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DISEASES OF SWINE 10TH EDITION
1 0 T H E D I T I O N
SWINEEDITED BY
Jeffrey J. ZimmermanLocke A. KarrikerAlejandro RamirezKent J. SchwartzGregory W. Stevenson
DISEASES OF
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Diseases of swine / edited by Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ... [et al.]. – 10th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-2267-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Zimmerman, Jeffrey J. [DNLM: 1. Swine Diseases. SF 971] 636.4'0896–dc23 2011042643
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1 2012
Contents
List of Tables viiiContributing Authors xiiiEditors’ Note xxiii
SECTION I VETERINARY PRACTICE1 HerdEvaluation 5
Records, benchmarks, four-circle approach, diagnostic approaches, prioritizing interventions, reporting, blood sample collection, oral fluid collection
2 DifferentialDiagnosisofDiseases 18Diarrhea, vomiting, rectal prolapses, respiratory distress, sneezing, skin, neurologic, lameness, reproductive, congenital, zoonotic
3 BehaviorandWelfare 32Definitions of welfare and cruelty, scientific approaches to study welfare, maternal behaviors, minimizing welfare impact of invasive procedures, feeding and drinking behaviors, human interactions, behavior responses due to disease, recognizing pain
4 LongevityinBreedingAnimals 50Assessment of longevity, causes of removal from the herd, causes of sow death, gilt development, boar longerity
5 EffectoftheEnvironmentonHealth 60Evaluation of the environment, recommended air temperatures, minimum ventilation rates, space recommendations, feeder space recommendations
6 OptimizingDiagnosticValueandSampleCollection 67Developing the diagnostic plan, diagnostic sample selection, pig necropsy, necropsy safety, knife sharpening
7 DiagnosticTests,TestPerformance,andConsiderationsforInterpretation 77Overview of how specific diagnostic tests are performed, advantages and disadvantages to each type of test, PCR testing considerations
including quantitative interpretation, appropriate uses of genetic sequencing
8 AnalysisandUseofDiagnosticData 94Sources of variation in test results, sensitivity and specificity, testing in series or parallel, selecting test cutoff values, selecting appropriate sample size, detecting a difference in prevalence between two groups
9 DrugPharmacology,Therapy,andProphylaxis 106Antimicrobial drug classes, considerations for treatment, residue avoidance, regulatory restrictions on treatment, parasiticides, probiotics, hormones, anti-inflammatory drugs
10 AnesthesiaandSurgicalProceduresinSwine 119Injectable anesthetic agents, catheterization, epidural injection, surgical procedures
11 DiseaseTransmissionandBiosecurity 141Routes of transmission, ecology of disease, pathogen cycles, biological risk management, principles of biosecurity
12 PreharvestFoodSafety,ZoonoticDiseases,andtheHumanHealthInterface 165Physical, chemical, and biological hazards; drug residues; MRSA; feed safety; certification programs
13 SpecialConsiderationsforShowandPetPigs 179Dynamics of the show pig industry, behavior and training, ethics, miniature pigs, teeth trimming, hoof trimming, obesity
SECTION II BODY SYSTEMS14 CardiovascularandHematopoieticSystems 189
Anatomy, pathophysiology, mulberry heart disease, anemia, shock
15 DigestiveSystem 199Interactions of flora, nutrition, immune system, anatomy, pathophysiology, gastric
v
vi CONTENTS
ulcers, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, prolapses, hernias
16 ImmuneSystem 227Innate and adaptive immunity; cellular, humoral, mucosal, and passive immune mechanisms; stress; nutrition; immunosuppression; vaccination
17 IntegumentarySystem:Skin,Hoof,andClaw 251Pathophysiology of skin, infectious conditions, ear necrosis, porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome, pathophysiology of foot and claw, traumatic and nutritional contributors to foot and claw lesions
18 MammarySystem 270Structure and development, physiology of lactation and colostral transfer, pathophysiology of lactation dysfunction, mastitis, dysgalactia and risk factors
19 NervousandLocomotorSystems 294Pathophysiology of nervous system, muscle, bone, joint, and eye; congenital abnormalities; splayleg; congenital tremor; myopathy; porcine stress syndrome; arthritis; metabolic bone disease; rickets; osteochondrosis
20 DiseasesoftheReproductiveSystem 329Control of estrus, pregnancy, and parturition; pregnancy diagnosis; dystocia; prolapse; discharge; male reproductive function and semen quality; laboratory investigation of abortion and reproductive failure
21 RespiratorySystem 348Anatomy, pathophysiology
22 UrinarySystem 363Anatomy, pathophysiology, porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome
SECTION III VIRAL DISEASES23 OverviewofViruses 383
Virus taxonomy, characteristics of virus families, table of viral pathogens of swine
24 PorcineAdenoviruses 39225 AfricanSwineFeverVirus 39626 PorcineCircoviruses 40527 PorcineAnelloviruses 418
Torque teno sus virus28 Herpesviruses 421
Malignant catarrhal fever (ovine herpesvirus 2), porcine cytomegalovirus, porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses, pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) virus
29 PorcineParvovirus 44730 SwinepoxVirus 45631 PorcineReproductiveandRespiratory
SyndromeVirus(PorcineArterivirus) 46132 PorcineAstroviruses 487
33 Bunyaviruses 490Akabane virus, Lumbo virus, Oya virus, Tahyna virus
34 PorcineCaliciviruses 493Porcine noroviruses, porcine sapoviruses, St-Valérien virus, vesicular exanthema of swine virus
35 Coronaviruses 501Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, porcine torovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
36 Filovirus 525Ebolavirus
37 Flaviviruses 528Japanese encephalitis virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, West Nile virus
38 Pestiviruses 538Border disease virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bungowannah virus, classical swine fever virus
39 HepatitisEVirus 55440 InfluenzaVirus 55741 Paramyxoviruses 572
Menangle virus, Nipah virus, Rubulavirus (blue eye paramyxovirus)
