Disease of salivary gland
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Transcript of Disease of salivary gland
Disease of Salivary Gland Dr. Deepak K. Gupta
SYLLABUS
• Neoplastic disease of Salivary Gland – Benign Epithelial
neoplasms • Pleomorphic Adenoma, • Warthin’s tumour, • Oncocytoma
– Malignant Epithelial neoplasms • Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma • Mucoepidermoid
Carcinoma, • Acinic Cell Carcinoma • Adenocarcinomas.
• Non neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases – Sialolithiasis, – Sialosis, – Sialadenitis, – Xerostomia – Ptyalism
• Miscelleneous Disease – Mikulicz syndrome – Sjogren’s syndrome – Mucocele – Ranula
NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
BENIGN TUMORS OF SALIVARY GLAND
•Pleomorphic Adenoma, •Warthin’s tumour, •Oncocytoma
Pleomorphic Adenoma • Mixed tumor
• A benign neoplasm consisting of cells exhibiting the ability to differentiate to epithelial cell (ductal & non ductal) and mesenchymal cell (chondroid, myxoid & osseous)
Clinical features
• Most common form of salivary gland tumor.
• Parotid gland – lower pole, superficially 90%
• Minor Salivary gland 8% - mostly palatal
• F:M = 6:4
• 4th-6th decade of life – 43 yrs mean age
• Also found in children
Clinical presentation
• Small, painless, quiscent nodule – slowly increases in size, sometimes showing intermittent growth
• Doesn’t fixes to deeper tissue – mobile on palpation
• Skin never ulcerates, although size may reach a fantastic size and of several kilograms
Clinical presentation
• PA of minor salivary gland of size >1-2 cm creates problem in mastication, talking and breathing
• Palatal PA may appear fixed to underlying bone but invasive
Histologic features - Macroscopic
– Irregular to ovoid mass
– Well defined border
– Major gland – incompletely fibrous capsulated or uncapsulated
– Minor gland – unencapsulated
– Rubbery, fleshy, mucoid or glistening with homogenous tan
– Area of infarction and haemarrage.
Encapsulation and heterogeneous pattern
Histologic features - Microscopic
• Diverse, variable structural histological patterns
• PA shows combination of glandular epithelium and mesenchyme like tissue
– Principally myxoid
– Myxoid & cellular, present in equal proportion
– Predominantly cellular
– Extremely cellular
Mixed tumor with myxoid component (right) and fibrous/epithelial
component (left).
Histologic features - Microscopic
• Epithelial component
– Forms ducts & small cysts
– Contains eosinophilic cogulaum
– Small cellular nest, sheets of cells
– Anastomosing cords and foci of keratinizing squamous or spindle cells
• Myoepithelial cell – major component • Angular, spindle
• Ecentric nuclei & hyalinized eosinophillic cytoplasm
• Responsible for mesenchyme like changes
• Mucous accumlation – myxoid appearance
• Vacoular degeneration of ME cells – cartilagenous appearance
• Foci of bone and even fat can be seen
Mixed tumor with cartilage (upper left) and bone (blue) differentiation.
Mixed tumor showing plasmacytoid myoepithelial cells
Treatment
• Surgical excision
• Intraoral lesion – treated conservatively by extracapsular excision
• Radioresistant – Radiotherapy contraindicated
Prognosis
• Malignant tumor within tumor – carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
• Metastizing benign mixed tumor – histologically benign but multiple local recurrence
– Metastasizes to lungs, regional lymph node, skin & bones after several years.
Warthin’s tumour
• Adenolymphoma • Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum • Tumor arises in salivary gland tissue entrapped
within paraparotid or intraparotid lymph node during embryogenesis.
• Delayed hypersenstitivity disease – lymphocyte being an immune reaction with salivary duct undergoes oncocytic changes,
• Strong assoociation with smoking • Virus like EPV
Clinical features • Men predliction • 6th – 7th decade, 62
yrs mean age • Superficial lying
beneath parotid capsule
• Size 3-4 cm • Painless, firm to
palpation & clinically indistinguishable from other benign lesions of parotid
Histological features - Macroscopic
• Smooth
• Well encapsulated
• Variable number of cyst – clear fluid
• Focal hemorrhage may also be seen
Histological features - Microscopic • Two components : Epithelial & lymphoid tissue • Cyst formation with papillary projection into cystic space
and lymphoid matrix showing germinal centres • Papillary proliferation of bilayered oncocytic epithelium
– Inner layer – tall columnar with finely granular and eosinophillic cytoplasm – presence of mitochondria & hyperchromatic nucleas
– Outer layer – oncocytic triangular and occasionally fusiform basiloid cells
High magnification micrograph
Electron micrograph showing oncocytes in tumor cells. Note abundant mitochondria and
nucleus (upper left)
• Focal area of squamous metaplasia and mucous cell prosoplasia
• Eosinophillic cogulam – cystic space – choclate colored fluid
• Abundant lymphoid tissue may be present.
