Distillate Fuel

8/6/2019 Distillate Fuel

1/20

AFSAFS 11

Distillate & BiodieselDistillate & BiodieselContamination, Storage and Handling ProceduresContamination, Storage and Handling ProceduresAdvanced Fuel Solutions, Inc.Advanced Fuel Solutions, Inc.

Paul J. Nazzaro, PresidentPaul J. Nazzaro, PresidentP.O. Box 291P.O. Box 291

Lynnfield, MA. 01940Lynnfield, MA. 01940978978--664664--5923 office5923 office 978978--664664--4020 fax4020 fax

[email protected]@attbi.com www.fuelsolution.comwww.fuelsolution.com


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AFSAFS 22

PresentationPresentationOverviewOverview

Changes have occurred inChanges have occurred inmiddle distillate fuel qualitymiddle distillate fuel qualityover the past two decades.over the past two decades.

Requires diligent supervision ofRequires diligent supervision of

both your received fuel andboth your received fuel andstored fuel.stored fuel. Todays focus is to provideTodays focus is to provide

awareness of fuel storageawareness of fuel storageproblems, some of theproblems, some of thechemical solution alternatives,chemical solution alternatives,and practical experienceand practical experiencesolutions that are available.solutions that are available.

Industry (D396) standards doIndustry (D396) standards donothave specifications thatnothave specifications thatcover all potential problems.cover all potential problems.

Lets look atLets look atFuel SystemFuel SystemContamination I, II and IIIContamination I, II and III


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AFSAFS 33

FuelFuel System ISystem I

ContaminantsContaminants Enters through venting pipes. May beEnters through venting pipes. May be

contaminated by dust and microbiological spores.contaminated by dust and microbiological spores.It also may contain large amounts of moisture.It also may contain large amounts of moisture.

Air displaces fuel volume.Air displaces fuel volume. The oxygen present will increase the oxidation ofThe oxygen present will increase the oxidation of

the fuel. This is the beginning of sludge formationthe fuel. This is the beginning of sludge formationresulting in unstable fuel which will trigger filter andresulting in unstable fuel which will trigger filter andnozzle plugging. (Better known as unschedulednozzle plugging. (Better known as unscheduled

downtime).downtime). Do not store fuels (#2 diesel or Biodiesel) for longDo not store fuels (#2 diesel or Biodiesel) for long

periods of time in partially empty tanks without fuelperiods of time in partially empty tanks without fuelstabilizers.stabilizers.


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AFSAFS 44

FuelFuel System IISystem II

ContaminationContamination Easiest to identify and most destructive.Easiest to identify and most destructive. Free water leads to corrosion and fuelFree water leads to corrosion and fuel

degradation.degradation. Provides fertile growing place for bugs.Provides fertile growing place for bugs. Vents and seals that are poorly designed,Vents and seals that are poorly designed,

improperly installed, or faulty can allowimproperly installed, or faulty can allowwater to enter.water to enter.

If possible stick with paste for the bestIf possible stick with paste for the bestdefense. Dont depend only on electronicdefense. Dont depend only on electronicmonitoring systems.monitoring systems.


5/20

AFSAFS 55

FuelFuel System IIISystem III

ContaminationContamination Fuel in storage will degrade to formFuel in storage will degrade to form

insoluble materials. (Particulates & Sludge)insoluble materials. (Particulates & Sludge)

Results include plugged filters, fouledResults include plugged filters, fouledinjectors/nozzles, formation of combustioninjectors/nozzles, formation of combustionsystem deposits, and accelerated corrosion.system deposits, and accelerated corrosion.

As the fuel cools, water will condense andAs the fuel cools, water will condense andgenerate free water.generate free water.

Fuel stability is dependent on several factorsFuel stability is dependent on several factorsincluding crude sources, refinery processes,including crude sources, refinery processes,base fuel components, base fuel blends andbase fuel components, base fuel blends andstorage conditions.storage conditions.


6/20

AFSAFS 66

Storage TankStorage Tank ProblemsProblems

Mosthave been poorly designed, systemMosthave been poorly designed, systemwide.wide.

Improper placement of water draw offs or aImproper placement of water draw offs or acomplete lack of any at all.complete lack of any at all.

Many systems lack access to implementMany systems lack access to implementproper housekeeping procedures.proper housekeeping procedures.