42 Picornaviruses 587Encephalomyocarditis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine enteroviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine sapelovirus, porcine teschovirus, Seneca Valley virus, swine vesicular disease virus
43 Reoviruses(RotavirusesandReoviruses) 62144 Retroviruses 63545 Rhabdoviruses 639
Rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis viruses46 Togaviruses 644
Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Getah virus, Ross River virus, Sagiyama virus
SECTION IV BACTERIAL DISEASES47 OverviewofBacteria 649
Characteristics of genera, disease mechanisms, table of bacterial diseases
48 Actinobacillosis 653Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae—pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus suis—septicemia, pleuropneumonia; Actinobacillus equuli—septicemia
49 Bordetellosis 670Bordetella bronchiseptica—nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis, bronchopneumonia
50 BrachyspiralColitis 680Brachyspira hyodysenteriae—swine dysentery; Brachyspira pilosicoli—intestinal (colonic) spirochetosis; Brachyspira “suanatina,” intermedia, murdochii—occasional colitis
CONTENTS vii
51 Brucellosis 697Brucella suis—infertility, abortion, perinatal mortality
52 Clostridiosis 709Clostridium perfringens type C—necrohemorrhagic enteritis; Clostridium perfringens type A—necrotizing enteritis; Clostridium difficile—necrotizing colitis; Clostridium septicum, perfringens type A; novyi, chauvoei—cellulitis and gas gangrene; Clostridium tetani—tetanus; Clostridium botulinum—botulism
53 Colibacillosis 723Neonatal E. coli diarrhea, postweaning E. coli diarrhea and edema disease, E. coli causing fatal shock, systemic E. coli infections, coliform mastitis, nonspecific urinary tract infection
54 Erysipelas 750Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, tonsillarum—septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis
55 Glässer’sDisease 760Haemophilus parasuis—fibrinous polyserositis and arthritis
56 Leptospirosis 770Leptospira spp. serovars Pomona, Kennewicki, Bratislava, Muenchen, Tarassovi, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, others—abortion and stillbirths
57 Mycoplasmosis 779Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae—pneumonia; Mycoplasma hyorhinis—polyserositis, arthritis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae—arthritis; Mycoplasma (Eperythrozoon) suis—anemia, other mycoplasmas—mostly nonpathogenic
58 Pasteurellosis 798Pasteurella multocida—progressive atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia, septicemia
59 ProliferativeEnteropathy 811Lawsonia intracellularis—porcine proliferative enteropathy, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy
60 Salmonellosis 821Salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf—septicemia, enterocolitis; Salmonella typhimurium, heidelberg, typhisuis—enterocolitis; Salmonella dublin, enteriditis—meningitis
61 Staphylococcosis 834Staphylococcus hyicus—exudative epidermitis; Staphyloccocus aureus—skin infections, mastitis, others
62 Streptococcosis 841Streptococcus suis—septicemia, meningitis, others; Streptococcus porcinus—cervical lymphadenitis; Streptococcus dysgalactiae
subsp. equisimilis—arthritis, other streptococci—various conditions; Enterococcus durans and hirae—diarrhea
63 Tuberculosis 856Mycobacterium avium complex; M. bovis; M. tuberculosis—localized alimentary lymphadentitis, rare disseminated tuberculosis; Mycobacterium kansasii; M. zenopi; M. fortuitum; M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis—uncertain significance
64 MiscellaneousBacterialInfections 866Actinobaculum (Eubacterium) suis—cystitis, pyelonephritis; Arcanobacterium pyogenes—pyogenic sepsis; Bacillus anthracis—anthrax; Burkholderia pseudomallei—melioidosis; Campylobacter spp.—enterocolitis; Chlamydia—enteritis, pneumonia, abortion, etc.; Listeria monocytogenes—septicemia, encephalitis, abortion; Rhodococcus equi—granulomatous lymphadenitis; Treponema pedis—ear necrosis, other skin lesions; Yersinia spp.—enterocolitis
SECTION V PARASITIC DISEASES65 ExternalParasites 885
Mange (Sarcoptes, Demodex), lice, fleas, mosquitoes, flies (myiasis), ticks
66 CoccidiaandOtherProtozoa 895Coccidia (Isospora, Eimeria), Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, microsporidia (Entercytozoon, Encephalitozoon), Balantidium coli, Entamoeba
67 InternalParasites:Helminths 908Nematodes—Gongylonema, Hyostrongylus, Strongyloides, Ascaris, Trichinella, Trichuris, Oesophagostomum, Metastrongylus, Paragonimus, Stephanurus, and others; Cestodes—Echinococcus, Taenia, and others; parasiticides
SECTION VI NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES68 NutrientDeficienciesandExcesses 923
Factors contributing to nutritional diseases, clinical signs, investigation
69 MycotoxinsinGrainsandFeeds 938Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, citrinin, trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, DON), zearalenone, and fumonisins
70 ToxicMinerals,Chemicals,Plants,andGases 953Minerals, feed additives, pesticides, toxic plants, nitrite, effects of water quality, toxic gases, and ventilation failure
Index 968
List of Tables
viii
SECTION I VETERINARY PRACTICEChapter 1 Herd EvaluationTable 1.1 Recommended space per pig
by phase of production 8Table 1.2 Weights and daily gain by age
and relative growth rate 9Table 1.3 Recommended water
requirements, water flow rate, and feeder space per pig by phase of production 10
Table 1.4 Temperature, respiration, and heart rate of pigs of different ages 10
Table 1.5 Sow body condition scoring 11Chapter 2 Differential Diagnosis
of DiseasesTable 2.1 Approximate age at which certain
causes of diarrhea in pigs are more common 19
Table 2.2 Approximate age at which certain causes of vomiting in pigs are more common 21
Table 2.3 Causes of rectal prolapses in pigs 21Table 2.4 Approximate age at which certain
causes of pneumonia, respiratory distress, or coughing in pigs are more common 22
Table 2.5 Certain causes of sneezing in pigs 23
Table 2.6 Approximate age at which certain skin diseases in pigs are more frequently seen 24