Diffrential diagnosis
• Pleomorphic adenoma
• Oncocytoma
• Enlarged parotid lymph node
• Mucoepidermoid tumor
• Lipoma
• Mucous retention cyst
• Malignant lymphoma
Investigation • Sialography : features of benign neoplasm
• Scintigram: Hot spot or hot nodule.
Treatment
• Surgical excision
• Well capsulated so recurrence is very rare
• Oncocytic adenoma
• Oxyphillic adenoma
• Acidophillic adenoma
• It’s a reare benign tumor composed of oncocytes with granular eosinophillic cytoplasm and a large number of atypical mitochondria
Oncocytoma
Clinical features
• Small benign tumor – similar to other benign lesion of salivary gland so clinically indistinguishable.
• Femal predliction.
• 5th – 8th decade,
• 3-5 cm in diameter
• Discrete, encapsulaed, sometimes nodular
• Painless
Histological features
• Large cells – eosinophillic cytoplasm & distinct cell membrane and which tend to be arranged in narrow cord or rows
• Oncocytes – sheets/nest and cords – alveolar or organoid pattern
• Cellular atypia, nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism
• Mitotic figures, closely packed, little supportive stroma
Oncocytoma composed of uniform cells with pink cytoplasm and centrally
placed nuclei.
Oncocytoma, electron micrograph. Oncocytes filled with mitochondria;
nuclei in lower left and right
Oncocytoma with clear cell change.
Treatment & prognosis
• Surgical excision.
• Malignant transformation is rare
MALIGNANT TUMORS OF SALIVARY GLAND
•Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma •Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma, •Acinic Cell Carcinoma •Adenocarcinomas.
Acinic Cell Carcinoma
• Acinar cell
• Serous cell adenoma
• It’s a malignant epithelium neoplasm in which neoplastic cell expresses acinar diffrentiation.
• Low grade malignant potential
• Cytologic diffrentiation toward serous acinar cells – cytoplasmic PAS positive, zymogen type secreting granules
• 3rd most common malignant salivary gland tumor after mucoepidermoid and adenocarcinoma – 17%
Clinical features
• Closely resemble pleomorphic adenoma in gross appearance
• Chiefly in parotid – 80%
• Acessaory intraoral gland – lips & buccal mucosa
• 4th – 5th decade, 44 yrs mean age
• F:M = 3:2
Clinical presentation
• Slowly growing & mobile
• Fixed mass of various duration
• Facial muscle weakness
• Bilateral synchronous tumors
Histological features
• Thin capsule – varying degree of differentiation – Well diffrentiated – normal acinar cell
– Less diffrentiation – emryonic ducts & immature acinar cells
• Four growth pattern – solid, papillary-cystic, follicular, microcystic
• Abundant basophillic cytoplasm
• Round darkly stained ecentric nucleus.
• Intercalated duct like cells – smaller, vacuolated
cells containing darkly staining zymogen granules.
Acinic cell carcinoma
Acinic cell carcinoma
Histological features • Connective tissue – fibrovascular collagenous
tissue.
• Lymphoid elements – diagnostic feature
Treatment & prognosis
• Surgical excision – preservation of facial nerve must be conserved
• Radiation therapy not good
• Poor prognosis – pain/fixation, gross invasion & m/s features of desmoplasia, atypia or increased mitotic activity
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
• A malignant epithelial tumor that contains both epidermoid-type and mucus secreting cells in varying proportion
• Most common malignant tumor observed in major and minor salivary gland.
