Disposal Options for Radioactive Waste (K.M. Ghazali)
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DISPOSAL OPTIONS
FORRADIOACTIVE WASTE
By
K. M. GHAZALI
WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISIONDIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NATIONAL REPOSITORY
PAKISTAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Radioactive waste is of peculiar nature
Contains or is contaminated with
radionuclides at concentrations oractivities greater than clearance levels as
established by the regulatory body
Radionuclide emits alpha, beta andgamma radiations of various energies
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The *half lives of these radionuclides
range from few hours to millions of years*Time period in which half the initial
number of atoms of radioactive element
disintegrate in to atoms of the element
into which they change directly
Several thousand years are required for
the activity of the radionuclides to decayto the level which is not hazards to the
man and his environment
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Radioactive Materials
Radioactive Waste
Medicine Research Agriculture Industry
Nuclear Others
U-Mining
& Milling
U-
Processing
Fuel
FabricationReprocessing
Production
Reactor
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/NEW%20FOLDER/SPD%20July%202006/HYPER/waste%20&%20comparison.PPThttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/NEW%20FOLDER/SPD%20July%202006/HYPER/waste%20&%20comparison.PPT -
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RADIATION EFFECTS
ON HUMANSRadiation occurs when unstablenuclei of atoms decay and release
particles. There are many differenttypes of radiation
When these particles touch various
organic material such as tissue,damage may, and probably will, bedone. Radiation can cause burns,
cancers, and death
http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/radiation_types.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/3471/radiation_types.html -
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WHAT IS DISPOSALDisposal means emplacement of
radioactive waste in a repository with
reasonable assurance for safety,without the intention of retrieval and
without reliance on long term
surveillance and maintenance
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The safe disposal of radioactive waste
is recognized worldwide as an integralpart of nuclear power programmes
A huge quantity of nuclear waste
comprising spent fuel elements,
activated resins, activated parts of the
plant will put a question to the
competent authorities for their
immediate ultimate disposal
Cont...
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From 19401970, most low-level
wastes were placed into steel drumsand dumped into the ocean or into
pits on land
Since 1970, the United States has
been disposing its low-level waste at
government regulated disposal sites
Cont...
http://science.jrank.org/pages/6488/Steel.htmlhttp://science.jrank.org/pages/4828/Ocean.htmlhttp://science.jrank.org/pages/4828/Ocean.htmlhttp://science.jrank.org/pages/6488/Steel.html -
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WASTE DISPOSAL OBJECTIVES
The main objective is to isolate
radioactive waste from the biosphere for
a long period of time to avoid any
possible subsequent release of
radionuclide in the environment
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The another objective of thedisposal of the radioactive waste in a
manner that protect human health and
environment now and in the future
with out imposing undue burdens on
future generation
Cont...
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To achieve these objectives it is
needed to concentrate and contain thewaste and to isolate it from the
biosphere.
The biosphere is inhabited by living
organism includes those elements
accessible to humans or used byhumans (groundwater, surface water
and marine resources)
Cont...
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PATHS OF RADIATION TO THE BODY
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DISPOSAL OPTIONS
The biggest technological challengepresently facing the nuclear industry
and society is the long-term, safe
disposal of high-level radioactive waste
The disposal of radioactive waste
which is the final step in themanagement chain is of a vital
importance
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DISPOSAL OPTIONS
DISPOSAL INTO OCEAN
SEA DUMPING
SEA-BED DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL IN GLACIATED AREAS
REMOTE ISLAND DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL INTO SPACE
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GROUND DISPOSALABOVE GROUND STORAGE
NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL
DEEP UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL
Cont...
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DISPOSAL INTO OCEAN
Scientists have considered different
options for the disposal of nuclear
waste into the ocean floor because deepwithin the ocean, the radiation from the
waste would not harm people or the
environment
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DISPOSAL INTO OCEAN
In the late 1940s, the nuclear
industry had chosen the oceans as a
convenient place to dispose of its
inconvenient wastes
Sea dumping and sea-bed disposal
options could be convenient
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DISPOSAL INTO OCEAN
DISADVANTAGE
This option includes the difficulty of
recovering the waste, if necessary, once
it is emplaced deep in the ocean
Establishing an effective international
structure to develop, regulate, andmonitor a seabed repository would be
extremely difficult
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SEA DUMPING
According to experts, a depth of
3,000 meters is required to insure a
high degree of safetyOtherwise, anything dumped in
shallower waters could easily be taken
up by living organisms quickly
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Cont..
Dumping of highly radioactivewastes at sea has been banned
worldwide for more than three decades
Russia has been dumping highly
radioactive materials in the Barents
Kara Seas since the late 1950s
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Cont..
Today scientists are trying to assesswhat possible damage the dumping
might have done to the fragile
environment of Sea
Unfortunately, many of the
confirmed Russian dumping sites are
not at that depth
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Cont..
The USA, the then USSR, France, the
United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and
other states used the sea as a
radioactive dump, both in the Pacific and
the Atlantic
The Oslo Convention was the first
regional treaty to regulate the dumping
of wastes at sea - it was negotiated in1972 by the countries bordering the
North-East Atlantic
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Cont..