Table 2.7 Diseases affecting the skin of pigs 25Table 2.8 Cause of anemia in pigs 26Table 2.9 Cause of neurological signs
in pigs 27Table 2.10 Approximate ages at which
diseases causing lameness are more common 28
Table 2.11 Causes of reproductive losses in pigs 29
Table 2.12 Common congenital anomalies in pigs 30
Table 2.13 Pig diseases with zoonotic potential 31
Chapter 5 Effect of the Environment on Health
Table 5.1 Recommended air temperature ranges at animal level for pigs at various sizes and ages 63
Table 5.2 Target minimum ventilation rates for pigs at various sizes 64
Table 5.3 Space recommendations for growing pigs 65
Table 5.4 Feeder space recommendations for growing pigs 65
Chapter 6 Optimizing Diagnostic Value and Sample Collection
Table 6.1 Suggested necropsy kit components 69
Table 6.2 Porcine septicemia––specimen collection 69
Table 6.3 Porcine respiratory disorders––specimen collection 70
Table 6.4 Porcine neurological disorders––specimen collection 70
Table 6.5 Porcine abortion––specimen collection 71
Table 6.6 Porcine diarrhea (birth to 4 weeks)––specimen collection 71
Table 6.7 Porcine diarrhea (1 month and older)––specimen collection 72
Chapter 7 Diagnostic Tests, Test Performance, and Considerations for Interpretation
Table 7.1 Diagnostic tests for analyte types: infectious agent, antigen, antibody, or nucleic acid detection 79
viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
Table 7.2 Guidelines for interpretation and troubleshooting of positive and negative bacterial isolation results 79
Table 7.3 Effect of strain variation on PRRSV IFA results 85
Table 7.4 Recommendations for the use of PRRSV genomic sequencing 91
Chapter 8 Analysis and Use of Diagnostic Data
Table 8.1 Sample sizes necessary to detect a significant difference in prevalence or incidence of infection or disease between two groups (one with and one without the risk factor) with 95% confidence and 80% power 104
Chapter 9 Drug Pharmacology, Therapy, and Prophylaxis
Table 9.1 Considerations in drug use in swine 107
Table 9.2 Antimicrobial selection considerations (S.P.A.C.E.D.) 107
Table 9.3 Overview of the major classes and identities of antimicrobial drugs used in swine, their antimicrobial activities, pharmacokinetic properties, toxic and other adverse effects, and major clinical applications 108
Table 9.4 American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) Basic Guidelines of Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Pork Production 113
Table 9.5 Common swine anthelmintics and doses 117
Chapter 10 Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures in Swine
Table 10.1 Injectable anesthetic agents for swine 122
Chapter 11 Disease Transmission and Biosecurity
Table 11.1 Commonly used measures of disease frequency 143
Table 11.2 Evolution of the science of animal disease management 154
Table 11.3 Two decades of pig disease; emergence or reemergence of pig pathogens (1990–2010) 156
SECTION II BODY SYSTEMSChapter 14 Cardiovascular and
Hematopoietic SystemsTable 14.1 Porcine clinical and biochemistry
reference intervals 190
Table 14.2 Porcine hematological reference intervals 190
Table 14.3 Porcine congenital cardiovascular anomalies 191
Table 14.4 Infectious etiologies of inflammatory heart disease 192
Table 14.5 Infectious causes of porcine vasculitis 195
Table 14.6 Body fluid classifications and parameters 195
Table 14.7 Causes of porcine anemia 196Chapter 15 Digestive SystemTable 15.1 Mechanisms of diarrhea 215Table 15.2 Differential diagnosis of some
common gastrointestinal conditions of swine 216
Table 15.3 Pathology and diagnostic confirmation of some common gastrointestinal conditions of swine 217
Chapter 16 Immune SystemTable 16.1 Toll-like receptors, their ligands,
and the effect on the immune response 232
Table 16.2 Stages in the development of the mucosal immune response in the neonatal pig 239
Table 16.3 Vaccine adjuvants currently used in licensed vaccines 246
Chapter 17 Integumentary System: Skin, Hoof, and Claw
Table 17.1 Causes of diseases of the skin in swine 252
Table 17.2 Differential diagnosis of skin diseases 253
Chapter 18 Mammary SystemTable 18.1 Least-square means of piglet
weight (kilogram) at different ages from randomly chosen 59 litters of different sizes after correction for birth weight (these litters had no mortality for the 28-day lactation period) 275
Table 18.2 Variation of sow milk composition (mean ± SD) between the first days (days 1–2) and plateau phase (days 10–15) of lactation 277
Table 18.3 The effect of litter size on characteristics of neonatal piglets (French observations on 1596 litters from a single herd) 280
Table 18.4 Effect of parity (P) on piglets’ characteristics at birth (French observations on 1596 litters from a single herd) 281
x LIST OF TABLES
Chapter 19 Nervous and Locomotor Systems
Table 19.1 References for anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the neurolocomotory system 295
Table 19.2 Physeal closure times in bones of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the pig 295
Table 19.3 Descriptive terms and clinical signs affecting the nervous system 297
Table 19.4 Observations and lesions of the eye 301
Table 19.5 Congenital and newborn diseases affecting the locomotor system 303
Table 19.6 Taxonomy and causes of congenital tremors 304
Table 19.7 Key features and reference for types of congenital tremors described 304
Table 19.8 Some causes and clinical signs of conditions of the nervous system 310
Table 19.9 Some causes of posterior paresis and paralysis 313
Table 19.10 Sites of malacia in the CNS 313Table 19.11 Diseases and insults that affect
the joints 313Table 19.12 Diseases and insults primarily
affecting the muscle 314Table 19.13 Diseases primarily affecting
the bone 318Table 19.14 Some nutritional contributors
to locomotor disease 318Table 19.15 Osteodystrophies (metabolic
bone diseases) include rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy, and osteoporosis 319
Table 19.16 Historical contributions to the study of osteochrondrosis 321
Table 19.17 Classification and gross pathology (lesions) of osteochondrosis 322
