoro Sewu Gunung Lawu, which is at an altitude of 2.600, 2.800 and 3.000 m asl. Research using exploration methods in determining the sampling point using a purposive sampling technique by making 5 x 5 m2 square plots as a totally of 21 plots in that research area. This study recorded and took samples of Anaphalis at various elevation levels called Station. There were 3 Stations in three levels of topography. Furthermore, the determination of specimens was carried out at the Laboratory of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Central Java. Identification was carried out to obtain biodiversity data in the form of the Diversity Index and the distribution patterns of Anaphalis.

Tools and Materials The tools used in this study were large and small

meter rollers, cameras, stationery, Thermo hygrometer, altimeter, the plastic of various sizes to accommodate specimens, sprayers, several bamboo pegs measuring around 20-30 cm long, GPS, raffia rope, cutter, soil tester to measure pH and soil moisture. The material used in this study was Anaphalis sp. vegetation on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. The tools used in this study were large and small meter rollers, cameras, stationery, Thermo hygrometer, altimeter, the plastic of various sizes to accommodate specimens, sprayers, several bamboo pegs measuring around 20-30 cm long, GPS, raffia rope, cutter, soil tester to measure pH and soil moisture. The material used in this study was Anaphalis sp. vegetation on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia.

Biodiversity of Anaphalis The stages in the sampling were carried out in

several stages: 1) stage one, determining the sampling location (sampling point) using the exploration method through field observation, the next step make 5x5 m2 square plot as a totally 21 plots. Plot position placed on 3 different stations according to the topography level. The difference in plot position based on height differences was at an altitude of 2.600; 2.800 until 3.200 m above sea level (asl) every Station contains 7 plots square. Then, recorded types and quantities of

Fig. 1. Map of the research location on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia

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Anaphalis found along with the location. Abiotic factors were one of the important components to record, such as the temperature, humidity, tendency to distribution patterns. Specimens of Anaphalis from the research area were brought to the campus laboratory. After getting the key to the determination of Anaphalis then proceed with analyzing the Important Value Index (IVI). Furthermore, the next step calculated the diversity index using the Shannon Wiener Diversity Index formulas.

Distribution Pattern of Anaphalis After recording the 5x5 m2 square plots, and then

continue to analysis of the distribution pattern of Anaphalis sp. was done spatially using the calculation method using the Morisita Index formulas.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Determination of Anaphalis Based on the identification of Edelweis plants on the

Cemoro Sewu climbing track of Mount Lawu, Magetan, East Java, there were 2 species of Anaphalis. Both of them were the member of the Asteraceae family, flowering plants group. Morphologically the members of the Asteraceae family had characteristics of scattered or single-faced leaves. Flowers in small chunks with bandage leaves, often in the same lump there were two kinds of flowers, namely tubular disc flowers and ribbon-shaped flower edges, including broad-leafed weeds, and live in terrestrial habitat (Tjitrosoepomo 2010).

It was also revealed in the study (Kumar 2019). The genus Asteraceae found to have characteristics of herbaceous or woody branching about 25-50 cm. The leaves were elliptical, with white velvety spreads, small

upper leaves (1.2-1.5 cm long) while the lower part grows bigger (4-6 cm), 3-5 veins with or without stems. The yellow flowers appear in the center of the disc-shaped flower with white bracteal, flowering from July to October.

Edelweiss diversity of Anaphalis sp. on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track showed that there were two species found, namely Anaphalis javanica (Fig. 2) and Anaphalis longifolia (Fig. 3).

The key to the determination of Anaphalis javanica is:

1b, 2a, 3a, 4b, 12b, 13b, 14a, 17b, 18b, 19b, 20b, 21b, 22b, 23b, 24b, 25b, 26b, 27b, 799a ………………………………….. Family 166. Asteraceae.

1b, 3a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7b, 9b, 11b, 12b, 13a ………..………………………….… Genus 33. Anaphalis.

1a, 2a ……………..…… Species Anaphalis javanica. Species Description Anaphalis javanica commonly referred to as

Javanese Edelweis was found in the form of white hairy shrubs such as velvet, thick branching, often crooked with an average height of 1-3 meters with a stem the size of a wrist (Fig. 2a). The leaves were dry, leafy white gray, crouched, at the upper end there are narrow leaves that gather and bulbs of white flowers are abundant, including compound flowers, with ribbon flowers on the edge and the place where the disc flowers were yellow (Fig. 2b). The leaves were thick hairy but not hairy glands so it was not sticky. The layout of Javanese Edelweiss leaves was scattered, including single leaves and flat-leaf edges (Fig. 2c).

Fig. 2. Anaphalis javanica type Edelweiss commonly found on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia; a) individual Anaphalis javanica shrubs habitus; b) elongated leaves; c) Anaphalis javanica flowers

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Often clustered on infertile, open, flat or sandy or rocky slopes, mountain rock beds, especially inactive and dead craters, were rarely in the open on a mountain ridge. This plant was a typical mountainous pioneer plant that has a long life. Javanese Edelweiss by the Indonesian people is commonly called Capo Gunung, Semblango (according to Sumatran people, Indonesia), Senduro (in terms commonly used around Mount Gede Pangrango, West Java, Indonesia), Widodaren (Mount Papandayan and Arjuno, Java, Indonesia). Included in the Magnoliophyta division because it was a plant that reproduces with flowers. Anaphalis javanica belongs to the Order of Asterales and Family Asteraceae because it has compound flowers in the form of tube flowers and ribbon flowers (Van Steenis 2006).

