DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FISH FAUNA AT TELAGA … and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga...
Transcript of DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FISH FAUNA AT TELAGA … and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga...
J I-
DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FISH FAUNA AT TELAGA AIR ESTUARY
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas 23493
QL 615 17 2112
Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)
2012
I j ilt Pusat Khidmat Maklumat ~kademik UNlVEPsm MALAYSIA SARA~AK
DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FISH FAUNA AT TELAGA AIR ESTUARY
If-
F AZNUR F ATEH BTE FIRDAUSNICHOLAS
Thus project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARA W AK
2012
bull bull t l I
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted
in support of an application for another degree or qualification to this university or any other
institution of higher learning
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management
Department of Aquatic Science
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
University Malaysia Sarawak
-=--
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend by profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr Khairul Adha ARahim for
all the advice guidance and moral support throughout the study Not forgetting my coshy
supervisor Dr Samsur Mohamad Masyitah Ibrahim Shareena Nazlia and Nur Hazwanie
Izyan bt Mohd Nizam for all the effort during the field samplings and data collection
My special thanks also to the Telaga Air fisherman and boat man with their willingness in
helping me for the field work Not forgotten also a special remembrance to lab assistance En
Zaidi and EnAzlan for their willingness to assist me in this study
Finally my special thanks for my family for their moral support and motivation for me to
finish this project Last but not the least to those that helped me in this project May Allah
bless all of you
~ bull I
Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgement I
II-IIITable of Contents
IV - VIList of Tables and Figures
Abstractbull 1
10 Introduction amp Objective 2-3 11 Objectives 3
20 Literature review 4 21 Estuarine and mangroves ecosystem 4-5 22 Fish fauna 5-6 23 Water quality 6-7
30 Materials and Method 8 31 Study sites 8 32 Fish sample 10 33 Fish identification and preservation 10 34 Data measurement and collection to 35 BODs_ 11 36 Sample analysis 12
40 Resultsbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 13 41 Fish fauna 13 42 Species diversity indices 17 43 Physico-chemical water quality parameters 18
431 pH 19 432 Dissolve oxygen 20 433 Temperature 20 434 Salinity 21 435 Turbidity 21 436 Depth 22
437 BODs 22 436 Water current 23
II
t 1
50 Discussion 25-30
60 Conclusion and recommendation 31
70 References 32-34
80 Appendices 35 - 44
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
I j ilt Pusat Khidmat Maklumat ~kademik UNlVEPsm MALAYSIA SARA~AK
DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF FISH FAUNA AT TELAGA AIR ESTUARY
If-
F AZNUR F ATEH BTE FIRDAUSNICHOLAS
Thus project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARA W AK
2012
bull bull t l I
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted
in support of an application for another degree or qualification to this university or any other
institution of higher learning
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management
Department of Aquatic Science
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
University Malaysia Sarawak
-=--
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend by profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr Khairul Adha ARahim for
all the advice guidance and moral support throughout the study Not forgetting my coshy
supervisor Dr Samsur Mohamad Masyitah Ibrahim Shareena Nazlia and Nur Hazwanie
Izyan bt Mohd Nizam for all the effort during the field samplings and data collection
My special thanks also to the Telaga Air fisherman and boat man with their willingness in
helping me for the field work Not forgotten also a special remembrance to lab assistance En
Zaidi and EnAzlan for their willingness to assist me in this study
Finally my special thanks for my family for their moral support and motivation for me to
finish this project Last but not the least to those that helped me in this project May Allah
bless all of you
~ bull I
Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgement I
II-IIITable of Contents