Lack of water control causes internalLack of water control causes internalcorrosion and a complex corrosivecorrosion and a complex corrosivemechanism resulting in microbial activity.mechanism resulting in microbial activity.


7/20

AFSAFS 77

Microbes in FuelMicrobes in Fuel BugsBugs

Microbes cause problemsMicrobes cause problemsbecause they promotebecause they promotecorrosion, and their physicalcorrosion, and their physical

presence leads to pluggingpresence leads to pluggingof filters andof filters andinjectors/nozzles.injectors/nozzles.

Controlling micro biologicsControlling micro biologicsis difficult because it isis difficult because it isalmost impossible toalmost impossible to

exclude water entirely fromexclude water entirely fromcommercial hydrocarboncommercial hydrocarbonfuels.fuels.


8/20

AFSAFS 88

ControllingControlling MicrobesMicrobes

Elimination ofElimination ofwaterwater is most effectiveis most effectivestep.step.

Keeping the system aerated.Keeping the system aerated. Utilize an EPA registered biocide.Utilize an EPA registered biocide.

Remove contaminated materials ifRemove contaminated materials if

possible.possible. Bring in clean fuel with a remedialBring in clean fuel with a remedial

dose of biocide.dose of biocide.


9/20

AFSAFS 99

HousekeepingHousekeeping

The endThe end--useruser assumes responsibilityassumes responsibilityfor ensuring an optimum storagefor ensuring an optimum storage

environment for all fuels.environment for all fuels.Analyze fuel and tanks for problems.Analyze fuel and tanks for problems.

Use corrective action to remediateUse corrective action to remediate

problems such

as water and sludge.problems such

as water and sludge. Chemically correct deficiencies in theChemically correct deficiencies in the

fuel.fuel.


10/20

AFSAFS 1010

Maintaining Fuel QualityMaintaining Fuel Quality

Action StepsAction Steps Begin by understanding D396Begin by understanding D396

and D6751, both its strengthsand D6751, both its strengthsand weaknesses.and weaknesses.

Be proactive and consistentBe proactive and consistent

withhousekeeping, watch forwithhousekeeping, watch forroutine fuel contaminants likeroutine fuel contaminants likeair, water and the fuel itself.air, water and the fuel itself.

Maintain optimum storage tankMaintain optimum storage tankconditions.conditions.

Plan and execute a quarterlyPlan and execute a quarterlyfuel analysis to ensure a solidfuel analysis to ensure a solid

fuel quality program.fuel quality program. Take corrective action basedTake corrective action based

on fuel analysison fuel analysis


11/20

AFSAFS 1111

BiodieselBiodiesel

Handling & Use GuidelinesHandling & Use Guidelines Biodiesel always refers to the pureBiodiesel always refers to the pure

fuel.fuel.

Biodiesel blends or BXX refers to a fuelBiodiesel blends or BXX refers to a fuelthat is composed of a % of Biodieselthat is composed of a % of Biodieselblended into conventional fuel, B20 =blended into conventional fuel, B20 =

20% Biodiesel.20% Biodiesel.


12/20

AFSAFS 1212

BiodieselBiodiesel FuelFuel

No nitrogen or aromaticsNo nitrogen or aromatics

Biodegradable and nonBiodegradable and non--toxictoxic

Typically no sulfurTypically no sulfur

Energy content of #1 fuel, normallyEnergy content of #1 fuel, normally10% less than #210% less than #2

Fuel efficiency is the same as diesel orFuel efficiency is the same as diesel or#2 oil.#2 oil.


13/20

AFSAFS 1313

BiodieselBiodiesel PropertiesProperties

Blends readily with all types ofBlends readily with all types ofdistillates, splash blends well on top ofdistillates, splash blends well on top of

distillate.distillate.

Stays blended even in presence ofStays blended even in presence ofwater.water.

Properties very close to #2.Properties very close to #2.

Safe to handleSafe to handle


14/20

AFSAFS 1414

BiodieselBiodiesel Fuel QualityFuel Quality

ASTM DASTM D--6751 provides the standards to6751 provides the standards toensure good fuel quality.ensure good fuel quality.

Standard ensures that Biodiesel has the fuelStandard ensures that Biodiesel has the fuelproperties for safe operation in aproperties for safe operation in acompression ignition engine and ensurescompression ignition engine and ensuresthat poor processing has not contaminatedthat poor processing has not contaminated

the fuel with other products that wouldthe fuel with other products that wouldcreate engine damage.create engine damage.


