Diseases With Discoloured Urine & Anaemia

8/15/2019 Diseases With Discoloured Urine & Anaemia

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Diseases with Discoloured Urine & Anaemia

Disease Babesiosis Theileriosis Trypanosomiasis

Aetiology: • Babesia bigemina

• B. bovis (small but more potent)

• Theileria parva, T. annulata, T. lawrencei

(all cause East Coast ever in A!rica)

• T. orientalis " T. mutans (not so severe) in

this region

• Trypanosoma congolense, T. vive#,

T. brucei (all are potent)

• T. rho$enci, T. gumbiense (in huma

• T. evansi (!rom. T. brucei)

Descriptions: • ebrile tic% borne $isease characterise$ by

brea%$own o! &BC, haemolytic anaemia,

'aun$ice " haemoglobinuria

• n n$ia, alaysia " i$$le East *

evansi cause a $isease %nown as +u

• Cattle, bu!!aloes, horses

Epi$emiology: • Common in importe$ bree$ • n A!rica

+ource "Transmission:

• Tic%*borne• Boophilus microplus (one*host*tic%)

• Transovarian (more important)

• Transta$ial

• echanical (can but not important)

• Tic%*borne• &hiphicephalus appen$iculatus (*host*

tic%)

• -aemaphysalis " Boophilus * !or T.

orientalis " T. mutans

• lossina (tsetse !lies). Cyclicaltransmission !or T. congolense " ot

(Tabani$ too)

• echanical transmission !or T. evan

/athogenesis: • n'ecte$ into bloo$ " enter &BC " multiply

• &BC rupture (intravascular haemolysis) "

in!ect other &BC

• irst spp * 0ymphoi$ tissue " &BC

• 0ast 1 spp * &BC only (in various shape *

ro$, ring, oblong, coma shape) (benign *no haemolysis or rupture o! &BC)

• +how $iurnal perio$icity

Clinical signs: • +igns in 2 * 13 $ (incubation perio$)

• Anaemia, 'aun$ice

• ever, anore#ia

• &umen stasis (un%nown mechanism)

• -aemoglobinuria, increase$ -& " &&

• Abortion

• C4+ signs (not common * only B. canis) *

convulsion, hypere#citability, opisthotomus, posterior paresis, coma, $eath

• -ypotensive shoc% " DC

East Coast Fever

• -igh mortality up to 536 in clinical case

• nappetance, listless, $epression

• -igh T3C (!ever), emaciation

• Enlarge$ lymph no$es

• E#u$ate !rom eyes, nose

T. orientalis & T. mutans (dark brown redurine)

• Depression, muscle tremors, !ever, wea%,

anore#ia, re$uce$ mil%, increase$ &&,

pale7icteric mm, swelling o! lymph no$es

+urra

• +evere in horses. Cattle " bu!!aloes

carriers

• &ecurrent high !ever ($ue to 8+)

• Anaemia (no $irect haemolysis but

secrete 8+ (Ag) that coat the &BC

become !oreign to bo$y• /rogressive emaciation

• 9e$ema (hypoproteinaemia $ue to

utilisation by Trypanosome)

• Death

/athology: • Generalised jaundice, enlarged sleen!

swollen dark kidne", brown re$ urine, tic%

granular bile

• Thin water" blood & e#cessive serous $luid

in bod" cavit"

• /ale7icteric organs

• Centrolobular necrosis in liver

• -emosi$erin in up!!er cells in %i$ney,

spleen, lymph no$es (hypertrophy)

Diagnosis: • Thin bloo$ smear ; iemsa (ear tip smear)

• +plenectomy o! suspecte$ $og to enhance

multiplication o! proto


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During mass importation o! cattle !rom 4ew

ealan$7Australia, bloo$ vaccine was use$ to in$uceimmunity (no !ull protection " short shel! li!e)


Disease rolithiasis /yelonephritis

Aetiology: • Corynebacterium renale in urinary passage o! cows

Descriptions: • Disease o! e#clusively male (ram, buc%, steer), • n!lammation o! renal pelvis, parenchyma %i$ney