IV - VIList of Tables and Figures
Abstractbull 1
10 Introduction amp Objective 2-3 11 Objectives 3
20 Literature review 4 21 Estuarine and mangroves ecosystem 4-5 22 Fish fauna 5-6 23 Water quality 6-7
30 Materials and Method 8 31 Study sites 8 32 Fish sample 10 33 Fish identification and preservation 10 34 Data measurement and collection to 35 BODs_ 11 36 Sample analysis 12
40 Resultsbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 13 41 Fish fauna 13 42 Species diversity indices 17 43 Physico-chemical water quality parameters 18
431 pH 19 432 Dissolve oxygen 20 433 Temperature 20 434 Salinity 21 435 Turbidity 21 436 Depth 22
437 BODs 22 436 Water current 23
II
t 1
50 Discussion 25-30
60 Conclusion and recommendation 31
70 References 32-34
80 Appendices 35 - 44
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
bull bull t l I
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted
in support of an application for another degree or qualification to this university or any other
institution of higher learning
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management
Department of Aquatic Science
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
University Malaysia Sarawak
-=--
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend by profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr Khairul Adha ARahim for
all the advice guidance and moral support throughout the study Not forgetting my coshy
supervisor Dr Samsur Mohamad Masyitah Ibrahim Shareena Nazlia and Nur Hazwanie
Izyan bt Mohd Nizam for all the effort during the field samplings and data collection
My special thanks also to the Telaga Air fisherman and boat man with their willingness in
helping me for the field work Not forgotten also a special remembrance to lab assistance En
Zaidi and EnAzlan for their willingness to assist me in this study
Finally my special thanks for my family for their moral support and motivation for me to
finish this project Last but not the least to those that helped me in this project May Allah
bless all of you
~ bull I
Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgement I
II-IIITable of Contents
IV - VIList of Tables and Figures
Abstractbull 1
10 Introduction amp Objective 2-3 11 Objectives 3
20 Literature review 4 21 Estuarine and mangroves ecosystem 4-5 22 Fish fauna 5-6 23 Water quality 6-7
30 Materials and Method 8 31 Study sites 8 32 Fish sample 10 33 Fish identification and preservation 10 34 Data measurement and collection to 35 BODs_ 11 36 Sample analysis 12
40 Resultsbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 13 41 Fish fauna 13 42 Species diversity indices 17 43 Physico-chemical water quality parameters 18
431 pH 19 432 Dissolve oxygen 20 433 Temperature 20 434 Salinity 21 435 Turbidity 21 436 Depth 22
437 BODs 22 436 Water current 23
II
t 1
50 Discussion 25-30
60 Conclusion and recommendation 31
70 References 32-34
80 Appendices 35 - 44
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend by profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr Khairul Adha ARahim for
all the advice guidance and moral support throughout the study Not forgetting my coshy
supervisor Dr Samsur Mohamad Masyitah Ibrahim Shareena Nazlia and Nur Hazwanie
Izyan bt Mohd Nizam for all the effort during the field samplings and data collection
My special thanks also to the Telaga Air fisherman and boat man with their willingness in
helping me for the field work Not forgotten also a special remembrance to lab assistance En
Zaidi and EnAzlan for their willingness to assist me in this study
Finally my special thanks for my family for their moral support and motivation for me to
finish this project Last but not the least to those that helped me in this project May Allah
bless all of you
~ bull I
Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgement I
II-IIITable of Contents
IV - VIList of Tables and Figures
Abstractbull 1
10 Introduction amp Objective 2-3 11 Objectives 3
20 Literature review 4 21 Estuarine and mangroves ecosystem 4-5 22 Fish fauna 5-6 23 Water quality 6-7
30 Materials and Method 8 31 Study sites 8 32 Fish sample 10 33 Fish identification and preservation 10 34 Data measurement and collection to 35 BODs_ 11 36 Sample analysis 12
40 Resultsbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 13 41 Fish fauna 13 42 Species diversity indices 17 43 Physico-chemical water quality parameters 18
431 pH 19 432 Dissolve oxygen 20 433 Temperature 20 434 Salinity 21 435 Turbidity 21 436 Depth 22
437 BODs 22 436 Water current 23