A few months later in 1972 thenegotiations on the London Dumping
Convention were concluded
This time the negotiations were less
dominated by the Western European
nuclear states, and, as a result, the
dumping of so-called high-level
radioactive wastes was banned
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SEA DUMPING
DISADVANTAGE
Dumping at sea is a safety risk
to people and to the natural
biology of waters
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SEA-BED DISPOSAL
The concept of disposal of high level
radioactive waste by burial in suitable
geological media beneath the deepocean floor is a potential alternative to
geological disposal on land
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SEA-BED DISPOSAL
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Cont..
Sea-bed disposal is different from sea
dumping
In the Sea-bed concept a multi-barrier
system would be involved, including a
suitable waste form such as glass and
the use of corrosion resistant packages
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Cont..
Deep sea-bed sediment formations
would be chosen in order to contain
radionuclides after the waste package
fails through corrosion and radionuclides
are released from the waste
Such sediments would be made up of
very fine-grained particles with theability to absorb and impede the
movement of most waste radionuclides
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SEA-BED DISPOSAL
DISADVANTAGE
A significant difference is that this
disposal would be ideally suited for the
establishment of international
cooperative activities, although usingthe high sea, which is common property,
represents a major political complication
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DISPOSAL IN
GLACIATED AREASScientists have considered placing
waste containers on the surface or in ashallow hole where the heat from the
waste would cause them to slowly melt
to the bottom of the ice of Antarctica orGreenland
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POLAR ICE OF ANTARCTICA
THOUSANDS METER THICK
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DISPOSAL IN
GLACIATED AREASADVANTAGE
lack of population in Polar Regions and the
stability and thickness of polar ice
DISADVANTAGE
Disposal in glaciated areas, in Antarctica forexample, would require substantial changes to
international legal and political agreements
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DISPOSAL INTO SPACE
Leaving radioactive wastes on earth
creates permanent and tempting targets
for terrorism as well as threatening theenvironment
Space disposal is an attractive option
because it permanently removes nuclear
waste from the environmen
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Cont..
The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) has researched
several methods of disposal in spacePossibilities included launching waste
containers into orbit around the sun
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Cont..
A ground-based laser system will
launch capsules directly out of the solar
system
The laser system will place thecapsules into a nuclear-safe orbit, at
least 1,100 kilometers above the earth,
so that they could not reenter for several
thousand years at a minimum
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Cont..
Another form of safe removal would
possibly be the space elevator. Encasing
the waste in glassified form inside a
steel shell 9 inches (230 mm) thick,which in turn is tiled with shuttle tile to
its exterior. If the launch vehicle fails
just before reaching orbit, the waste ballwill safely re-enter the earth's
atmosphere
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator -
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Cont..
A space elevator is a proposed mega
structure designed to transport material froma celestial body's surface into space as a way
ofnon-rocket space launch
A space elevator would consist of a cableanchored to the Earth's surface, reaching into
space. By attaching a counterweight at the
end, inertia ensures that the cable remainsstretched tight, countering the gravitational
pull on the lower sections, thus allowing the
elevator to remain in geostationary orbit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megastructure -
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Cont..
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Cont..
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Laser launch systems could provide low-cost spaceaccess and also resolve the growing problem of
nuclear waste
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DISPOSAL INTO SPACE
DISADVANTAGE
Space disposal is impractical because
of the number of launches that would be
required
Establishing international agreements
on how such a program would beoperated and regulated would also be
difficult
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REMOTE ISLAND DISPOSAL
Scientists looked at burying
radioactive waste beneath unpopulated
remote IslandsIslands that were considered potential
candidates lacked valuable resources
and far away from large continental
landmasses
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ISLANDS
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REMOTE ISLAND DISPOSAL
Geological structure of Islands should beproperly investigated because some Islands
structures allow seawater to penetrate
underlying rock. Water could contribute to
waste container corrosion, releasing of
radioactive particles
Finland is pursuing the option of disposing
its nuclear waste in a stable rock massunderneath a near-shore island
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REMOTE ISLAND DISPOSAL
DISADVANTAGE
Risks associated with ocean transport
for remote island disposal
Many islands experience frequent and
intense earthquake and volcanic activity
Potential for opposition from other
countries
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GROUND DISPOSAL
Technically feasible, provides a wastedisposal solution that keeps the public
safe
Provides for security from intrusion
Prevents the diversion of nuclear
materials for harmful purposes
Protects the environment for both the
short and long term
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Cont..
Best solution to the critical problem ofhigh-level radioactive waste disposal is
to place it in solid rock deep
undergroundSite characterization studies will
determine how well the site's geologic
and hydrologic setting could isolatehigh-level waste from the environment
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ABOVE GROUND DISPOSAL
Above ground storage is a temporary
management solution
Waste could be put in secure storage
above ground until better technologies
become available for the permanent isolation
of the wastes from man's environment
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Cont..
