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DISEASE, WAR, AND SCHISM EUROPE IN CRISIS

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE The Bubonic Plague Known as the Black Death only from 1346-1353 in Europe. Enzootic Meaning it was contracted by humans from animals. Where did it come from? Originated in Asia Probably China First outbreak is seen around Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan in 1338 How was it spread? By the old Silk Road, both via land routes and sea routes

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE

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First Signs of a Pandemic Crops up in the Byzantine Empire in the 6 th & 7 th centuries. Known as the Plague of Justinian Wipes out possibly 40% of the population of Constantinople. Why do you think it took so long for the plague to become a world wide pandemic? Do you think Europe was more susceptible to the plague than other parts of the world? Why?

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE A Weak Europe is Easy Prey for the Plague 1.A warming trend comes to a close in the North Atlantic region (950-1250 c.e.) 2.A little ice age begins (1350-1850 c.e.) 3.Higher fertility rates (5 per woman) 1.Less food 2.More people ---- Which leads to what? 4.Heavy rains begin to hit Europe by the fall of 1314 1.Cold and wet winters make harvests worse. 2.Seven year famine results The Great Famine What problems do you foresee arising from a shifting climate? 1.Lower yield harvests 2.New heavy plow and three-field system werent as effective in the north harder clay soil.

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE How It Spread Oct. 1347 it reaches Sicily, brought by ships coming from Genoa. Outbreak in Pisa that spread through Northern Italy. A ship expelled from Italy reached Marseille, France in Jan 1348. After France it hit Spain, Portugal, and England by June 1348. It spread east through Scandinavia and Germany by 1350.

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE

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DANSE MACABRE THE DANCE OF DEATH 1.Ankle length over- coat. 2.Bird like beak mask. 3.Gloves, boots, brimmed hat, cloak.

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DANSE MACABRE THE DANCE OF DEATH Michael Wolgemut

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DANSE MACABRE THE DANCE OF DEATH Bernt NokteSt. Nicholas Church, Estonia

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: DISEASE Consequences of the Black Death in Europe Better sanitation Pistoia (city in Tuscany), decreed that butchers and sellers of meat cant stable horses or allow any mud or dung inside a shop where meat is sold. Religious fundamentalism whipping in order to placate god. Persecutions against Jews Art the Dance of Death Rise in the standard of living Rise in education new universities founded

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: WAR 100 Years War (1337-1453) Between England and France Since the Norman invasion of England, the king claimed land on the continent. Conflict began over an area in southwestern France, Bordeaux. Philip VI (France) declared the territory his Edward III (England) declared himself king of France.

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: WAR England dominated the first three phases. The Kingdom of Burgundy was created that allied itself with England for a time. Fourth Phase and a turnaround for the French. 1429, Joan shows up at the royal court in full armor, riding a horse, and followed by a small army. She fights and wins the Battle of Orleans convincing the French crown (Charles VII) she is sent from God.

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: SCHISM Background By 1300 the papacy had reached its zenith. 1290: Both England and France taxed landed estates and bishoprics (secular area of land ruled by a clerical office). Pope Boniface VIII (1302) says no taxation of the clergy by civil rulers. Issues papal bull, Unam Sanctum outside the Roman church there is no salvation, all human creatures are subject to the Roman pontiff. Philip sends (France) sends troops to arrest Boniface. Boniface died soon after and French influence elects a pope that is more subservient to France.

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AVIGNON, FRANCE

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EUROPE IN CRISIS: SCHISM The Great Schism The papacy briefly returns to Rome in 1378. Cardinals elect Pope Urban VI, but regret it soon after. They retreat to Anagni and elect a second pope, Clement VII (antipope: one who is opposition to the accepted pope but with a significant claim to that authority). Clement VII moves his papacy back to Avignon.

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CONSOLIDATING POWER: NATION BUILDING 1340-1492 1.North and Eastern Europe form loose alliances 2.The Swiss form a confederation 3.Italy goes from small city-states to five major powers 4.Spain unifies and centralizes under a monarchy 5.France and England strengthen their central govts. How did the monarchs and republics of the 15 th century use their newly consolidated powers?

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CONSOLIDATING POWER: NATION BUILDING Hanseatic League ( Hanse means guild) Mainly north German cities (in the Holy Roman Empire). Came together to protect mutual interests Trade Defense The League linked the Baltic Coast with Russia, Norway, England, and some cities in Italy Usually threatened with war from Norway and Denmark. They shared common armies during times of crisis

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THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE (13 TH - 17 TH C.)