II
t 1
50 Discussion 25-30
60 Conclusion and recommendation 31
70 References 32-34
80 Appendices 35 - 44
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
~ bull I
Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgement I
II-IIITable of Contents
IV - VIList of Tables and Figures
Abstractbull 1
10 Introduction amp Objective 2-3 11 Objectives 3
20 Literature review 4 21 Estuarine and mangroves ecosystem 4-5 22 Fish fauna 5-6 23 Water quality 6-7
30 Materials and Method 8 31 Study sites 8 32 Fish sample 10 33 Fish identification and preservation 10 34 Data measurement and collection to 35 BODs_ 11 36 Sample analysis 12
40 Resultsbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 13 41 Fish fauna 13 42 Species diversity indices 17 43 Physico-chemical water quality parameters 18
431 pH 19 432 Dissolve oxygen 20 433 Temperature 20 434 Salinity 21 435 Turbidity 21 436 Depth 22
437 BODs 22 436 Water current 23
II
t 1
50 Discussion 25-30
60 Conclusion and recommendation 31
70 References 32-34
80 Appendices 35 - 44
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
t 1
50 Discussion 25-30
60 Conclusion and recommendation 31
70 References 32-34
80 Appendices 35 - 44
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
-
LIST OF TABLES
GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air estuary
Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection for each station
List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station of Telaga Air estuary
Diversity indices of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary
Mean and standard error for the phsico-chemical water parameters at sampling stations
One way ANOV A of physico-chemical water parameter
Page
8
11
13
15-16
17
18
19
IV ~
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
f f
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 The sampling station at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary 9
Figure 2 Percentage of ten highest individual fish family at Telaga Air 14 estuary
Figure 3 Mean of pH value for each sampling station at Telaga Air 19 estuary
Figure 4 Mean of 00 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 20 estuary
Figure 5 Mean of temperature value for five sampling stations at Telaga 20 Air estuary
Figure 6 Mean of salinity value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 21 estuary
Figure 7 Mean of turbidity value for five sampling stations at Telaga 21 Air estuary
Figure 8 Mean of depth value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 22 estuary
Figure 9 Mean ofB005 value for five sampling stations at Telaga Air 23 estuary
Figure 10 Mean of water current value for five sampling stations at 23 Telaga Air estuary
v
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
~ -
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix 1 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 1
35
Appendix 2 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 2
36
Appendix 3 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 3
37
Appendix 4 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 4
38
Appendix 5 List of fish families species common name and number of individual caught from station 5
39
Appendix 6 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station I
40
Appendix 7 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 2
41
Appendix 8 List of fish families species number of individual eN) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 3
42
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
List of fish families species number of Individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 4
List of fish families species number of individual (N) total length (TL) and weight with their standard deviations (SO) caught in station 5
43
44
VI
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
Diversity and Composition of Fish Fauna at Telaga Air Estuary
Faznur Fateh Bte FirdausNicholas
Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the diversity and composition of fish fauna at Telaga Air estuary from 4th _5 th February 2012 Five sampling stations were selected and fish were collected using three layer gill net after the 10 to 15 minutes of net deployment A total of 237 individual fish from 26 families and 52 species were collected The highest individual fish were collected at ST3 and the lowest at ST5 The most ubiquitous fish collected were from family Sciaenidae with
10 species and covered 3270 of individual fish Eight types of physico-chemical water
