Discussion Questions #21.) What is a primary source?2.) What is a secondary source?3.) Why are cause and effect important for

understanding history?

Personal Timeline Due Today!

Please place your rubric, timeline, and personal essay together to turn in to me.

Matching States

Remember, you have a quiz on the USA states TOMORROW!

The Age of Exploration

Alberto Cantino’s World Map 1502

Causes of the Age of Exploration

■ Two causes of interest in exploration■ Marco Polo’s Travels■ Goods from Asia

■ Europeans wanted new trade routes■ Desire to trade directly and eliminate the middle

man… ■ Development of England, France, Spain,

Portugal, and the Low Countries.

Early Exploration

■ Vikings – ■ Eric the Red – Viking explorer who was

first to explore Greenland in 982 and set up a colony there in 986.

■ Leif Ericson – Possibly the first European to explore America from 1000 to 1002.

■ Vinland - Newfoundland

Technology of Exploration■ Map making■ Compass■ Astrolabe – used the stars to plot a

position.■ Caravel – ship with three masts and a

triangular sail that could sail into the wind

■ Guns and cannons

Prince Henrythe Navigator and Portugal

■ Henry opened a school for navigation around 1420 because he wanted to spread Christianity and expand Portugal.

■ Henry began sending out ships every year.

■ Portugal opened trade with the “Gold Coast” (Ghana) of Africa.

Portugal (continued)

■ Portugal discovered Atlantic islands – the Cape Verde, Azores, and Madeira Islands.

■ 1441 – the first African slaves are brought to Portugal.

■ 1488 – Bartholmieu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa – Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus

■ Spain united under Ferdinand and Isabella.■ Spain wanted to get in on the trade Portugal

was getting and wanted a sea route to Asia.■ Columbus was certain the world was round,

but greatly underestimated the size of the world. He convinced Queen Isabella that he could sail west to Asia.

■ Columbus landed on one of the Bahamas Islands on October 12, 1492.

■ Thinking he had reached the Indies, he called the natives “Indians”.

■ He went on to explore the coastline of Cuba and other Caribbean Islands.

Christopher Columbus

■ In all, Columbus made four voyages to the Americas.

■ At his death, Columbus felt that Asia was not far beyond the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

Tomb of Christopher Columbus in the

Cathedral of Seville in Spain.

CrashCourse #1

Fill in the video notes as you watch the video.

Explorations ReadWorks

Please do not write on these handouts. They are a class set. You will need to answer the questions in complete sentences on a separate sheet of paper. I will take these up for a grade at the end of class.

Discussion Questions #3

1. What were two causes of interest for European Exploration?

2. Who was the first person to round the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)?

3. Names two important pieces of technology used by explorers.

4. Describe what happened to the Native Americans as European explorers came to the Americas.

Collect ReadWorks Assignment

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Map Quiz

You have five minutes to look over your map to prepare for you quiz.

Discussion Questions # 4

1. Who was the first European to sail around Africa and then to India?

2. Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The Columbian Exchange■ What was the impact of New World agriculture on the population of Europe?■ How did the introduction of European livestock change the lives of Native

Americans?

Take notes on what we talk about…

The Treaty of Tordesillas■ Both Spain and Portugal felt the other

would claim their newly found territory.

■ The pope drew a Line of Demarcation at 100 leagues (250 miles) west of the Azores to separate Spanish and Portuguese claims.

■ When Portugal complained, The Treaty of Tordesillas moved the line 270 leagues further west, giving Portugal claim to Brazil.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (continued)

■ Other countries joined in the race to claim land in the New World.■ John Cabot explored the northeast coast of North America

for England.

■ Florentine Amerigo Vespucci explored the South American coast for Spain. (America is named after him.)

■ Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal.

Vasco da Gama

■ Da Gama was the first European to sail around Africa and then to India.

■ The goods he brought back sold for 60 times the cost of the trip, but 2/3 of his crew died of scurvy.

Scurvy…

God, Gold, and Glory■ There were many reasons

why people set out to explore the world, but the big three were God, gold and glory.

■One of the big pushes was to spread Christianity, especially after the Protestant Reformation began. ■Priest and missionaries went with the conquistadors and explorers.

God, Gold, and Glory

■ Money was to be made in exploration.

■ Captains of successful voyages became heroes at home.

■ Many were driven by the promise of fame.

BLING

Spanish Conquistadors

■ Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztec with 550 men, guns, cannons, and the aid of the people the Aztec had conquered.

■ Francisco Pizarro – defeated the Inca in South America.

■ Vasco de Balboa – crossed Panama was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in America.

Spanish Conquistadors (continued)

■ Ponce de Leon – explored Florida looking for the “Fountain of Youth.”

■ Hernando de Soto – explored the U.S. southeast where we are

■ Francisco de Coronado – explored the U.S. southwest. He was the first European to see the Grand Canyon.