Chapter 20 Diseases of the Reproductive System
Table 20.1 Effect of boar contact on gilt cyclicity 330
Table 20.2 Effects of oxytocin (OT) after delivery of the first pig on farrowing performance 333
Table 20.3 Boar and laboratory management to minimize semen contamination 338
Table 20.4 Minimum requirements for use of fresh boar semen for artificial insemination 338
Table 20.5 Diagnostic results on 1396 porcine abortion cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 1/2003 to 1/2010 342
Table 20.6 Fetal tissue sampling guidelines in cases of porcine abortion 343
Table 20.7 Common agents detected in 409 porcine cases classified as infectious abortions at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 1/2003 to 1/2010 343
Table 20.8 Infectious and toxic diseases causing abortion, stillbirth, and mummification in swine 345
Chapter 21 Respiratory SystemTable 21.1 Relative weights of lung lobes
as percentages of total lung weight in 90- to 100-kg pigs 349
Table 21.2 Physical, humoral, and cellular defense mechanisms in the respiratory tract 350
Table 21.3 Some studies demonstrating multiple pathogen infections in swine 352
Table 21.4 Classification of pneumonias based on morphology 354
Table 21.5 Respiratory disease entities and agents associated with sneezing 354
Table 21.6 Herd factors with detrimental effects on the respiratory system 358
Chapter 22 Urinary SystemTable 22.1 Differential diagnosis of some
renal diseases based on gross findings at necropsy 377
SECTION III VIRAL DISEASESChapter 23 Overview of VirusesTable 23.1 Comparison of basic properties
among monocellular microorganisms 384
Table 23.2 Viral taxonomy for orders, families, and genera containing viruses infecting pigs 386
Table 23.3 Viral families containing animal and human pathogens and their physicochemical properties 388
Chapter 26 Porcine CircovirusesTable 26.1 Noninfectious risk factors for
PMWS 408Chapter 28 HerpesvirusesTable 28.1 Herpesviruses of swine 422
LIST OF TABLES xi
Chapter 29 Porcine ParvovirusTable 29.1 Viremia, transplacental
transmission, and death caused by distinct porcine parvovirus strains 449
Chapter 31 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Porcine Arterivirus)
Table 31.1 Summary of the use of diagnostic assays for the detection of PRRSV infection 473
Chapter 42 PicornavirusesTable 42.1 Picornaviruses that may be
isolated from pigs 588Table 42.2 Year of first and most recent
report of SVD outbreaks in the world 602
Table 42.3 Natural or experimental clinical syndromes associated with porcine enteric picornavirus infection 612
Chapter 43 Reoviruses (Rotavirus and Reoviruses)
Table 43.1 Serogroup, serotype, and genotype designations of selected porcine rotaviruses 623
Table 43.2 Geographic and temporal variability in the dominant group A rotavirus G and P types in subclinical or diarrheic pigs in various countries 624
Table 43.3 Prevalence of group A, B, and C rotaviruses in diarrheic pigs 625
Table 43.4 Rotavirus prevalence in various countries 626
SECTION IV BACTERIAL DISEASESChapter 47 Overview of BacteriaTable 47.1 Classification of the principal
bacterial pathogens of swine 650Table 47.2 Gram-positive bacteria and
associated swine disease(s) and/or clinical signs 651
Table 47.3 Gram-negative bacteria and associated swine diseases and/or clinical signs 651
Chapter 50 Brachyspiral ColitisTable 50.1 Differentiation of six Brachyspira
species that infect swine by their hemolyis pattern on Trypticase Soy blood agar, biochemical reactions, and utilization of sugars 682
Table 50.2 Dosage level, duration of administration and side effects for the four drugs most commonly used for the treatment of swine dysentery 687
Chapter 51 BrucellosisTable 51.1 Differential microbiological
characteristics of species of the genus Brucella 698
Table 51.2 Differential characteristics of the recognized Brucella biovars 698
Chapter 52 ClostridiosisTable 52.1 Major clostridia and associated
syndromes affecting swine 710Table 52.2 Production of so-called major
toxins by types of Clostridium perfringens and associated diseases 710
Table 52.3 Virulence of Clostridium perfringens type A strains for neonatal pigs 713
Chapter 53 ColibacillosisTable 53.1 Important pathotypes, adhesins,
toxins, and serogroups of pathogenic E. coli 724
Table 53.2 Common serovirotypes of pathogenic E. coli from pigs with PWD or ED 725
Table 53.3 Risk factors for development of E. coli diseases 729
Table 53.4 Age periods affected for various clinical diseases due to E. coli 730
Table 53.5 Criteria used to identify causative E. coli in diarrhea 731
Table 53.6 Strategies commonly used for the control of enteric E. coli infections 732
Chapter 54 ErysipelasTable 54.1 Application of different
diagnostic assays for identification of Erysipelothrix species 755
Chapter 55 Glässer’s DiseaseTable 55.1 Clinical and pathological
outcome from experimental inoculation with strains from different serovars of Haemophilus parasuis 761
Chapter 63 TuberculosisTable 63.1 Prevalence of tuberculosis in
swine in the United States as determined by inspection in abattoirs under federal supervision 857
Table 63.2 Summary of data compiled from reports in North America on the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in tuberculous lymph nodes of swine 858
xii LIST OF TABLES
SECTION V PARASITIC DISEASESChapter 65 External ParasitesTable 65.1 Guidelines for chemical
treatment of external parasites of swine 888
Chapter 66 Coccidia and Other Protozoa
Table 66.1 Species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microsporidia found in swine and their zoonotic potential 904
Chapter 67 Internal Parasites: HelminthsTable 67.1 Gastrointestinal helminths
of lesser importance 918
SECTION VI NONINFECTIOUS DISEASESChapter 68 Nutrient Deficiencies
and ExcessesTable 68.1 Signs of vitamin deficiencies
in swine 925Table 68.2 Signs of mineral deficiencies
in swine 926Table 68.3 Deficiency signs for other
nutrients and dietary components in swine 927
Table 68.4 Signs of vitamin excess and estimated tolerance level in swine 929