parameters were taken and analyze using one way ANOV A showed that there were significant differences among all stations
Keyword Telaga Air estuary family Sciaenidae fish composition and diversity
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini telah dijalankan bagi menentukan nilai kepelbagaian dan komposisi ikan di kawasan paya bakau Telaga Air pada 4-5 Febuari 2012 Lima stesen bagi aktiviti penangkapan ikan telah dipilih dan pukat insang tiga lapis digunakan dan dibiarkall selama 10 sehingga 15 minit dipermukaan air bagi tujuan penangkapan ikan Sejumlah 237 individu ikan daripada 26 famili dan 52 spesis telah dianalisa ST3 merupakan stesen tertinggi kutipan sample ikan manakala ST5 merupakan stesen yang terendah klltipan sample ikan Famili Sciaenidae telah mendominasi kutipan ikan sebanyak 10 spesis dengan jumlah sebanyak 3270 individu ikan Lapan jenis parameter kualiti air telah diambil dan dianalisa menggunakan analisis variant satu hala hasil analisa tersebut menunjukan terdapat perbezaan ketara bagi parameter kualiti air di setiap stesen
Kata kunci Paya bakau Telaga Airfamili Sciaenidae komposisi dan kepelbagaiall ikan
1
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
11 - 1I bull
10 Introduction
The ASEAN region is one of the mega-biodiversity centers of the world that
containing significant values of mangroves coral reef and seagrass meadows in the
world and south-east Asian mangroves represent about a third of the worlds
mangroves of 18 million ha (Chong and Sasekumar 2002) This mangrove ecosystem
comprises elements from marine and terrestrial habitats due to the interpenetrate both
ecosystem and also the tide influence (Lacerda et al2001)
This dynamic ecosystem is characterized by a variety of primary procedures
grazing and detrial food chains a high degree of interaction between the water column
and bottom a complex food web and a large number of generalist to feeders (Day et
al 1987) It also characterized with poor soil condition composed of silt sand clay
and decomposing organic matter is home to many species with unique adaptive
features (Mashhor et al 2006)Mangrove forest is allocated between land and sea and
subjected to daily tidal flooding Mangroves are estuarine areas of high productivity
providing a ready supply of organic matter which utilized directly and indirectly by
marine fishes shrimps crabs and others (Chong 2007)
Currently mangroves forest diversity become declined due to unsustainable
forestry practices illegal harvests agriculture construction urbanization and
reclamations for coastal development In addition estuarine organisms also have
exposed to variety of natural stressor which is varying spatially and temporally Due to
their complexity and uniqueness estuaries present challenges to understanding the
effects of stressors and the underlying causes of these effects on biological components
of estuarine ecosystem (Adams 2005) Thus the combinations of various
2
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
I I
anthropogenic impacts have invariably eroded the carrying capacity of mangroves
habitat to support the diversity aquatic fauna (Chong 2007)
Fish can be as one of the biological indicator for natural ecosystems Estuarine
fishes are known for their tolerance to fluctuation of salinity temperature and oxygen
in that ecosystem Estuaries are also as a medium for the fauna that pass regularly
between freshwater and the sea as part of their life cycle
11 Objectives
a) To identify the fish diversity and composition in the Telaga Air estuary
area
b) To examine the physico-chemical water quality in the sampling stations
ofTelaga Air estuary
3
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
20 Literature review
21 Estuarine and Mangroves Ecosystem
Estuaries can be simple defined as portion of the earths coastal zone where
there is interaction of ocean water freshwater land and atmosphere (Day et al 1987)
Estuaries and coastal waters often contain various mixtures of fresh and salty water
that gives challenging circumstances for the aquatic organisms to survive The oftenshy
changing mixtures of fresh and seawater create difficult osmotic gradients that greatly
affect coastal organisms (Valiela 1991)
Odum and Schelske (1962) referred that the productivity of estuaries depends
on five factors Ebb and flow water movements resulting from tidal action the
abundant supplies of nutrients rapid regeneration and conservation of nutrients due to
activity of microorganisms and filter feeders three types of primary production units