15/20

AFSAFS 1515

ASTMASTMFuel SpecificationsFuel Specifications

ASTM Test ASTM D 396 ASTM D6751 Typical Biodiesel

Test Description Method No. 2 - 4 light Biodiesel Ranges measured

Flash Point oC, min D 93 38 100 122 - 185

Water & Sed., % vol, max D 1796 0.05 0.05 0 - 0.025

Kinematic Viscosity@40oC, mm2/s D 445

Min 1.8 1.9 3.97

Max 3.4-5.5 6 5.00

Ramsbottom carbon residue, % mass, max D 524 0.35 0.1 0.01 - 0.08

Ash, % mass, max D 482 0.05 0.02 0.01-0.03

Sulfur, % mass, max D 129 0.5 0.0015 0.0006

Copper strip corrosion, max, 3hr @50 oC D 130 No. 3 No. 3 1A - 1B

Density @ 15oC, kg/m3 D 1298 0.85 n/a 0.87 - 0.89

Pour point, oC, max D 97 -6.0 report -4.0 to 0

Cetane number, min D 613 45 47 - 70

Acid Number, mg KOH/gm, max D 664 0.8 0.08 - 0.39

Free Glycerin, % mass, max D 6584 0.02 0.0 - 0.007


16/20

AFSAFS 1616

TheTheRightRight BlendBlend 20%20%

20% blend gives good emission benefits by20% blend gives good emission benefits byreducing soot, particulates, hydrocarbons,reducing soot, particulates, hydrocarbons,

carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. 20% does not create major problems with20% does not create major problems with

filter plugging and deposit formation.filter plugging and deposit formation.

20% controls the increase in cloud and pour20% controls the increase in cloud and pourpoint by a manageable level that cold flowpoint by a manageable level that cold flowadditives and kerosene blending allows.additives and kerosene blending allows.


17/20

AFSAFS 1717

SplashSplash BlendingBlending

Biodiesel should be splash blendedBiodiesel should be splash blendedon top of petroleum diesel/#2.on top of petroleum diesel/#2.

Blends will not separate in theBlends will not separate in thepresence of water.presence of water.

Can be stored in standard storageCan be stored in standard storage

tanks.tanks.


18/20

AFSAFS 1818

MaterialsMaterials CompatibilityCompatibility

Copper, brass, zinc, lead and tin partsCopper, brass, zinc, lead and tin partsshould be replaced with aluminum or steelshould be replaced with aluminum or steel

since these metals oxidize both diesel andsince these metals oxidize both diesel andBiodiesel fuels.Biodiesel fuels.

Teflon and Viton are must use sealingTeflon and Viton are must use sealingdevices, not Buna, Nitrile, Polyurethane,devices, not Buna, Nitrile, Polyurethane,

Polypropylene and Polyvinyl are notPolypropylene and Polyvinyl are notacceptable sealing devices.acceptable sealing devices.


19/20

AFSAFS 1919

StabilityStability

Some Biodiesel is more stable than others.Some Biodiesel is more stable than others.

Poor stability can lead to the formation ofPoor stability can lead to the formation of

gums and sediments that will plug filters.gums and sediments that will plug filters. Storage for neat and blended Biodiesel fuelsStorage for neat and blended Biodiesel fuels

longer than 6 months should havelonger than 6 months should haveantioxidants blended at point of sale.antioxidants blended at point of sale.

TBHQ / Tenox 21, (tTBHQ / Tenox 21, (t--butyl hydroquinone) isbutyl hydroquinone) isthe chosen one for making fuels longthe chosen one for making fuels longlasting.lasting.


20/20

AFSAFS 2020

SolvencySolvency

Biodiesel is a mild solvent.Biodiesel is a mild solvent.

Prolonged contact withProlonged contact withpainted surfaces maypainted surfaces may

remove coating.remove coating. Always wipe up spills andAlways wipe up spills and

dispose of rags in a safedispose of rags in a safemanner.manner.

Biodiesel could cause earlyBiodiesel could cause earlystages of premature filterstages of premature filter

plugging, but this has beenplugging, but this has beena rare occurrence.a rare occurrence.

Distillate Fuel

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