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POLAND-LITHUANIA Poland Only part of Europe that expanded demographically during the 14 th cent. Large population of Jewish migrants German settlers and Jewish immigrants built flourishing towns like Cracow. Lithuania One of the last holdouts against Christianity in Europe. Expansion into Russia caused influences of both Orthodox and Catholic Christianity. A Lithuanian king united with Poland after marrying a Polish queen. The king received a Catholic baptism in 1386 and converted the region to Christianity.

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POLAND-LITHUANIA

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FRANCE (15 TH CENTURY)

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1.Before Louis XI (Valois Family) French kings usually only controlled the lands around Paris 2. Burgundy emerged from the 100 Years War agriculturally and economically more power than France. Although part of the French royal house, they acted autonomously acquiring land and building their own armies. 3.Duke of Burgundy dies in 1477, Louis XI ceases Burgundy land and consolidates it into greater France. By end of 15 th c. France doubles its size and looks more like the modern day French state.

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SPAIN (MID-15 TH CENT.)

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1.Mid-15 th cent. Iberian Peninsula was divided into distinct kingdoms. Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre, Portugal All were Christian except Granada, which had been a Muslim stronghold for many years. Muslim strength began to weaken by the 11 th century Christian kingdoms launched attacks throughout known as the Reconquista. 2.In this atmosphere, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. Opposition from nobles caused a decade long civil war, the royal houses emerged victorious and named a new Kingdom of Spain.

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SPAIN (MID-15 TH CENT.) The New Spain 1.The new monarchs reduced the power of the nobility by appointing hidalgos Lesser aristocrats who owe their positions to the state. 2.Ferdinand and Isabella began extending Christianity over the whole peninsula. 3. Turn to driving out Muslims in southern Castile and Granada. Stimulates religious fervor, and inspires loyalty to the king and queen. Pope grants them the right to appoint bishops and abbots. Also they are granted the right to establish their own Inquisition.

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SPAIN (MID-15 TH CENT.) The New Spain (Inquisition) 1.1492: Last Muslim stronghold falls in Granada. 2.1493: All Jews are expelled from Spain About 150,000 people given 4 months to leave. 3.1502: All Muslims how had not converted are expelled 4.Persecution of all heretics fosters religious unity that strengthens centralization.

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ENGLAND (15 TH CENTURY) 1.After 100 Years War England goes through a civil war. War of the Roses (1455-1485) : between rival factions of the royal family for power. House of Lancaster (Red Rose) vs. House of York (White Rose) Compromise was reached in 1485 when a new royal house emerged after a marriage between the two warring families The Tudors. Henry VII ruled as the first Tudor king in a dynasty that would dominate England through the 16 th century. Set up Court of Star Chamber that allowed him to further his power Confiscated noble lands and fortunes to a point where he didnt need Parliament for financial support.

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SWISS CONFEDERATION 1.Switzerland is made up of semi-autonimous provinces or cantons. Each one is under the rubric of the federal state of Switzerland. 2.Much like the Hanseatic League, the cantons organized in order to maintain separation from the Holy Roman Empire. 3.Dominated by wealthy merchants and tradesmen. These were able to supplant the nobility by the 15 th cent. 4.Rural communities gain some political importance no king, duke, or count ever came to rule the confederation. Swiss foot soldiers would act as mercenaries for kings throughout the rest of Europe.

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SWISS CONFEDERATION

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ITALY 1.Milan 2.Venice 3.Florence 4.Naples 5.Papal States A loose alliance is constructed in 1454 between Milan, Naples, and Florence Treaty of Lodi Only a few years before Milan and Naples begin to feud This allowed an expanding France ( Charles VIII ) to cross the alps and invade Milan, then Naples. Florence, Rome, and Naples fold, but Pope Leo X calls Spain and the HRE to defend Italy. Italy becomes a battle ground in Europe, particularly b/t the Valois (France) and the Habsburgs (HRE).

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ITALY (15 TH CENTURY)

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IN CONCLUSION (1340-1492) 1.100 Years War (1337) 2.Black Death (1346) 3.Schism in the Church (Avignon & Rome) 4.Uprisings in the countryside 5.Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (1453) 6.Renaissance spreads out from Italy Rulers use the new arts to glorify themselves 7.Spain is unified by marriage, along with Poland- Lithuania. 8.The Swiss Confederation becomes a permanent entity.