This allows for the material to be moreeasily observed and any problems detected
and managed, while the decay over this time
period significantly reduces the level of
radioactivity and the associated harmful
effects to the container material
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NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL
The shallow land burial is
characterized either by a mined cavity
or a repository in a shallow ground(within tens of meters of the surface)
provide adequate containment for short
lived low and intermediate level waste
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Cont..
Disposal of solid low-level wastes
containing radionuclides by burial inshallow trenches was initiated during
World War II
Very low activity radioactive waste
and exempt waste are often acceptable
for disposal in landfill sites used fordomestic and industrial
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Cont..
The near surface disposal depends onthe assumption that, by the end of theinstitutional control period, the activityof the waste will have decayed to
harmless levels
The safety standards are met by theconstruction of concrete walled
trenches reinforced by steel andprovided with hydro insulation
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VAALPUTS SOUTH AFRICA
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ASSE - GERMANY
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DEEP UNDERGROUND
DISPOSAL
Deep underground repository is
required for some long lived low
and intermediate level waste and
for high level waste
C t
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Cont..
Underground disposal is preferred
because the life times of some of the
radionuclides present in the certain
categories of waste are long by the
human standards but short in
comparison with geological time
C t
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Cont..
Deep geological disposal on land is
the most appropriate means forisolating such wastes permanently fromman's environment
The depth required for geologicaldisposal depends on the geologicalenvironment of a specific site and the
amount and type of waste to bedisposed off
C t
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Cont..
The basic requirement for any
geological formation is its ability tocontain and isolate the radioactive
wastes from man's environment
Radioactive wastes present nohazard while they remain in a deep
underground repository because of
their depth of burial (several hundredsof meters or more)
C t
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Cont..
Geological units under considerationare rock salt, argillaceous formations
(clays), and a range of crystalline rock
formations including granite, tuff,
basalt, and various metamorphic rock
types
WHY GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AS
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WHY GEOLOGICAL FORMATION ASA SUITABLE DISPOSAL SITE
Geological formations have existed in an
undisturbed form over much extended periods
of time, upto many millions of years and
having huge masses (both vertically andlaterally)
It can therefore be safely assumed that at
least some of these will remain stable in futurefor million years periods of time
FAVOURABLE GEOLOGICAL
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FAVOURABLE GEOLOGICALFORMATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND
DISPOSAL
EVAPORITES (ROCK SALT)
Common evaporates on earth. Composedsodium chloride (NaCl). Rock salt occurs
in nature in two structural forms:
Bedded Salt Deposit
Salt Domes
Cont
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Cont..
Thickness: Few meter to many
hundreds of meters
Properties: Normally salt domes
contain enormous masses of rock saltreaching upto thousand of cubic
kilometers with depth extending deeper
than 2000 meter or even 10,000 meters
Cont
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Cont..
A salt dome is a type of structural
dome formed when a thick bed of
evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or
halite) found at depth intrudes
vertically into surrounding rockstrata
SALT DOME
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_%28geology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_%28geology%29 -
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SALT DOME
Cont
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Cont..
Favorable Parameters:
Impermeable to liquids and gases
Natural plasticity(Prevent the
occurrence of fracture and joints atpressure)
Stress relieving capability(Salt heal
the joints and fracture as a result of
blasting and mining)
Cont
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Cont..
High Thermal conductivity (thishelps in heat dissipation from high
level, heat generating waste)
Good radiation shielding
Low seismicity
Free from circulating ground water
Cont
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Cont..
ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS
(CLAY, CALY STONE, MUD STONE, SILTSTONE)
Having fairly high properties and posses
following additional advantages incomparison to the rock salt:
Clay minerals are insoluble in circulating
water.Most clay minerals exhibits good sorption
(sorption & adsorption characteristics)
CLAY ROCK
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CLAY ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCKS
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IGNEOUS ROCKS
INTRUSIVE ROCK(Normally form at depth e.g.
Granite, Gabbros)EXTRUSIVE ROCK(Formed dumping volcanic
activity at surface of the earth e.g. Basalt, Tuffs
etc.)Crystalline rocks include volcanic and plutonic
igneous rocks exhibit very low porosity, largely
impermeable, very high stability, good sorptionproperties and having no chemical aggressive
components Dimension: Vary from few square
kilo meters to several thousand square meters
IGNEOUS ROCK FORMING PROCESS
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IGNEOUS ROCK FORMING PROCESS
Granite (left) an intrusive igneous
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Granite (left), an intrusive igneousrock, Obsidian (right), an extrusive
igneous rock
METAMORPHICS ROCK
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METAMORPHICS ROCK
Metamorphic rocks form from heat and
pressure changing the original or
parent rock into a completely new rock
METAMORPHICS ROCK
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METAMORPHICS ROCK
GNEISS ROCKS t hi Thi
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GNEISS ROCKSare metamorphic. Thisis the altered shape of Granite due heat
and pressure change
SCHIST ROCKS are metamorphic
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SCHIST ROCKS are metamorphic.These rocks can be formed from
basalt, shale and slat. Throughtremendous heat and pressure
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THANKS