Disturbance and Succession. Henry C. Cowles (center) about 1920.
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Transcript of Disturbance and Succession. Henry C. Cowles (center) about 1920.
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Disturbance and Succession
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Henry C. Cowles (center)
about 1920
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Successional Species Types
Early successional, pioneer,
opportunist
Late successional
seed dispersal distance
long, good short, poor
growth rate fast slow
reach maturity early late
number of offspring
high low
competitive ability low high
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The Kabetogama Peninsula
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Kabetogama Peninsula
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Beaver – Castor Canadensis
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BeaverDam
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Pond and Bog Succession
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Climax Community
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Many Communities Experience Constant Disturbance or Change
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Fir Wave on Mt. Coe,Baxter State Park, Maine
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Fir Wave Up Close
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Global Patterns of Species Richness
Global Amphibian Diversity
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Measures of Biodiversity
• Species richness – the number of species in an area – the simplest measure of biodiversity
• Species evenness or equitability – the relative proportion of number of individuals of each species in an area
• Often richness and evenness are combined into a Species Diversity Index
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A comparison of species diversity in two communities
Community 1A: 25% B: 25% C: 25% D: 25%
Community 2A: 80% B: 5% C: 5% D: 10%
D
C
BA
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Animated Life of A.R. Wallace
• http://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/100000002534565/the-animated-life-of-a-r-wallace.html
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Explanations for Global Patterns of Species Richness
1) Morphological diversity, spatial heterogeneity2) High average rarity - no monocultures – in tropics3) Climatic constancy of tropics4) Geological age5) Special adaptations in extreme (harsh) environments6) Competitive "balance"7) Alternating competitive advantages8) "All niches filled theory" - saturation of community9) Productivity
from A.R. Wallace - 1878
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Richness andProductivity
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Richness andStructural Diversity
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Environmental harshness
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Richness and Climatic Variability
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South American Rain Forest – Today and Past Refuges
Richness and Environmental Age
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Richness and High Average Rarity
Global PlantRichness
Local CentersOf Diversity
Quality ofData
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Richness and High Average Rarity
Endemic Plant Species Globally
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Richness and High Average Rarity
Endemic Plants in Africa