Table 68.5 Signs of mineral excess and estimated tolerance level in swine 930
Table 68.6 Signs of excess and estimated tolerance level for other nutrients and dietary components in swine 931
Table 68.7 A summary of clinical signs associated with nutrient deficiencies and excesses in swine 933
Table 68.8 Analytical variations 934Chapter 69 Mycotoxins in Grains and FeedsTable 69.1 Sources and conditions for
selected mycotoxins important to swine 939
Table 69.2 Characteristics of common mycotoxicoses in swine 940
Table 69.3 Selected approaches to inactivate mycotoxins in swine feeds 943
Table 69.4 Exposure guide to mycotoxin effects in swine 947
Chapter 70 Toxic Minerals, Chemicals, Plants, and Gases
Table 70.1 Water quality guidelines for livestock 961
Contributing Authors
xiii
Caitlyn AbellDepartment of Animal Science109 Kildee HallIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Claudio L. AfonsoUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceSoutheast Poultry Research LaboratoryAthens, Georgia 30605
Soren AlexandersenNational Centres for Animal DiseaseNCFAD-Winnipeg and ADRI-Lethbridge LaboratoriesCanadian Food Inspection Agency1015 Arlington StreetWinnipeg MB R3E 3M4Canada
Gordon M. AllanSchool of Biological SciencesQueen’s University BelfastUniversity RoadBelfast BT9 7BL, Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom
Glen W. AlmondDepartment of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607
Gary C. AlthouseNew Bolton Center382 West Street RoadSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348
David E. AndersonProfessor and Head, Agricultural PracticesDepartment of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattan, Kansas 66506
Virginia AragonCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentària (IRTA)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193 BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
Marisa Arias NeiraCentro de Investigación en Sanidad AnimalInstituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y AlimentariaMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónCarretera de Algete a El Casar28130 ValdeolmosSpain
Alison E. BarnhillInfectious Bacterial Diseases Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Graham J. BelshamTechnical University of DenmarkNational Veterinary InstituteLindholm4771 KalvehaveDenmark
David A. BenfieldFood Animal Health Research ProgramCollege of Veterinary MedicineOhio Agricultural Research and Development CenterOhio State University1680 Madison AvenueWooster, Ohio 44691
xiii
xiv CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
José M. BlascoUnidad de Sanidad AnimalCentro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria
(CITA)Gobierno de Aragón. Avda Montañana 93050059 ZaragozaSpain
Susan L. BrockmeierRespiratory Diseases of Swine Research ProjectNational Animal Disease CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Ian H. BrownVirology Department and Animal Health and Veterinary
Laboratories Agency––WeybridgeNew Haw, AddlestoneSurrey KT15 3NBUnited Kingdom
Thomas O. BunnDiagnostic Bacteriology LaboratoryNational Veterinary Services LaboratoriesAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Ranald Cameron17/8 Sanford StreetSt. Lucia QLD 4067Australia
Steven A. CarlsonDepartment of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
John CarrPortec Australia13 Camden StreetBelmont, Western Australia 6984Australia
Teresa Casey-Trott50 Stone Road East Building #70 Rm 106Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
Chia-Yi ChangAnimal Health Research InstituteNational Taiwan UniversityTansui, New Taipei City 25158Taiwan
Chih-Cheng ChangDepartment of Veterinary Medicine580 Hsin-Min RoadNational Chiayi UniversityChiayi CityTaiwan
Kyeong-Ok ChangDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State University1800 Denison AvenueManhattan, Kansas 66506
Christopher C. L. ChaseDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings, South Dakota 57007
Jane Christopher-HenningsVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences DepartmentAnimal Disease Research and Diagnostic LaboratorySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings, South Dakota 57007
Johann CoetzeeDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Sylvie D’AllaireFaculté de médecine vétérinaireUniversité de MontréalC.P. 5000Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 7C6Canada
Peter W. DanielsCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO)Australian Animal Health LaboratoryPMB 24Geelong 3220Australia
Peter DaviesDepartment of Clinical and Population SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Scott A. DeeDepartment of Clinical and Population SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xv
Marten F. de JongVeterinary Specialist in Pig HealthRet. Vet. Animal Health ServiceRuitenborghweg 7NL 7722 PA DalfsenThe Netherlands
Aldo DekkerCentral Veterinary Institute of Wageningen URPO Box 658200 AB LelystadThe Netherlands
Gustavo DelhonSchool of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln203 VBS, East CampusLincoln, Nebraska 68583
Mariano DomingoCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinariaUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona08193 BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
Stan DoneAnimal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)West House Station RoadThirsk, North Yorkshire YO7 1PZUnited Kingdom
Richard DroletFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MontrealPO Box 5000Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6Canada
Jitender P. DubeyAnimal Parasitic Diseases LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resources InstituteAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, Maryland 20705
Lily N. EdwardsKansas State UniversityDepartment of Animal Science and IndustryWeber 248Manhattan, Kansas 66506
Bernhard EhlersRobert Koch-InstitutFachgebiet 12 “Virale Infektoinen”Nordufer 2013353 BerlinGermany
William A. EllisOIE Leptospira Reference LaboratoryVeterinary Sciences DivisionAgri-food and Biosciences InstituteStoney Road, StormontBelfast, Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom
Steve M. EnsleyDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Gene A. EricksonNorth Carolina Department of AgricultureRollins Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryNorth Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory SystemRaleigh, North Carolina 27607
John M. FairbrotherReference laboratory for E. coli3200 rue SicotteSaint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2Canada
Chantal FarmerAAFC, Dairy and Swine R&D Centre2000 College StreetSherbrooke, Québec J1M 0C8Canada
Ronald FayerEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resources InstituteAgricultural Research Service, United States Department of
AgricultureBeltsville, Maryland 20705
Deborah FinlaisonVirology LaboratoryElizabeth Macarthur Agriculture InstituteNew South Wales Department of Primary IndustriesWoodbridge Road, Menangle New South WalesAustralia 2568
Robert M. FriendshipDepartment of Population MedicineUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
Timothy S. FranaDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
xvi CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Julie FunkLarge Animal Clinical SciencesB51A Food Safety and Toxicology BuildingMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan 48824
Bruno Garin-BastujiAgence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSèS)LerpazUnité Zoonoses Bactériennes23 ave du Général de Gaulle94706 Masons-AlfortFrance
Ian A. GardnerDepartment of Health ManagementAtlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island CA1 4P3Canada
Connie J. GebhartDepartment of PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Thomas W. GeisbertDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch301 University BoulevardGalveston, Texas 77555
Marcelo GottschalkFaculté de Médecine VétérinarireUniversité de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6Canada
John H. GreveCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Ronald W. GriffithDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Carlton L. GylesDepartment of PathobiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
Patrick G. HalburDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
David J. HampsonAnimal Research InstituteSchool of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesMurdoch UniversitySouth StreetMurdoch, Western Australia 6150Australia
Richard A. HesseDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine1800 Denison AvenueKansas State UniversityManhattan, Kansas 66506
Chin-Cheng HuangAnimal Health Research InstituteCouncil of AgricultureExecutive Yuan376 Chung-Cheng RoadTansui, New Taipei City 25158Taiwan
Anna K. JohnsonDepartment of Animal ScienceCollege of AgricultureIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Kwonil JungFood Animal Health Research ProgramOhio Agricultural Research and Development CenterDepartment of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityWooster, Ohio 44691
Locke A. KarrikerDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Tuija KekarainenCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia AgroalimentàriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCampus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193 BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xvii
Yunjeong KimDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State University1800 Denison AvenueManhattan, Kansas 66506
Peter D. KirklandVirology LaboratoryElizabeth Macarthur Agriculture InstituteNew South Wales Department of Primary IndustriesWoodbridge Road, Menangle New South Wales 2568Australia
Roy N. KirkwoodSchool of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of Adelaide 5005Australia
Nick J. KnowlesMolecular Characterisation & Diagnostics GroupInstitute for Animal HealthPirbright Laboratory, Ash RoadPirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NFUnited Kingdom
Frank KoenenVeterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreGroeselenberg 99B-1180 UkkelBelgium
Marie-Frédérique Le PotierAgence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSèS)Laboratoire d′études et de recherches avicoles et porcinesUR Virologié Immunologie PorcinesZoopôle Beaucemaine-Les Croix, BP 5322440 PloufraganFrance
David S. LindsayDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine1410 Prices Fork RoadBlacksburg, Virginia 24061
Crystal L. LovingRespiratory Diseases of Swine Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Alan T. LoynachanVeterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryUniversity of Kentucky1490 Bull Lea RoadLexington, Kentucky 40512
Joan K. LunneyAnimal Parasitic Diseases LaboratoryANRI, ARS, USDABuilding 1040, Room 103, BARC-EastBeltsville, Maryland 20705
John S. MackenzieFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityGPO Box U1987Perth, Western Australia 6845Australia
Guy-Pierre MartineauDepartment of Animal ProductionÉcole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse23 Chemin des CapellesBP 87614Toulouse Cedex 3, 31076France
Steven McOristSchool of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceRoom C20 Veterinary Academic BuildingSutton BoningtonLoughborough, Nottinghamshire LE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
Daniel G. MeadSoutheastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study589 D.W. Brooks DriveCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia 30602
Xiang-Jin MengDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityCRC-Integrated Life Science Building1981 Kraft Drive, Room 2036Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Thomas C. MettenleiterFriedrich-Loeffler-InstitutBundesforschungsinstitut für TiergesundheitFederal Research Institute for Animal HealthSüdufer 1017493 Greifswald-Insel RiemsGermany
Phillip S. MillerUniversity of NebraskaLincoln, Nebraska 68583
F. Christopher MinionDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
xviii CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Thomas MüllerInstitute for EpidemiologyFriedrich-Loeffler-InstitutFederal Research Institute for Animal HealthSeestrasse 55D-16868 WusterhausenGermany