• Parotid gland is the most common site of occurrence
• Palate> buccal mucosa> tongue> & retromolar area - intraorally
Clinical features • Female predilecion
• 3rd- 5th decade of life, 47 average age
• Most common malignant salivary gland of children
• Substantial exposure to ionizing radiation - predisposing risk factors
• Arise from reserve cells in the interlobular and intralobular segments of the salivary duct system
Clinical features
• Low grade malignancy : pleomorphic adenoma like features
– Slowly enlarging, painless mass
– However sizes never exceeds 5cm in diameter
– Not completely encapsulated
– Contains cysts - viscid, mucoid material – closely resembe mucocele (intraorally)
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate.
Clinical features
• High grade malignancies
– Rapidly growing, pain
– Facial nerve paralysis
– Trismus, Drainage of ear, dysphagia, numbness of adjacent areas & ulceration (minor salivary gland)
– Infiltrate surrounding tissues
– Metastasize to regional lymph nodes
– Distant metastases to lung, bone, brain & sub-cutaneous tissues are also common
Histological features
• Chiefly three types of cell – together forms cystic space or solid masses or cords – Mucous secreting cells
• Various shapes
• Abundant, pale, foamy cytoplasm – positive for mucin stain
– Epidermoid type - Sqamoid features • Polygonal shape
• Intercellular bridges
• Rarely keratinization
– Intermediate or basaloid cell – highly prolific • Larger than basal cells but smaller than squamous cell
• Progenitor of epidermoid and mucus secreting cells
Histological features
• Epidermoid cell and mucus cell arranged in glandular pattern
• Cyst rupture – mucus - pool in connective tissue – i/m reaction
Grading • Low Grade
– Well formed glandular structure
– Prominent mucin filled cystic spaces
– Minimal cellular atypia
– High proportion of mucous cells
Low grade: cystic spaces and mucous tumor cells
Grading • Intermediate grade
– Solid area of all the three cell
– Cyst formation but lesser than low grade
– Intermediate cell predominate
Grading
• High grade
– Solid nests or cords
– Prominent nuclear pleomorphism
– Mitotic activity
– Cystic component is very less
– Glandular component rare, necrosis & perineural invasion may be present
High grade: few tumor ducts and
mucous cells
Variant of tumor • Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma
– Sclerosing morphlogic
• Intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma • Found in jaw • Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma • Epithelial lining of odontogenic cysts • Assymptomatic, radiolucent lesion & histolgically low grade
malignancy • Man>max: 3times
Treatment
• Conservative excision – preservation of facial nerve – low & intermediate grade of parotid.
• Complete – submandibular gland
• Radical neck dissection – evidences of cervical node metastasis & T3 lesion
• Postoperative radiotherapy & Chemotherapy – may be used for high grade malignancy.
• Low grade lesion – 92 %, 5 yr cure rate
• Intermediate and high grade – 49 %, 5 year cure rate
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma • Cylindroma
• Adenocystic carcinoma
• Adenocystic basal cell carcinoma
• Pseudoadenomatous basal cell carcinoma
• Basoid mixed tumor
• It is a slow growing but aggressive neoplasm with remarkable capacity to reoccur and profound tendency to invade perineural lymphatic spaces.
Clinical features
• 5th most common malignancy of salivary gland
– Mucoepidermoid> adenocrcinoma> acinic cell carcinoma> polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma PLGA
• Parotid, submaxillary, intraoral – palate & tongue.
• 5th-6th decade,
• Femal predliction.
Clinical presentations • Early local pain
• Facial nerve paralysis
• Fixation of deeper structure and local invasion.
• Intraoral – surface ulceration
• Clinical resemblance to pleomorphic adenoma
Histological features
• Composed of myoepithelial cell and ductal cells – varied arrangement
• Three growth pattern
– Cribriform pattern
• MOST COMMON
• basaloid epitheial cell nests
• multiple cylindrical cyst like pattern – swiss cheese or honey comb
• PAS positive mucoploysaccharide secretion
Cribriform pattern
nests with retraction spaces
Histological features
• Tubular pattern
– Tubular structure – lined by sratitified cuboidal epithelium
• Solid pattern • Cuboidal cells – towards duct cyst formation
• HIGH GRADE LESION
• Recurrence rate – 100 %, compared to 50-80% of earlier
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, microinvasive pattern
prominent clear cell layer surrounding inner ductal cells
perineural invasion
solid pattern
Treatment and prognosis
• Surgical excision
• X-ray radiation, radiation alone is not recommended
• Cure rate is low
• Minor gland tumor is more deadly than major gland.