(marsh grass benthic algae and phytoplankton) which insure maximum utilization of
light at all seasons and lastly year-around production with successive crops
However three categories of energy sources can also be determined at this
ecosystem There are the mechanical energy of moving water sunlight penetration and
also organic and inorganic fuels imported into estuaries (Day et al 1987) All of these
components are needed for the primary productivity activities and gives sustainability
to aquatic ecosystem
In the tropics mangroves forest not only serves as a source of edible aquatic
animals but also provide shelter wood for fuel and variety for natural products
Mangroves also act as nursery ground for juvenile aquatic animals especially for
anadromous and catadromous fish species One of the reason why estuaries as best
4
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
PUlat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK
nursery ground is due to the low predation rates on small fishes and the effectiveness
of predators hunting visually that is reduced by the turbidity (Wootton 1992)The
condition in mangroves can be serving usually with the temperatures in mangrove
generally ranged from 20 - 40degC with salinities ranged from 0 to 46 ppt and highly
variable oxygen concentrations (Wootton 1992)
Generally mangroves are fragile ecosystem and are under pressure due to the
human activities such as direct throw of waste industries logging activities
agricultures channelization of rivers and also shrimp aquacuItures farm The major
effects for the destruction of mangroves ecosystem may loss the habitats of juvenile
fishes and also others animals such as extinction of Proboscis monkey that are only
endemic in Borneo region Some ecosystems may be somewhat more resilient and
resistant than others however it is a need to conserve the polluted and fragile
ecosystems (Alongi 1998)
22 Fish fauna
The ecological importance of estuarine and coastal ecosystems throughout
the world is well known Their biological productivity and physical diversity as well
as mineral resources and strategic location have gained a great biological and
economic importance (Yong 1999)
Chong et at (2010) recorded total of 1951 species of freshwater and marine
fishes belonging to 704 genera and 186 families are in Malaysia Generally brackish
water euryhaline and marine fishes are threatened mainly by overfishing and habitat
destruction for human proposed Freshwater habitats encompass the highest percentage
of threatened fish species (87) followed by estuarine habitats (66) of the 32
5
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
species of highly threatened (HT) species 16 are freshwater and 16 are largely marineshy
euryhaline species (Chong et al2010)
Fish fauna distribution in Sarawak mangroves area quite unique and
diverse Many studies has been done regarding to the fish diversity and composition at
Sarawak mangroves area such as such as coastal zone of Kuching Bay (Yong 1999) at
Paloh mangrove area (Maximus 2005) Kuching Wetland National Park (Noordiana
2008) Rambungan mangroves area (Nurnadiah 2008) and Sg Semariang and its
tributaries (Nur Asyikin 2010)
The fish species ecosystems for each study location are difference due to the
special habitat preference of the areas For instance 24 and 2339 of family Ariidae
dominated the Paloh and Rambungan mangroves area respectively However 32 of
family Ambassidae was dominant in Kuching Wetland and 202 of family Mugilidae
dominated at Sg Semariang There are other several factors that influence the
distribution of fish fauna This included the seasonal changes in freshwater inflow and
other environmental conditions that may induced changes in density and species
composition of mangrove fishes along estuarine gradients ( Ley et af 1998)
24 Water quality
Water quality plays important role for fish distribution Difference fish species
preferred to difference ecology for their habitat and life cycle The negative impacts
from human activities also affect the water quality in the rivers and coastal area and
relatively disrupt fish habitat In that concern fish also used as biological tools for
monitoring the environment condition The results of studies which fish were used as
indicator species which directly related to the protection aquatic biota (Y ong 1999)
6
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
Physico-chemical water parameters also known as abiotic identities factors for