Michael P. MurtaughDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Eric A. NelsonVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences DepartmentAnimal Disease Research and Diagnostic LaboratorySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookings, South Dakota 57007
Eric J. NeumannSenior Lecturer in Pig Medicine and EpidemiologyMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11 222Tennent DrivePalmerston North 4442New Zealand
Tracy L. NicholsonVirus and Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Ana M. NicolaLaboratorio de Referecia de la OIE para BrucelosisCoordinación General Laboratorio AnimalDILAB–SENASAAve. Fleming 1653CP 1640, Martínez, Buenos AiresArgentina
Sherrie R. NiekampNational Pork Board1776 NW 114th StClive, Iowa 50325
Simone OliveiraUniversity of MinnesotaVeterinary Diagnostic Laboratory1333 Gortner Avenue #244St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Christopher W. OlsenDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences and Office of
Academic AffairsSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison2015 Linden DriveMadison, Wisconsin 53706
Steven C. OlsenInfectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Tanja OpriessnigDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Gary D. OsweilerDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Olli PeltoniemiDepartment of Production Animal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiParoninkuja 20, 04920 SaarentausFinland
Maurice B. PensaertLaboratory of Veterinary VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversitySalisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
Christina E. PhillipsDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of Minnesota335f An Sci/Vet Med1988 Fitch AvenueSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Carlos Pijoan (deceased)Department of Clinical and Population SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Karen W. PostNorth Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory SystemRollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory1031 Mail Service CenterRaleigh, North Carolina 27699
John F. PrescottDepartment of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary College, University of Guelph50 Stone RoadGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xix
Alejandro RamirezDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Duane E. ReeseAnimal ScienceUniversity of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, Nebraska 68583
Karen B. RegisterVirus and Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
Gábor ReuterRegional Laboratory of VirologyNational Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric VirusesÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health ServiceH-7623 Szabadság u. 7.PécsHungary
Daniel L. RockDepartment of PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign2522 Vet. Med. Basic Sciences Building, MC-0022001 S. Lincoln AvenueUrbana, Illinois 61802
Jessica M. RowlandForeign Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryNational Veterinary Services LaboratoriesAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesUnited States Department of AgriculturePlum Island Animal Disease CenterGreenport, New York 11944
Raymond R. R. RowlandDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine1800 Denison AvenueKansas State UniversityManhattan, Kansas 66506
Linda J. SaifFood Animal Health Research ProgramOhio Agricultural Research and Development CenterDepartment of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityWooster, Ohio 44691
Luis SamartinoInstituto de PatobiologíaCentro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y
AgronómicasInstituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA)Buenos AiresArgentina
José Manuel Sánchez-VizcaínoUniversidad Complutense de MadridFacultad de VeterinariaAvenida Puerta de Hierro s/n28040 MadridSpain
Mónica Santín-DuránEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resources InstituteAgricultural Research Service, United States Department of
AgricultureBeltsville, Maryland 20705
Linda ScobieDepartment of Biological and Biomedical SciencesSchool of Health and Life SciencesGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgow, Scotland G4 0BAUnited Kingdom
Joaquim SegalésCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193 BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
Karol SestakTulane National Primate Research CenterTulane University School of Medicine18703 Three Rivers RoadCovington, Louisiana 70433
J. Glenn SongerDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Tomasz StadejekNational Veterinary Research InstituteDepartment of Swine DiseasesPartyzantow Ave. 5724-10 PulawyPoland
xx CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Kenneth Stalder109 Kildee HallDepartment of Animal ScienceIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Alberto StephanoStephano Consultores, S.C.Villa de Guadalupe 234Villas del CampestreLeon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37129Mexico
Gregory W. StevensonDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Guy St. JeanAssociate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of
SurgerySchool of Veterinary MedicineRoss UniversitySt. KittsWest Indies
André Felipe StreckInstitute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of LeipzigAn den Tierkliniken 104103 LeipzigGermany
Ben W. StrugnellAnimal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)West House Station RoadThirsk, North Yorkshire YO7 1PZUnited Kingdom
Mhairi A. SutherlandAgResearch Ltd.Ruakura Research CentreEast St, Private Bag 1323Hamilton 3240New Zealand
Sabrina L. SwensonDiagnostic Virology LaboratoryNational Veterinary Services LaboratoriesAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of Agriculture1920 Dayton AvenueAmes, Iowa 50010
David J. TaylorEmeritus Professor of Veterinary Bacteriology and Public
Health,University of Glasgow31, North Birbiston RoadLennoxtownGlasgow G66 7LZUnited Kingdom
Jens Peter TeifkeFriedrich-Loeffler-InstitutFederal Research Institute for Animal HealthSüdufer 1017493 Greifswald-Insel RiemsGermany
