Displaying Results in Resarch
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Transcript of Displaying Results in Resarch
Displaying results in research
INTRODUCTION
Display: To show or make visible Result: Something that ensure from an action Displaying Results To show or make visible the outcomes that ensure from
an action.
ELECTRONIC WAYS
Word processing programs Spread sheet programs Statistical packages Highly specialized software
MANUAL WAYS
Table: Tables usually show numerical values or textual
information arranged in an orderly display of columns and rows.
Figure: A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photo graph, a
drawing or any other illustration or nontextual depiction.
GENERAL GUIDANCE
Purpose of data display Exploration Communication Calculation Storage Decoration
CONT….
Design and preparation Items to be compared next to each other Clarity in labeling Enough large font size Include relevant information Free of extraneous material
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Graphical verses textual presentation Large number of tables and figures Large number of tables and figures verses small amount
of text Not always optimal for effective presentation
CONT….
Formatting tables and figures Word processing program Cut and pasted from computer output PDF images
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Table and figure numbers Use Arabic numerals Do not use Suffix letters (5a , 5b, 5c etc) Use same sequence Mention Appendix with capital letters and Arabic
numerals (Appendix A, Appendix B etc)
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Permission to reproduce data display If you used tables and figures of any other author then
must take permission from copyright holder. Mention original author’s name.
“TABLES”
Conciseness in tables Limit the content to essential materials. Conciseness is necessary for both text tables and
supplement archives. Supplemental tables are in more detail than text tables. Tables should be concise but having enough detail which
can be easily understandable by the reader.
TABLES
Tables Layout Should be logical and easily grasped. Should be in sequences. Different indices should be in different lines of tables. Values used in tables should be comparable. Tables should be specific in nature.
TABLES
Standard forms Some data tables have standard forms. Reader can easily get information by standard forms.
STANDARD FORMS
younger
older
Level of difficulty
n M (SD) 95%Cl n M(SD) 95%Cl
Low 12 .05(.08)
[.02,.11]
18 .14(.15)
[.08,.22]
Mederate
15 .05(.07)
[.02,.10]
12 .17(.15)
[.08,.28]
high 16 .11(.10)
[.07,.17]
14 .26(.21)
[.15,.39]
TABLES
Relation of tables and texts In this relationship, tables are discussed in textual form. Discuss only the highlights of tables. If online tables are used then mention its existence in
form of brief articles.
TABLES
Relation between tables Use similar format, titles and headings and use same
terminology throughout.
TABLES
Table titles Tables have clear and explanatory titles. Too general: Table 1 Relation Between College Majors and Performance [It is
unclear what data are presented in the table.]
Too detailed: Table 1 Mean Performance Scores on Test A, Test B. and Test C
of Students With Psychology. Physics. English. and Engineering Majors
[This duplicates information in the headings of the table.]
Good title: Mean Performance Scores of Students With Different
College Majors
TABLES
Table headings A table heading should be brief but not lengthy. Abbreviation and symbols can be used for non technical
terms. (M, SD etc) Abbreviation of technical terms, group names must be
explained in the table title or in a note to the tables.
POOR BETTER
Grade Level Grade
3 3
4 4
5 5
TABLES
Table body Decimal Value (Express numerical values to the number
of decimal places that the precision of measurement justifies.)
Empty Cell (Point of intersection between row and columns is called Cell.) We leave the cell blank if the data in the point of intersection is not applicable.
Conciseness (Be selective in your presentation)
TABLES
Table Notes General Notes Specific Notes Probability Notes