Next, the type of Anaphalis longifolia which grew side by side in the same community with Anaphalis javanica on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan East Java, Indonesia.

Key Determination 1b, 2a, 3a, 4b, 12b, 13b, 14a, 17b, 18b, 19b, 20b,

21b, 22b, 23b, 24b, 25b, 26b, 27b, 799a ………………………...……….. Familia 166. Asteraceae.

1b, 3a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7b, 9b, 11b, 12b, 13a …...…...…………..……………….. Genus 33. Anaphalis.

1b, 3b …………….…… Species Anaphalis longifolia. Species Description Anaphalis longifolia had longer leaves than

Anaphalis javanica (Edelweis Jawa) was a 50 cm

perennial shrub, linear leaves, with alternating layouts, grayish-green at the top and edges, white at the bottom, with flowers compound which was a flower-shaped tube and greenish-white when it was young and yellowish-white when it was old and dries. Anaphalis longifolia was a pioneer plant, can live in disturbed areas such as volcanoes, grew in lava areas, soil, or rocks in the mountains, namely at an altitude of more than 1.200 m asl. The name of the area was Capo Gunung, Ganjo Gadang (Sumatra, Indonesia), Sembung Lanu (Sundanese language, Indonesia), Kedusan and Widodaren (Javanese language) (Van Steenis 2006).

Biodiversity of Anaphalis sp. Anaphalis javanica dominated the Anaphalis

population in its habitat. Then Anaphalis longifolia followed the numbers, which were 499 and 12 individuals (Table 1).

Based on vegetation analysis of Anaphalis for Important Value Index (IVI) Anaphalis javanica was of higher value than Anaphalis longifolia. While the Diversity Index for the Edelweiss population was 0.102. This value was so low that it could be concluded that the diversity of the Anaphalis sp. population on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in East Java tended to be homogeneous. According to the three locations at different altitude levels, Anaphalis javanica species were found to increase with increasing height levels (Fig. 3). This is inversely proportional to the Anaphalis longifolia

Table 1. Edelweiss diversity (Anaphalis sp.) on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan Ascent Line in East Java, Indonesia No Family Species Topography (m asl) A sum of

individuals INP (%) H’ 2.600 2.800 3.000 1 Asteraceae Anaphalis javanica 76 131 292 499 172.67 0.024 Anaphalis longifolia 11 1 0 12 27.33 0.088

Total 77 132 292 511 200 0.102

Fig. 3. Anaphalis longifolia on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia; a) individuals of Anaphalis longifolia shrubs habitus; b) elongated leaves; c) Anaphalis longifolia flowers

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species which tends to decrease in number even at increasing the land level.

The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was in the Anaphalis javanica species of 172.67 %, while the lowest important value index was in the Anaphalis longifolia species of 27.329 %. The addition of relative density and relative frequency could produce Important Value Index (IVI). IVI could describe the mastery or dominance of vegetation in a place. The types with the highest importance were types that are able to adapt to the environment. So that it could be seen that the dominating species was Anaphalis javanica. Each type of plant had a minimum, maximum and optimum condition for existing environmental factors (Maisyaroh 2010). Dominating species meant that there was a wider range of limitations compared to other types of environmental factors, so the wide tolerance range causes this type to have a wide range.

The existence of this dominating species could be influenced by several factors, among others, the existence of competition between existing plants, in this case, related to the climate and minerals needed, if the climate and minerals needed to support the species would be found more. Every organism has a habitat that suits their needs. If there is a disturbance in the habitat, it will cause a change in the habitat component, so there is a possibility that the habitat will not be suitable for the organism that inhabits it. So if habitat conditions change beyond the minimum and maximum points required by each organism in it, the organism can die or move (migrate) to another place. If the changes that occur in the habitat running slowly, for example, running for several generations, the organisms that inhabit it generally can adjust to the new conditions even though they are outside the original limits (Indriyanto, 2006).

Based on the calculation of the diversity index of Edelweis plants which are on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track in Magetan East Java, the diversity index was 0.102. It indicated that the diversity of plants in the area is relatively low. Many reasons or factors that influence the diversity that occur.

Diversity Index is a vegetation parameter that is very useful for comparing various plant communities, especially to study the influence of environmental or abiotic factors on the community or to determine the state of succession or community stability (Fahrul 2007). Because in a community there are generally various types of plants, the older or more stable the condition of a community, the higher the diversity of plants. The area with canopy shade from large trees opens up so that sunlight can reach the ground floor so that the intensity of light needed by plants to grow and develop sufficiently is a suitable place for vegetation to increase its population. Because plants need sunlight to carry out photosynthetic metabolic processes.

