distribution decisions
Transcript of distribution decisions
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Part 5: Distribution DecisionsPart 5: Distribution Decisions
13.Marketing Channels and Supply Chain Management
14.Direct Marketing and Marketing Resellers: Retailers and Wholesalers
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Chapter 13Chapter 13
Marketing Marketing Channels and Channels and Supply Chain Supply Chain ManagementManagement
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Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives1. Describe the types of marketing channels and roles they play in
marketing strategy.2. Outline the major channel strategy decisions.3. Describe the concepts of channel management, conflict, and
cooperation.4. Identify and describe the different vertical marketing systems.5. Explain the roles of logistics and supply-chain management in
an overall distribution strategy.6. Identify the major components of a physical distribution system.7. Compare the major modes of transportation.8. Discuss how transportation intermediaries and combined
transportation modes can improve physical distribution.9. Identify and briefly describe the different types of warehousing.
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The Role of Marketing Channels in The Role of Marketing Channels in Marketing StrategyMarketing Strategy
Channels provide the means by which the firm moves the goods and services it produces to ultimate usersFacilitate the exchange process by cutting
the number of contacts necessaryAdjust for discrepancies in the market’s
assortment of goods and services via sortingStandardize exchange transactionsFacilitate searches by both buyers and
sellers
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Types of Marketing ChannelsTypes of Marketing Channels
Marketing channelMarketing channel: system of marketing institutions that promotes the physical flow of goods and services, along with ownership title, from producers to consumer or business user; also called a distribution channel
Marketing intermediaryMarketing intermediary: wholesaler or retailer that operates between producers and consumers or business users; also called a middleman
WholesalerWholesaler: marketing intermediary that takes title to goods and then distributes these goods further; also called a jobber or distributor
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Types of Marketing ChannelsTypes of Marketing ChannelsConsumer Goods
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Types of Marketing ChannelsTypes of Marketing ChannelsBusiness GoodsServices
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Direct SellingDirect SellingDirect channelDirect channel: marketing channel
that moves goods directly from a producer to ultimate user
Direct sellingDirect selling: strategy designed to establish direct sales contract between producer and final user
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Channels Using Marketing IntermediariesChannels Using Marketing IntermediariesProducer to wholesaler to retailer to
consumerProducer to wholesaler to business userProducer to agent to wholesaler to retailer
to consumerProducer to agent to wholesaler to
business userProducer to agent to business user
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Dual DistributionDual Distribution: Network that moves products to a firm’s target market through more than one marketing channel
Reverse ChannelsReverse Channels: Channels designed to return goods to their producers
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Channel Strategy DecisionsChannel Strategy Decisions
Selection of a Marketing Channel Factors which impact the selection of a
marketing channel include:Market factorsProduct factorsOrganizational factorsCompetitive factors
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Factors influencing Marketing Channel Strategies
Characteristics of Short Channels
Characteristics of Long Channels
Market factors
Business users Consumers
Geographically concentrated Geographically diverse
Extensive technical knowledge and regular servicing required
Little technical knowledge and regular servicing not required
Large orders Small orders
Product factors
Perishable Durable
Complex Standardized
Expensive Inexpensive
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Characteristics of Short Channels
Characteristics of Long Channels
Producer
factors
Manufacturer has adequate resources to perform channel functions
Manufacturer lacks adequate resources to perform channel functions
Broad product line Channel control important
Limited product line Channel control not important
Competitive factors
Manufacturing feels satisfied with marketing intermediaries’ performance in promoting products
Manufacturer feels dissatisfied with marketing intermediaries’ performance in promoting products
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Determining Distribution IntensityDetermining Distribution IntensityDistribution intensity: number of
intermediaries through which a manufacturer distributes its goods
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Intensive distributionIntensive distribution: channel policy in which a manufacturer of a convenience product attempts to saturate the market
Selective distributionSelective distribution: channel policy in which a firm chooses only a limited number of retailers to handle its product line
Exclusive distributionExclusive distribution: channel policy in which a firm grants exclusive rights to a single wholesaler or retailer to sell its products in a particular geographic area
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Legal problems of exclusive distributionLegal problems of exclusive distributionExclusive-dealing agreement: arrangement
between manufacturer and e-marketing intermediary that prohibits the intermediary from handling competing product lines
Closed sales territories: exclusive geographic selling region of a distributor
Tying agreement: Arrangement that requires a marketing intermediary to carry items other than those they want to sell
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Who Should Perform Channel Functions?Who Should Perform Channel Functions?Fundamental principle that governs
channel decisionsChannel members can shift responsibilities
for the performance of certain marketing functions, but they cannot eliminate central functions