Adenocarcinoma
• Rare neoplasm of salivary gland but aggressive and are common to intraoral minor salivary gland.
Clinical features
• 4O YRS OF AGE
• M=F
• 50% in parotid, intraoral minor salivary gland are next more affected site
• Enlarging mass
• Only 25 % patient complains of pain and facial weakness
Hitological features
• Firm mass with irregular borders and infilteration into sorrounding tissues
• Solid tumor w/o any cystic space
• Wide range of growth pattern – difficult to classify - degree of cellular diffrentiation
• Grades I (well formed ductal structures),
• Grade II
• Grade III – solid growth pattern with few glandular structure
Treatment and prognosis
• Aggressive tumor – aggressive t/t
• Complete local excision
– May sacrifice facial nerve
– In minor gland – portion of maxilla/mandible to be resected
• Postoperative radiation therapy useful
• Lymph node metastasis may be found.
Non neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases
Sialolithosis
• Calcified organic matter that forms within the secretory system of the major salivary glands
• Although etiology is not clear but factors that cause pooling of saliva within the duct are known to contribute to stone formation – Inflammation
– irregularities in the duct system
– local irritants
– anticholinergic medications
Sialolithosis
• nidus of salivary organic material becomes calcified and gradually forms a sialolith.
• promoted by chronic sialadenitis and partial obstruction not related to any systemic derangement in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Prevalence • Submandibular (83%), parotid (10%) or sublingual (7%),
due to following factors. • Anatomic factors
– length and irregular course of Wharton’s duct. – greater size and position of the orifice. – orifice is much smaller than duct lumen.
• Physiochemical factors – High mucin content of saliva. – Great degree of alkalinity with high percentage of organic
matter. – Greater concentration of calcium and phosphate salts
phosphatase enzyme. – Low content of carbon dioxide.
Clinical Features
• Can also form within the minor salivary glands, most often in the upper lip or buccal mucosa
• any age, but they are most common in young and middle-aged adults
Clinical Features
• most frequently cause episodic pain or swelling of the affected gland, especially at mealtime
• severity of the symptoms varies, depending on the
– degree of obstruction
– amount of resultant backpressure produced within the gland
Radiographic Features
• typically appear as radiopaque masses
• not all stones are visible on standard radiographs - degree of calcification
• Stones in the terminal portion of the submandibular duct - occlusal radiograph
Radiographic Features
Sialogram of the submandibular gland demonstrating an
uncalcified sialolithiasis in Wharton’s duct
Radiographic Features
• On panoramic or periapical radiographs, the calcifi cation may appear superimposed on the mandible and care must be exercised not to confuse it with an intrabony lesion
• Multiple parotid stones radiographically can mimic calcified parotid lymph nodes, such as might occur in tuberculosis.
• Sialography, ultrasound, and CT scanning may be helpful additional imaging studies for sialoliths
HISTOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES: Macroscopic
• hard masses that are round, oval, or cylindrical
• typically yellow, although they may be a white or yellow-brown color
• Submandibular stones tend to be larger than those of the parotid or minor glands
• Usually solitary, although occasionally two or more stones may be discovered at surgery
HISTOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES: Microscopic
• Calcified mass exhibits concentric laminations that may surround a nidus of amorphous debris
• Periductal inflammation is also evident
• Ductal obstruction frequently is associated with an acute or chronic sialadenitis of the feeding gland
TREATMENT
• Small sialoliths of the major glands sometimes can be treated conservatively by gentle massage of the gland in an effort to milk the stone toward the duct orifice.
• Sialagogues, moist heat, and increased fluid intake also may promote passage of the stone
• Larger sialoliths usually need to be removed surgically
• If significant inflammatory damage has occurred within the feeding gland, then the gland may need to be removed
TREATMENT
• Minor gland sialoliths are best treated by surgical removal, including the associated gland
• Shock wave lithotripsy (extracorporeal or intracorporeal)
• Salivary gland endoscopy and radiologically guided basket retrieval are newer techniques
• These minimally invasive techniques have low morbidity and may prevent the necessity of gland removal.
Xerostomia
• Subjective clinical condition of less than normal amount of saliva.