the fish distribution Fishes can only survive within a certain range of an abiotic
identity such as temperature pH dissolve oxygen and presence of toxic substances
Outside the range capability the fish dies and the factors may act as lethal factors
(Wootton 1992)
7
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
rI
30 Materials and Methods
31 Study Sites
These studies were conducted at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary and located nearby
to the mangroves area and mostly the villagers works as fisherman Sungai Sibu is the
main river tributaries and approximately 712 km in length from the Rambungan
rivers tributary until the river mouth (Google Earth 2012) Global Positioning System
(GPS) GPSmap 60csx Garmin model is used to mark and recorded the coordination of
sampling sites and Table 1 show respectively the GPS reading for each sampling
stations Five sampling stations were selected and marked as ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 and
ST5 as shown in Figure 1
Table 1 GPS coordinate reading for Station 1 until Station 5
Station GPS Coordinate
ST 1 N 01deg40643 E 110deg11341
ST2 N 01deg41226 E 110deg12408
ST3 N 01deg40752 E 110deg12575
ST4 N 01deg39129 E 110deg14191
ST 5 N 01 deg39926 E 110deg14627
8
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
~---gto(
~----r-J
+
A I
South China Sea NPulau Tukong
--- 0 ~T2
SgRambungan (I
Figure 1 The sampling stations at SgSibu Telaga Air estuary STl-ST5 indicate sampling station
9
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
32 Fish Sample
Different types of gill net with different mesh size were used for fish sampling
The lengths of gill nets used were approximately 120 m and the mesh sizes are ranging
from 6 to 8 cm The net deployment for each station was in average of 10 to 15
minutes Sampling activities were done during low tide level starting from Station 1 to
Station 5 by rising of water level by time
33 Fish Identification and Preservation
Fish identification followed Yusri et al (2010) Mansor et al (1998)
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) and Fish Base (2001) until species level The
data from fish identification is used for further analysis to determine the fish
composition and diversity for each station Unidentified fish samples was further
determined in FSTS laboratory
Fish samples were preserved in 10 formalin for two days to stabilize fish
tissue anatomical form and structure Then the samples are replaced with 70 ethanol
to ensure the specimens more pliable and maintain for long period of time
34 Data measurement and collection
Samples were measured based on total length (TL) fork length (FL) and
standard length (SL) to the nearest centimeters and weight was recorded for each fish
samples to the nearest gram unit by using standard procedure Mansor et al (1998) and
Department of Fisheries Malaysia (2004) Ruler and a portable electronic balance were
used respectively for the fish length and weight
In-situ and ex-situ parameter were taken for water quality analysis The in-situ
parameters were pH dissolve oxygen (DO) temperature (0C) salinity (PSU) turbidity
10
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
(NTU) depth (m) and water current (ms) Only biological oxygen demand (BODs)
parameter was taken for ex-situ parameter Data of physico-chemical water parameters
were analyzed using one-way ANOV A by SYST A T7 software (Wilkinson 1996) and
Table 2 shows the apparatus used for physico- chemical water quality parameters
Table 2 Apparatus used for physico-chemical water quality parameters at Telaga Air
estuary
Physico-chemical Water Apparatusmodel Parameters
Salinity (PSU)
pH and Temperature (0C)
Turbidity (NTU)
Dissolve oxygen (mglL)
Water current (ms)
MA887 Seawater Refractormeter Milwaukee
Mi 105 Phi temperature meter Martini Instrument
Mi 4 I 5 Martini Instrument
00-5510 CT Lutron
2000 Portable FlowmeterFlo-mate
35 BODs
Triplicate of 150 ml of water sample was placed in a BODs bottle Initial DO
reading were recorded and the bottle were wrap using aluminum foil after ensure that
there were no bubbles trap inside the bottle DO was taken after five days the sampling
bottle been wraped and the BODs was measured using the formula
BODs (mgL) = OJ - D5
Where D = DO of day 1 Os = DO of day 5
11
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
36 Samples Analysis
The fish samples were analyzed with diversity indices fish diversity Shannon-
weaver indices (H) (1963) fish evenness Pielou similarity index (J) (1969) Margalef