Epi$emiology: • ept intensively (!ee$ lot, concentrate $iet, less water inta%e7water

$eprivation)

• +pora$ic, in mature cattle (cows)

• 9ccasionally acute, commonly chronic

+ource "Transmission:•

Cereal base$ $iet (ammonium, calcium, magnesium " phosphatecalculus)

• +truvite calculi (in renal me$ulla) * g, 4-, phosphate

• rass (silica, o#alate)

• n more anabolic state (young animal) oestrogen enhance

mucoprotein ($enu$e$ cells) act as nidus & cement (allcolloi$7mineral will settle $own " stic% to mucoprotein)

•

/re$ispose !actor: trauma (ascen$ing in!ection)

/athogenesis: • Calculus at sigmoi$ !le#ure (bull) " urethral process (ram)

• actors contributing to calculus !ormation:

>) enotype: varying $egree in ability to absorb " secrete phosphorus1) ineral content o! $iet (/*cereal, Ca, g* concentrate, etc)

) The nature o! $iet (e.g. roughage * more mineral is e#crete$ via

!aeces, more mineral in concentrate is e#crete$ via urine)

) ucoprotein content (animal in anabolic state)

@) rinary volume (water inta%e)

F) rinary p- ($epen$ on $iet)

• Calculogenic crystalloi$ becomes concentrate$ to a point when the

solution become unstable ** precipitate

• ith the presence o! urinary protein (mucoprotein) which act as

ni$us " cement ** calculi !ormation

• 4ecrosis o! renal papillae

• Calyces " renal pelvis $ilate$

• reters !ille$ with $ebris (pressure atrophy)

• /us !ille$ sac (pyelonephrosis)

• &enal !ailure

Clinical signs: sually subclinical. +how signs when there is obstruction

• Ab$ominal pain, %ic%ing at ab$omen

• +hi!t its weight, switches its tail

• reuent attempt to urinate

• Teeth grin$ing,

• Gsan$G at prepuce

rom rectal e#amination:

• Disten$e$ bla$$er " urethra. This con$ition can lea$ to rupture o!

bla$$er7per!oration o! urethra * oe$ema (cool) in surroun$ing tissue

• Acute: $ull pyre#ic, anore#ia, arche$ bac%, shi!ting stance, perio$i

%ic% o! ab$omen, straining to urinate, little urine ; bloo$ ; pus ;

$ebris

• Chronic: loss o! con$ition, straining, turbi$ urine ; pus ; $ebris ;

clots

During rectal e#amination: enlarge$ %i$ney " ureters (pain!ul), loss o!

normal lobulation o! %i$ney

/athology: • +euele: urethral per!oration " rupture, urethral stricture, bla$$er

rupture, ureteral rupture, hy$ronephrosis

Diagnosis: • Cytology, urinalysis

• H*ray

• E#amination o! urine (ram ;ve $iphtheroi$ organism)

• &ectal e#amination

• ltrasoun$: $ilate$ renal calyces, enchogenic, !locculent material

within renal pelvic, abnormal renal shape, enlarge$ %i$ney

Treatment: • /rognosis (long term) I poor

• uscle rela#ant (ease $islo$ge) e.g. aminoproma


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• /ostpone early castration to allow complete $evelopment o! urethra

(2 * Km)

&emar%: • lith I stone


4ote:

+pleen is a lymphoi$ tissue (when splenectomise$ * not enough lymphoi$ cells e.g. macrophages to engul! Babesia (enhance multiplication))

&ole o! spleen in Babesiosis: remove parasites !rom in!ecte$ cells by GpittingG, site o! phogocytosis " site o! antibabesial Ab pro$uction

/remunity: persistence o! soli$ immunity to clinical Babesiosis $epen$s on continuous maintenance o! causative agent in the bloo$

4eurological signs in Babesiosis are cause$ by brain ano#ia !rom severe anaemia "7or &BC bloc%age o! cerebellar capillaries

+ource: Diseases o! Cattle in the Tropics pg. F3

Diseases With Discoloured Urine & Anaemia

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