Eileen L. ThackerNational Program Leader, Animal Production and ProtectionUSDA––Agricultural Research Service5601 Sunnyside AvenueBeltsville, Maryland 20705
Charles O. ThoenDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Jill R. ThomsonScottish Agricultural College Veterinary ServicesBush Estate, PeniculkMidlothian, Scotland EH26OQEUnited Kingdom
Montserrat TorremorellDepartment of Clinical and Population SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Stephanie TorreyDepartment of Animal and Poultry Science50 Stone Road East Bldg #70 Rm 246Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
Jerry L. TorrisonVeterinary Population MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108
Uwe TruyenInstitute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of LeipzigAn den Tierkliniken 104103 LeipzigGermany
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xxi
Anita L. TuckerUniversity of GuelphDepartment of Animal and Poultry ScienceGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
A. W. (Dan) TuckerUniversity of CambridgeDepartment of Veterinary MedicineMadingley RoadCambridge CB3 0ESUnited Kingdom
Edan R. TulmanDepartment of Pathobiology and Veterinary ScienceCenter of Excellence for Vaccine ResearchUniversity of Connecticut61 North Eagleville Road, U-3089Storrs, Connecticut 06269
Valarie V. TynesPremier Veterinary Behavior ConsultingPO Box 1413Sweetwater, Texas 79556
William G. Van AlstineVeterinary PathologistProfessor of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Kristien Van ReethLaboratory of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversitySalisburylaan 133B-9820 MerelbekeBelgium
Phillipe VannierAgence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSèS)Director of Animal Health and WelfareZoopôle Beaucemaine-Les Croix, BP 5322440 PloufraganFrance
Elizabeth WagstromNational Pork Producers Council123 C Street NWWashington, DC 20001
Fun-In WangSchool of Veterinary MedicineNational Taiwan University1 Sec 4 Roosevelt RoadTaipei 10617Taiwan
Hana M. WeingartlSpecial Pathogens UnitNational Centre for Foreign Animal DiseaseCanadian Food Inspection Agency1015 Arlington StreetWinnipeg, Mannitoba R3E 3M4Canada
Tina WidowskiDepartment of Animal & Poultry Science246 ANNUUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
David T. WilliamsSchool of Biomedical SciencesCurtin UniversityPerth, Western Australia 6845AustraliaandDivision of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesPathWest Laboratory MedicinePerth, Western Australia 6009Australia
Susanna M. WilliamsonAnimal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)Rougham HillBury St. EdmundsSuffolk IP33 2RZUnited Kingdom
Richard L. Wood1823 Northcrest CourtAmes, Iowa 50010-0605
Amy L. WoodsAdvanced Veterinary ServicesWolcott, Indiana 47995
Michael J. YaegerDepartment of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Sang-Geon YeoCollege of Veterinary MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
Kyoung-Jin YoonDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
xxii CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Zhidong ZhangNational Centre for Foreign Animal DiseaseCanadian Food Inspection Agency1015 Arlington StreetWinnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4Canada
Jeffrey J. ZimmermanDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production
Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011
Joseph M. ZulovichExtension Agricultural EngineerCommercial Agriculture Program, University of Missouri
ExtensionDivision of Food Systems and BioengineeringUniversity of Missouri231 Agricultural Engineering BuildingColumbia, Missouri 65211
Editors’ Note
xxiii
Howard Dunn envisioned Diseases of Swine to be a “complete and up-to-date reference on swine” when he and Iowa State University Press released the first edition in 1958. The eight subsequent editions followed the course set by Dunn and provided the definitive resource on swine health for generations of veterinarians and animal health professionals. Our hope is to continue this tradition in the 10th edition of Diseases of Swine.
Our mission has been to provide a comprehensive yet concise reference on infectious and noninfectious diseases of swine for use by our colleagues—the veteri-narians, veterinary students, swine health researchers, and other health specialists engaged in improving swine health. We have sought to fulfill this mission by bringing together recognized scientific authorities from around the world to provide expert knowledge on the many “-ologies” that converge on the complex topic of swine health and disease. In an era characterized by the exponential growth of data, our challenge has been to
distill an overabundance of information into a concise and useful body of knowledge that fits into one volume. Our conscious choice has been to exclude generalist information that is readily accessible on the Internet or other formats, for example, animal husbandry, nutri-tion, postharvest food safety, and others. To help the reader navigate the plethora of information in the book, the contents have been extensively indexed, the Table of Contents has been expanded, and the topics organized consistently within each section.
We hope the 10th edition of Diseases of Swine con-tinues in the spirit of excellence and relevance Howard Dunn originally envisioned.
Jeffrey J. ZimmermanLocke A. Karriker
Alejandro RamirezKent J. Schwartz
Gregory W. Stevenson
xxiii
AcknowledgmentWe wish to thank Ms. Christine Meraz for her contributions and help in seeing this project through to its conclusion.
DISEASES OF SWINE 10TH EDITION
I Veterinary Practice
1 HerdEvaluation2 DifferentialDiagnosisofDiseases3 BehaviorandWelfare4 LongevityinBreedingAnimals5 EffectoftheEnvironmentonHealth6 OptimizingDiagnosticValueandSampleCollection7 DiagnosticTests,TestPerformance,andConsiderations
forInterpretation8 AnalysisandUseofDiagnosticData9 DrugPharmacology,Therapy,andProphylaxis
10 AnesthesiaandSurgicalProceduresinSwine11 DiseaseTransmissionandBiosecurity12 PreharvestFoodSafety,ZoonoticDiseases,andthe
HumanHealthInterface13 SpecialConsiderationsforShowandPetPigs