• Mainly caused by
– Radiation
– Certain drugs
– Local factors
– Developmental
– Systemic alternations
Etiology – Radiation induced
• Ionizing radiation to head and neck region for the treatment of cancer results in pronounced changes in the salivary glands
• Degree of damage - dose-time-volume factor. • Acinar cells damage - single 100 rads dose of X-rays • Radiation sensitivity : parotid gland > submandibular>sublingual to
minor glands. • Serous aciner cells appear to be more sensitive to radiation, than
the mucus cells. • As the dose is increased, disorganization and destruction of the
acinar cells occur, resulting in their replacement by fibrous or faulty tissues
• Both, the stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate decreases dramatically with increasing radiotherapy
Etiology - Pharmacologically
• There are about 500 drugs which can cause xerostomia – anticonvulsants, – antiemetics, – antihistaminics, – anti-hypertensives – antispasmodics.
• Mode of action is generally related to the para-sympathetic activity, usually an antimuscarine effect
• Other actions includes – vasoconstriction of salivary glands, – changes in fluid and electrolyte balance – changes in acinar or ductal function
Etiology - Systemic alternations
• Nutritional: certain deficiency states like pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia and deficiency of vitamin A and hormones
• Fluid loss: associated with hemorrhage, sweating, diarrhea, vomiting.
• Diabetes mellitus
• Sjögren syndrome
• Other disease – systemic diseases, which are accompanied by high
temperature and dehydration
– HIV infection, sarcoidosis, and graft versus host resistance
Etiology
• Local Factor: decreased mastication, smoking and mouth breathing
• Developmental
– developmental abnormalities of salivary glands,
– Tumors
– Autoimmune states
– certain diseases which affect afferent or efferent portions of neural transmission reflex
Clinical Features
• increased thirst, increased uptake of fluid especially while eating
• use of means like chewing gums and consumption of sour candy
• difficulty in swallowing, speech and eating dry food
• burning and tingling sensations
• frequent oral infections,
• intolerance to dental appliances
• abnormal taste in the mouth.
• Salivary gland enlargement
Clinical Features: Systemic impact
• Hypofunction of other secretory glands
• Blurred vision and ocular dryness.
• Itching, burning and sandy sensation in eye
• also dryness of pharynx and skin
• Itching and burning sensation of vagina.
Clinical signs
• Dryness of lining oral mucosa • Oral mucosa appears thin, pale and feels dry. • Tongue blade may adhere to soft tissues • Tongue may manifest deficiency by atrophy of the papillae,
inflammation, fissuring, cracking and denudation • Increased incidence of dental caries. • Candidiasis
– pseudo membranous and hyperplastic form – absence of normal cleansing and antimicrobial activity of the
saliva.
• Residual saliva: residual saliva which remains is foamy, thick and ropey
Management
• Treatment may be divided into five main categories
– preventive therapy,
– symptomatic (palliative) treatment,
– local or topical salivary stimulation,
– systemic salivary stimulation,
– therapy directed at an underlying systemic disorder
Management: Stimulation of salivary production
• Local stimulation—chewing of gums, mints, paraffin and citric acid containing lozenges and rinses
– Disadvantages of it are:
• Effects are short lived.
• Frequent application can be inconvenient.
• Citric acid may irritate oral mucosa
• Continuous use may contribute to demineralization.
Management: Stimulation of salivary production
• Systemic stimulation – Bromhexine: mucolytic and mucokinetic agent, capable of inducing
thin copious bronchial secretions. Dose: adults (8 mg TDS), children 1-5 years (4 mg BD) and children 5-10 years (4 mg TDS).
– Anethole trithione (ANTT): directly acting cholinergic agonist which acts by neurostimulation. Dose 1 to 2 tabs (25 mg) TDS.
– Pilocarpine • Cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent, • Increases the secretion by exocrine glands and can affect the sweat, salivary,
lacrimal, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal glands and mucosal cells of the respiratory tract
• Usual dose is 5 mg, TDS. • Produces short duration of (3 hours) • without the accompanying side effects. • should not be used in patients suffering from asthma
Management: Symptomatic treatment
• Salivary substitute – most commonly contain carboxymethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose as lubricants and variety of artificial sweeteners, preservative and chloride or fluoride salts
• Disadvantages – regular use is inconvenient to the patient. – Most of them are more viscous than the natural saliva. – expensive. – fail to provide antimicrobial and other protective functions of
natural saliva.