richness index (D) (1968) and species composition in percentage Below are
respectively formulas for each diversity indices
a) Shannon-Weaver Indices (H) (1963)
H = n Log n - L fi Log fi
n
Where n = Sample size fi = Number of individual for each species
b) Pielou Similarity Index (J)(1969)
J = H
LnS
Where H = Diversity of species S = Total number of species
c) Margalef Richness Index (D) (1968)
D = (S - l)Log N
Where S = Total number of species N =Total number of individual
d) Species Composition in Percentage
Number of individual of a given species X 100
Total number of all fish collected
12
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
I i
40 Results
41 Fish Fauna
A total of 237 individual fish belonging to 26 fish family and 52 fish species were
collected The highest number of individual fish collected was from ST3 with 71 individual
fish and following by ST1 ST4 ST3 and ST5 The highest number of fish family was at STI
with 14 tish family and the lowest was at ST5 with four fish family A total of 19 fish species
were found in STI and 13 12 and nine were found at ST2 ST4 and ST5 respectively Table 3
shows the detail information on number of fish family fish species and individual fish by each
station Table 3 Number of fish family fish species and number of individuals sample collection
for each station
Station (ST) No Family No Species No Individuals 1 14 19 60 2 8 13 37 3 12 19 71 4 8 12 43 5 4 9 26
TOTAL 237
There were ten highest individual fish collected in term of fish family such as
Sciaenidae (3270) following by family Engraulidae (1374) Tetraodontidae (1327)
Leiognathidae (1232) Ariidae (948) Clupeidae (90) Synodontidae (71)
Ambassidae (18) Carangidae (14) and Pristigasteridae (14)
The lowest individuals of fish number in term of fish family are Cynoglossidae
Dasyatidae Drepanidae Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Hemiscylliidae Latidae Mugilidae
Paralichthyidae Platychephalidae Plotosidae Potynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae
13 -
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
middotmiddot f t middot
Stromateidae and Terapontidae All of these fish family contribute as much as 995 from the
whole fish family
Percentage ofTen Highest Individuals Fish Family in Telaga Air
Teraodontidae bullbullbull1iEiEiiZJ 13270
Synodontidae ]t1amplpoundlZJ 7109
Sciaenidae 1fiB~~======~==J 32701
Pristigasteridae 1 1422 - ___11 12322
Leiognathidae
bull PercentageEngraulidae bullbullbullbullm~~ 13744
Clupeidae bullbullbullbull 9005
1422Carangidae
Ariidae bullbullaJ 9479
1896Ambassidae -i----r----------I---r------shy
0000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 2 Percentage often highest individual fish family at Telaga Air estuary
Ten species from family Sciaenidae were collected These include Nibea soldado
Johnius belangerii Johnius coitor Johnius sp Pennahia anea Johnius dussumeirii
Otholithes ruber Daysciaena albida Paranibea anea Paranibea semiluctosa and Johnius
carrola However there were also 18 fish family collections by single species The
representative fish families were Ambassidae Carangidae Dasyatidae Drepaneidae
Eleotriidae Hemiramphidae Latidae Leiognathidae Mugilidae Paralichthyidae
Platycephalidae Plotosidae Polynemidae Scatophagidae Sillaginidae Stromateidae
Synodontidae and Terapontidae The complete number of fish family fish species and
individual number of sample collected for each station as in Table 4
14
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15
Hemiscylliidae
Latidae
Leiognathidae
MugiUdae
Table 4 List number of fish families and species collected from 5 station ofTelaga Air estuary
(ST = Station survey)
Famili Species ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5 Total
Ambassidae Ambassidae sp 2 2 4
Ariidae Arius sagar 10 2 D Arius sp 2 2 Arius swnatranus 4 4 Osleogeneiosus militaris 1 1
Carangidae Alepes vari 2 2
Clupeidae Atule mate 2 Anodolltostoma chacunda 10 2 13 Hisa kelee 1 1 Ilisha macrogaster 1 2 IIlisha pristigastroides 1 Raconda russelina 2 2
Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus arel 2 2 CYlloglossus lingua 1
Dasyatidae Dasyatis zugei
Drepaoeidae Drepane punctata 2 2
Eleotriidae Buis amboinensis
Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri 3 Coiia macrognathos 4 4 Setipinna breviceps 2 2 Setipinna melanochir 1 1 Setipinna taty 4 4 Stolephorus indicus 2 2 Thryssa mystax 6 3 4 13
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus dispar
Chiloscyllium punctatum 2 2
Lates calicarifer
Gazza minuta 6 10 10 26
Oedalechilus labiosus
15