■ In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out from Seville, Spain to sail to Asia by going west.

■ In 1520, he went through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean.

■ While crossing the Pacific, food and water became scarce, but the ships finally found land, the Philippines (Magellan named them after Spanish King Philip).

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan (continued)

■ Magellan and some of his crew were killed fighting with the natives of the Philippines.

■ In September 1522, one of the ships, Victoria, arrived back in Seville, the first ship to sail around the world.

■ Only 18 out of 243 sailors survived.

In Search of the Northwest Passage

■ Many of the explorers of North America were looking for a Northwest Passage, a way through the continent to get to Asia.

■ 1534 – Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River and claimed eastern North America for France.

In Search of the Northwest Passage (continued)

■ 1577-80 – Sir Francis Drake was looking for a western end of the Northwest Passage for England. ■ When he failed to find one, he went west, sailing

around the world robbing Spanish ships as he went. ■ His voyage made a profit of 4,700%.

■ Henry Hudson – Explored Hudson River and Hudson Bay for the Dutch (1609) and then was hired by the British (1620) but his crew mutinied. ■ He was abandoned by the ship and never seen again.

European Colonies

■ Portugal – Brazil, west and east coasts of Africa, India, Indonesia (Spice Islands).■ Portugal was ruled by Spain from 1580 to 1640

and lost most of its possessions.■ Spain – The Philippines, most of South

America, Mexico, California.

European Colonies (continued)

■ England ■ 1607 – Jamestown, Va.■ 1620 – Plymouth,

Massachusetts.■ Claimed the area around the

Hudson Bay■ 1600 – British East India

Company set up to foster Asian trade.

European Colonies (continued)

■ France - 1608 – Samuel de Champlain built Quebec and then Montreal on the fur trade.• 1673 – Fur trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest

Jacques Marquette explored the upper Mississippi River.

• 1682 – Robert le Salle mapped the Mississippi to its mouth.

• He claimed the whole river valley for France naming it Louisiana for French King Louis XIV.

European Colonies (continued)

■ The Netherlands – 1602 – the Dutch East India Company is formed.

• While Portugal is ruled by Spain, the Dutch take over much of their empire.

• 1626 – The Dutch buy Manhattan Island for about $25.• The Dutch build their colony, New Holland, around

the city, New Amsterdam. • The British seize the colony in 1664, renaming both

colony and city New York.

Effects of the Age of Exploration

■ World Trade Increased■ New trade routes ended the Italian monopoly on Asian

goods.■ London, Amsterdam, Bristol, and Antwerp develop as

trade centers.■ From Asia – spices, gems, paper, ivory, porcelain,

textiles, tea and coffee■ From the Americas – potatoes, tobacco, cocoa, corn, furs,

codfish, timber, pitch, turpentine, sugar, molasses, rum, and indigo.

■ From Africa – hardwoods, ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, and slaves.

Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued)

■ The Slave Trade Grew and Became Racist■ Before the discovery of America, slavery was not

based on race, but a person captured in war, or one who could not pay their debts or taxes.

■ After the slave trade grew, Europeans began viewing Africans as born to be slaves. Many used the Bible to justify this.

■ Around 20 million people were taken from Africa and shipped to the Americas as slaves.

■ ¼ of the people shipped on slave ships died during the voyage.

The Middle Passage

The Slave Trade

• Europeans began to use slave labor in their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc.

• Native Americans used for a while, but Africans began to be brought to the Americas.

• The slave trade then became the main focus of Europe’s relations with Africa.

What was the Triangular Trade?

• System of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

• Stage 1: Raw materials to Europe (tobacco, rum, sugar)

• Stage 2: Manufactured goods to Africa (guns, cloth, rum)

• Stage 3: Slaves to the Americas to make raw materials.

The Triangular Trade

Effects of the Age of Exploration (continued)

■ A Revolution in World Ecology■ Ecology – the distribution of plant and animal life.■ The coffee bean, native to the Middle East, was brought

to South America.■ From the Americas…

■ Sweet potatoes – to Asia■ Potatoes, tobacco, and corn – to Europe

■ To the Americas from Europe■ Grains - wheat, rye, oats, rice■ Animals – horse, donkey, mule, ox, pigs, goats, sheep, chickens■ Sugar cane – from Spain to the Caribbean.

Columbus In His Own Words■Read through the source independently■When you are done, you can work with a partner to answer the questions.■DO NOT write on this sheet. Use a separate sheet of paper.■You must write out the question and the answer!

The Truth about Columbus…

You only have 15 mins to read and answer ?’s■You can work with a partner… ■Read through the myths and then answer the questions on the board.■Be sure to talk over the questions with your partner!■Every person needs to fill out their own paper.

Why did they come? (video)