• Oral hygiene: lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin. • Discontinuous of drug—drug which is causing xerostomia
should be discontinued
Management: Symptomatic treatment
• Composition of artificial saliva
– Carboxymethylcellulose—10 gm/l.
– Sorbitol—30 gm/l.
– Potassium chloride—1.2 gm/l.
– Sodium chloride—0.843 gm/l.
– Magnesium chloride—0.051 gm/l.
– Calcium chloride—0.146 gm/l.
– Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate—0.342 gm/l
Management
• Sweet and tart food - help to produce more saliva
• Sucking of sugar free candy
• popsicles or chew sugar-free gum
• Sucking ice cubes—try sucking ice cubes or ice lollies.
• Avoid dry foods such as cookies, toast and crackers, or soften them with liquids before eating.
• Avoid chocolates, peanut butter and pastry
• Avoid over salty foods.
• Drink frequently
Sialosis • Also known as Sialadenosis
• Non-neoplastic non-inflammatory enlargement of the salivary gland.
• Etiopathogenesis – Systemic disease: cirrhosis, diabetes, ovarian and
thyroid insufficiency, alcoholism, general malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, and malnutrition.
– Neurogenic medication: antihypertensive drugs, psychotropic drugs and sympathomimetic drugs
– Mechanism: result in dysregulation of the autonomic innervations of the salivary acini causing an aberrant intercellular secretory cycle.
Clinical Features
• More commonly affects the females, no age predilection
• usually bilateral and may present a course of recurrent painless enlargement of gland
• Parotid gland is more frequently affected.
Diagnosis • Sialography: leafless tree
appearance, caused by compression of finer duct by hypertrophic aciner cells
• Laboratory diagnosis – characteristic alteration in the
chemical constituents of saliva
– Significant elevation of salivary potassium
– Concomitant decrease in salivary sodium is observed
Management
• Control of underlying cause: most important management for sialosis.
• Partial parotidectomy: can be performed if swelling becomes cosmetic concern.
SIALOADENITIS
• Inflammation of a salivary gland
• May be subdivided temporally into acute, chronic and recurrent forms.
• It may be either
– Allergic -
– Viral -
– Bacterial -
ACUTE SIALOADENITIS
• Predisposing factors – Sialolithiasis – decreased flow (dehydration, post-operative, drugs) – poor oral hygiene – exacerbation of low grade chronic sialoadenitis
• Clinical features – Painful swelling – Reddened skin – Edema of the cheek, Periorbital region and neck – low grade fever – Malaise – raised ESR, CRP, leucocytosis – purulent exudate from duct punctum
CHRONIC SIALOADENITIS
• Also known as Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
• Clinical Features – Unilateral mild pain/swelling
– common after meals
– duct orifice is reddened and flow decreases
– may or may not have visible/palpable stone.
– Parotid gland: Recurrent painful swellings
– Submandibular gland: Usually secondary to sialolithiasis or stricture
TREATMENT
• Conservative therapies – Hydration, – Analgesics (mainly NSAIDs), – Sialogogues to stimulate salivary secretion – Regular, gentle gland massage
• If infection is present – Appropriate cultures should be obtained, – Followed by empirical antibiotic therapy initially, – Ex: amoxicillin/clavulanate or clindamycin which cover oral
flora.
• If there are attacks more than approximately 3 times per year or severe attacks, surgical excision of the affected gland should be considered
Miscelleneous Disease
Mikulicz’s disease
• Previously known as benign lymphoepithelial lesion
• Characterized by symmetric lacrimal, parotid, and submandibular gland enlargement with associated lymphocytic infiltrations.