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Channel Management and LeadershipChannel Management and Leadership
Channel CaptainChannel Captain: a dominant and controlling member of a marketing channel
Channel ConflictChannel ConflictHorizontal Conflict
Most often, horizontal conflict causes sparks between different types of marketing intermediaries that handle similar products
Sometimes results from disagreements among channel members at the same level
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Vertical ConflictVertical ConflictChannel members at different levels find
many reasons for disputesExample: when retailers develop private
brands to compete with producers’ brands or when producers establish their own retail outlets or WWW Sites
The Gray MarketThe Gray MarketGrey Good: product made abroad under
license from a U.S. firm and then sold in the U.S. market in competition with that firm’s own domestic output
Viewed by producers as undesired competition
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Achieving Channel CooperationAchieving Channel CooperationChannel Cooperation, achieved via
effective cooperation among channel members, is the desired antidote to channel conflict
It is Best achieved when all channel members regard themselves as components of the same organization
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Vertical Marketing SystemsVertical Marketing Systems
Vertical marketing systemVertical marketing system (VMS): planned channel system designed to improve distribution efficiency and cost effectiveness by integrating various functions throughout the distribution chain Forward integrationBackward integration
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Administered marketing systemAdministered marketing system: VMS that achieves channel coordination when a dominant channel member exercises its power
Corporate marketing systemCorporate marketing system: a VMS in which a single owner operates at each stage in its marketing channel
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Contractual marketing systemContractual marketing system: VMS that coordinates channel activities through formal agreements among channel members like:Wholesaler-Sponsored Voluntary
ChainsRetail CooperativesFranchises
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Logistics and Supply Chain ManagementLogistics and Supply Chain Management
Supply (value) chainSupply (value) chain: sequence of suppliers that contributes to the creation and delivery of a good or serviceUpstream managementDownstream management
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Figure 13.6Figure 13.6The Supply Chain of a Manufacturing Company
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Technology that uses a tiny chip with
identification information that can be read by a scanner using radio waves from a distance
Enterprise Resource PlanningEnterprise Resource PlanningSoftware system that consolidates data
among a firm’s units Logistical Cost ControlLogistical Cost Control
Third party (contract) logistics firm: company that specializes in handling logistics activities for other firms
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Physical DistributionPhysical Distribution
A company’s physical distribution system contains the following elements:Customer ServiceTransportationInventory ControlProtective packaging and materials
handlingOrder ProcessingWarehousing
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Figure 13.7Allocation of Physical Distribution Expenditures
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The Problem of SuboptimizationThe Problem of SuboptimizationCondition that results when individual
operations achieve their objectives but interfere with progress toward broader organizational goals
Customer Service StandardsCustomer Service StandardsStatement of goals and acceptable
performance for the quality of service that a firm expects to deliver to its customers
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TransportationTransportationClass RateCommodity RateClasses of CarriersClasses of Carriers
Common carriers move freight via all modes of transportation for the general public
Contract carriers do not serve the general public
Private carriers do not offer services for hire, but provide transportation services solely for internally generated freight
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Major Modes of TransportationMajor Modes of TransportationRailroadsMotor CarriersWater CarriersPipelinesAir FreightFreight Forwarders and Supplemental
CarriersIntermodal Coordination
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Comparison of Transport ModesComparison of Transport Modes
Mode Speed Depend-ability in Meeting
Schedules
Frequency of
Shipments
Availabil-ity in
Different Locations
Flexibility in
Handling
Cost
Rail Average Average Low Low High Average
Water Very slow Average Very low Limited Very high Very low
Truck Fast High High Very extensive
Average High
Pipeline Slow High High Very limited
Very low Low
Air Very fast High Average Average Low Very high
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WarehousingWarehousingStorage warehouseDistribution warehouse
Automated Warehouse TechnologyAutomated Warehouse TechnologyDistribution costs can be cut and
customer service improved by automating warehouse systems
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Warehouse LocationsWarehouse LocationsMajor logistics decision involving the
number and location(s) of storage facilities
Two cost categories influence the choice:Warehousing and materials-
handling costsDelivery costs from warehouse to
customers
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Inventory Control SystemsInventory Control SystemsImportant since firms need to maintain
enough inventory to meet customer demand without incurring unneeded costs for carrying excess inventory
Just-in-time (JIT) productionVendor-managed inventory (VMI)
Order ProcessingOrder ProcessingStockout: order for a product that is
unavailable for shipment or sale
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Protective Packaging and Materials Protective Packaging and Materials HandlingHandlingMaterials Handling: set of activities that
move production inputs and other goods within plants, warehouses, and transportation terminalsUnitizing: process of combining
individual materials into large loads for easy handling
Containerization: process of combining several unitized loads into a single, well-protected load