The intensity of light is an energy source in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates and oxygen, but if it has a high value it can also inhibit growth due to a reduction in the hormone auxin (Nahdi and Dasikin 2014). One of the most environmental conditions that influenced Edelweiss’s growth is sunlight. Diversity is strongly influenced by environmental factors that are formed. The distribution is indirectly affected by the interaction between the vegetation, temperature, air humidity, soil because of the species and spread with varying levels of adaptation.

Pattern of Distribution of Anaphalis Based on calculations using the Morisita Index

(attachment 2) the pattern of the spread of Edelweis in the Cemoro Sewu Mountain Lawu climbing track was grouped (aggregate).

Fig. 4. Edelweiss (Anaphalis sp.) Found on the Cemoro Sewu Magetan climbing track in East Java, Indonesia at three different altitude levels of 2.600; 2.800 and 3.000 m asl

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Anaphalis has a clustered distribution because these plants reproduction by seeds distribution that fall around the place of life so that the saplings grow not far from the mother. Edelweiss on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track Mount Lawu Magetan in East Java tends to grow clustered in open areas and on the slopes of Mount Lawu. It is influenced by environmental factors and competition (Djufri 2002) that the pattern of distribution of plant species tends to cluster because plants reproduce with seeds that fall near their parent or with rhizomes that produce vegetative tillers still close to their parents.

Acoording to topography level, highest land made Anaphalis longifolia intolerant. It showed that the sum of those species id reduce in the 3.000 m asl than Anaphalis javanica was more tolerant (Fig. 3).

Diversity Indices of Anaphalis sp.

Fig. 5. Diversity family of Asteraceae (Anaphalis javanica and Anaphalis longifolia)

Abiotic Factors that Affect Anaphalis Some abiotic factors that affected the growth of

Edelweiss in their habitat were temperature and humidity, and also soil (pH and moisture) (Table 2).

The temperature obtained from observing the parameters on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track of Mount Lawu was ranging between 9.3 - 21 °C. The degree of temperature is very influential on the rate of metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration and plant transpiration. High temperatures can damage the enzymes that exist in plants, resulting in metabolism in plants not running optimally. Conversely, low

temperatures can also cause metabolic enzymes in inactive plants which cause a decrease in metabolism and even stop (Asngad, Agustina, & Rahmat, 2018). Therefore plants need the optimal temperature to grow and multiply.

Air humidity at the study site ranged from 43 - 61%. Wet air will inhibit transpiration while dry air will facilitate plant transpiration. So that the higher the air humidity, the lower the moisture transpiration rate, while the lower the air humidity the faster the rate of transpiration (Asngad et al. 2018).

Soil acidity obtained from observations at the study sites ranged between 6.5 and 7.1. A land was the habitat of plants provided nutrients for plants grow and breed. Observation of pH levels is used to determine the acidity of the soil in the area. One important environmental factor was the acidity (pH) of the soil, high soil acidity determines all reactions, so that in the soil NO3- and NH4+ are formed as nutrients absorbed by the roots and affect the vegetative formation process of plants (Nahdi and Dasikin 2014).

Soil moisture obtained by observing parameters on the Cemoro Sewu Climbing Track of Mount Lawu, Magetan, East Java, Indonesia ranged from 26 - 37%. Every plant must need optimal soil moisture in order to achieve its optimum conditions. Soil moisture was still related to temperature, if the humidity was high then the temperature was low and also the contrary. Soil moisture affected the presence of species, the dew absorbed by plants and supports cell elongation. Humidity as the availability of water for vital plant growth and processes is determined by the amount of rain, especially those that fall in an area for a year (Nahdi and Dasikin 2014).

According to (Nahdi 2014) the intensity of light was an energy source in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates and oxygen, but if it had a high value it could also inhibit growth due to a reduction in the auxin hormone. One of the most influential environmental conditions for Edelweiss growth was sunlight. Diversity was strongly influenced by environmental factors that are formed. The distribution was indirectly affected by the interaction between the vegetation, temperature, air humidity, soil (acidity, moisture). This environmental conditions made the presence or absence of Anaphalis sp. species and its distribution.

CONCLUSION There were two Anaphalis species found in Cemoro

Sewu Climbing Track of Mount Lawu, Magetan, East Java, Indonesia namely Anaphalis javanica and

Table 2. Abiotic Factors of Cemoro Sewu Climbing Path Mount Lawu Magetan East Java No Parameter Station A Station B Station C

2.600 m.asl 2.800 m.asl 3.000 m.asl 1. Air temperature (°C) 12.2 – 18.4 12.1 – 19.6 9.3 – 21 2. Humidity (%) 46 - 61 45 - 49 43 - 54 3. Soil acidity 6.5 - 7 6.6 - 7 6,5 – 7,1 4. Soil Moisture (%) 15 - 35 45 - 49 43 – 63

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Anaphalis longifolia. The type of Anaphalis that had the highest Important Value Index was Anaphalis javanica (172.67%) higher than Anaphalis longifolia (27.329%). Edelweis plant Diversity Value Index which was 0.102

categorized as low one. The distribution pattern of Edelweiss on the Cemoro Sewu was grouped (or aggregate).

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