• This had at one time been included within the diagnosis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome
• But the clinical and immunologic presentations: distinct autoimmune phenomenon
ETIOLOGY
• Unknown
• speculated that autoimmune, viral, or genetic factors are involved
• predominantly affects middle-aged women
• unilateral or bilateral salivary gland swelling due to lymphoid infiltration
• reduced salivary flow makes these patients susceptible to salivary gland infections
HISTOLOGY
• Associated with prominent infiltration of igG4-positive plasmacytes into involved exocrine glands
• Mikulicz’s disease may be a systemic disease rather than a localized lacrimal and salivary gland disorder
• It has been proposed that the entity be termed an igG4-related plasmacytic exocrinopathy
DIAGNOSIS
• Diagnosis is based on – Findings of salivary gland biopsy - monoclonal lymphocytic
infiltrate
– Absence of the alterations in peripheral blood
– Autoimmune serologies seen in Sjögren’s syndrome
• Differential diagnosis: Sjögren’s syndrome, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, viral infections, and other diseases
• Important to differentiate the benign lesions of mikulicz’s disease from an indolent mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (arising spontaneously or in the context of Sjögren’s syndrome)
TREATMENT
• Highly responsive to corticosteroids, which are the preferred therapy
• Methylprednisolone pulse therapy and prednisolone
• important consideration is the possibility of neoplastic transformation
Sjogren’s syndrome
• Sicca syndrome
• Gougerot-sjorgen syndrome
• Triad
– Keratonjuctivitis sicca
– Xerostomia
– Rheumatoid arthritis
• Along with SLE, polyarthritis nodosa, polymyositis or scleroderma
Primary Sjorgen’s syndrome or SICCA complex
Secondary Sjorgen’s Syndrome
Etiology
• Genetic, Hormonal, Infections or immunological factors.
• Combination of either two or more
• But mainly autoimmune disorder – antisalivary duct antibody
• HLA associated
• CMV, PMV, EPV group of viruses – but not proven
Clinical features
• 0.5-1% of population
• Female >40 yrs, F:M = 10:1
• Children or young may be affected
• Dryness of mouth and eyes – hypofunction of salivary gland and lacrimal glands
• Painful, burning sensation of oral mucosa
• Nose, larynx, pharynx, tracheobronchial tree and vagina additionally involved
Clinical presentation • Oral mucosa
– Parchment like appearance – red, dry, tendered, smooth glazed
– Difficulty in wearing dentures
• Saliva – frothy • Angular cheilitis • Disturbances of taste senation • Recurrent candidiasis –
dorsum of tongue – red & atrophic mucosa – fissuring and labulations on surface (COBBLE-STONE)
• Acute bacterial sialadenitis
Clinical presentation
• Primary Sjorgen’s syndrome (SICCA complex)
– Parotid involvement is greater than secondary
– Lymphadeopathy twice as later
– Purpura
– Raynaud’s disease
– Kidney involvement
– myositis
Histological features
• Three types of histological alteration
– Intense lymphocytic infilteration of gland – replacing acinar structure but lobular preserved
– Proliferation of ductal epithelium and myoepithelium – epimyoepithelial islands
– Atrophy of gland sequential to lymphatic infilteration.
Mikulicz’s disease/ lymphoepithelial lesion
minor salivary gland expression. Note lymphocytic focus adjacent to intact
acini
minor salivary gland expression. Note confluent lymphocytic foci without
evidence of scarring.
Laboratory findings
• Polyclonal hyperglobulinemia
• Cryoglobullin
• Mulitiple organ or organ specific antibody – antisalivary, rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies
• Increased ESR
• Sialochemistry: IgA, potassium and sodium – elevated with sicca complex
Radiographic features • Sialography
– Punctate – Cavitary defect – filled
with radioopaque contrast media • ‘Cherry blossom’ or
‘branchless fruit laden tree’
– Contrast media extravasates through weakened salivary gland
– Poor elimination of contrast media – over a month
• MR imaging features of the parotid glands relative to conventional sialographic grades in xerostomia patients with or without Sjögren’s syndrome.
• A–E, Axial T1-weighted MR images of the parotid glands in patients whose conventional sialographs were categorized as grade 0 (A), grade 1 (B), grade 2 (C), grade 3 (D), or grade 4 (E). Note that fat areas in the glands increase with the grades.
• F–J, Axial fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR images of the parotid glands in patients (same patients as in A–E, respectively) whose conventional sialographs were categorized as grade 0 (F), grade 1 (G), grade 2 (H), grade 3 (I), or grade 4 (J). Note that intact lobule areas in the glands decrease with the grades.
Treatment • No satisfactory t/t • SYMPTOMATICALLY treated • Keratoconjuctivitis
– Occular lubricant – artificial tears like methyl cellulose
• Xerostomia – Salivary subsitute
• Extensive dental caries • Fluoridation and oral prophylaxis is indicated
• Surgery not indicated unless the disease is cause discomfort to p/t
• Radiotherapy – not recommended
Prognosis
• Pseudolymphoma & Malignant lymphoma – non Hodgkin type
• Bening lypmphoepithelial lesion, Mikulicz disease and Sjorgen’s syndrome – close association
RANULA
• It’s a large mucocele located on the floor of the mouth
• Either a mucous extravasation phenomenon or, when the inflammatory components disappear
• Most common cause -trauma
• Other causes include an obstructed salivary gland or a ductal aneurysm
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Most common in the 2nd decade of life and in females
• Term Ranula - lesion often resembles the swollen abdomen of a frog
• Painless, slow-growing, soft, and movable mass located in the floor of the mouth
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Usually, the lesion forms to one side of the lingual frenum
• however, if the lesion extends deep into the soft tissue, it can cross the midline
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Superficial ranulas can have a typical bluish hue
• Deeply seated lesion - normal mucosa
• Size of the lesions can vary
• Larger lesions can cause deviation of the tongue
CLINICAL FEATURES
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Plunging Ranula
– deep lesion that herniates through the mylohyoid muscle
– extends along the fascial planes
– may become large, extending into the neck
DIAGNOSIS • Radiography - rule out a sialolith as a cause of
duct obstruction
• Sialography: delineating the borders and full extent of the lesion
TREATMENT • Treatment of choice -
surgical intervention
• Marsupialization - unroofs the lesion is the initial treatment, especially for smaller lesions.
• Postsurgical complications – Recurrence
– sensory deficits of the tongue
– Damage to Wharton’s duct
TREATMENT
• Frequency of recurrence is related to the surgical technique selected – Marsupialization: 67%
– Ranula excision: 58%
– Sublingual gland excision: 1%
• Due to this reason excision of the lesion and the gland should be considered
• Intralesional injections of corticosteroids have been used successfully in the treatment of ranulas
MUCOCELE
• a clinical term that describes swelling caused by the accumulation of saliva at the site of a traumatized or obstructed minor salivary gland duct.
• classified as extravasation types and retention types
• Large form of mucocele located in the floor of the mouth is known as a ranula
MUCOCELE
• Extravasation Mucocele
– Laceration of the duct results in the pooling of saliva in the adjacent submucosal tissue and consequent swelling
– more common than the retention form.
– Although often termed a cyst, does not have an epithelial cyst wall or a distinct border
MUCOCELE
• Retention mucocele – caused by obstruction of a minor salivary
gland duct
– by calculus or possibly by the contraction of scar tissue around an injured minor salivary gland duct
– blockage of salivary flow causes the accumulation of saliva and dilation of the duct
– Eventually, an aneurysm-like lesion forms, which can be lined by the epithelium of the dilated duct
Clinical Features
• Extravasation mucoceles – most frequently occur on the lower lip, where trauma
is common – buccal mucosa, tongue, floor of the mouth, and
retromolar region are other commonly traumatized areas
• Mucous retention cysts: commonly located on the palate or the floor of the mouth.
• A common clinical sequence is a history of a traumatic event, followed by the development of the lesion.
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
• Mucoceles often present as discrete, painless, smooth-surfaced swellings
• can range from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter.
• Superficial lesions frequently have a characteristic blue hue
• Deeper lesions can be more diffuse, covered by normal-appearing mucosa without the distinctive blue color.
Clinical Features
• lesions vary in size over time; superficial mucoceles are frequently traumatized, allowing them to drain and deflate.
• In these circumstances, the mucocele will recur .
• Although the development of a bluish lesion after trauma is highly suggestive of a mucocele, other lesions (including salivary gland neoplasms, soft tissue neoplasms, vascular malformation, and vesiculobullous diseases) should be considered
TREATMENT
• Surgical excision is the primary treatment, particularly to prevent recurrence
TREATMENT
• Aspiration of the fluid from the mucocele will not provide long-term benefit
• Surgical management is challenging
– cause trauma to other adjacent minor salivary glands
– lead to the development of a new mucocele
• Intralesional injections of corticosteroids have been used successfully to treat mucoceles.
Refrences
• Shafers, Oral Pathology 6th edition
• Regezi: Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations, 5th ed
• Essential of Oral Pathology and medicine 7th ed : Cawsons & odell
• Color atlas of Oral Pathology: Nevile
• Pathology of the Head and Neck: Antonio Cardesa, Pieter J. Slootweg
• Essential of Oral Pathology : Swapan Kumar Purkait