Discussion Point-Construction as a Manufacturing
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Is construction a manufacturing process? Yes. All the products manufactured for the construction industry are part of the construction industry. While it is more obvious for products like bricks, cement or R Bar this also includes all the hinges, screws, finishes and anything else that is consumed in the production and reproduction of the built environment. The product range is extensive and even includes furniture and interior design products. When the industry is really down, we see the true extent of the construction industry. If the price of construction were to drop dramatically, or become so expensive no one could afford to build, entire national economies would be affected. In this way large parts of the construction industry are able to produce to stock and have up to date production processes. Construction components that are produced in factories have had the opportunity to evolve and be fairly efficient in their production, and the cost of these items has become cheaper to some extent. However the machinery and production line, become extremely expensive, but are paid off over the long term repeated mass production of similar items. If we look at the massive plant required to produce bricks or cement, wonder how much product needs to be sold to pay off the plant and maintain production. In car production lines which are almost completely done with robotics the price of the production line becomes even higher, in order to produce more mass produce 24/7. Onsite manufacturing and transformation is similar to the assembly of airplanes, or boatbuilding, where the materials are pre produced and then brought to the location of assembly while other materials require transformation. So when we think of installing a lift system, or an electrical system this is easily understood. The technology is in the mass produced item, which is simply installed. If we think of pouring concrete, laying tiles, plastering walls, laying bricks this is all on site. The technology to produce this must be able to go to the site, like a concrete truck, concrete pumps etc. Producing an in situ concrete cast object is not that different from making a cast object in a factory, but in a factory you make conditions ideal to work in, produce finer precast with higher quality and detail, while on site these are changing all the time, throughout the year, so only rough structure is usually performed. If we look at the supporting infrastructure, which is required to produce the product, but does not add value, like scaffolding or cranes, as the location changes all the time, all the supporting site machinery and tools need to move around, site to site as needed. This includes the labour, which in a global market makes it important to be able to find labour in new markets. For this reason these production tools need to be able to easily transported and not too sensitive, but also not too specific, they need to be able to be adapted to various types and formats of the structure. Construction Industry uality plan and control Construction Supply chain in Construction End users and their role in design Construction Organizational structure Construction End product Construction Production styles, transformational styles Construction rict Environmental ontrol and audits, because oor environmental history uality established, but eed to support and omote material, eg brick glass architecture rict quality control and oduct marketing. R&D epartments, Sales rictly quality and safety gulation for Machines. ational regulation to public afety ess strict quality control, ut efficiency and price mportant because of ompetition Environmentally extracted resources: sand stone water timber, Manufactured materials still to be further transformed: Cement, bricks, timber, steel gypsum, glass, aluminium Manufactured products to be assembled/fitted or applied. These products are transforming primary transformed materials into preassembled building products, eg window or door. Assembly of various engineering components, or possibly large plant producing all. Manufactured products used to assemble and install products None directly, but public opinion growing in Environmental debate Mainly stable large production with slight influence from design of architectural styles consumption. Visual elements become part of interior design Consumption cycles. Doors and windows, style, colours materials, BREEAM specifications etc Not very large change in visual aspect, but some aspects change, eg Lifts interiors, escalators etc Only from engineering specification or from construction company. Extraction industries delivering to site. Extraction can change locations depending on closest option. Environmentally sensitive industry Large organisation with massive plant and investment. Delivery distance becomes relevant. Product range small Large production line, but must update products to compete. Need to market products and compete within industry. Can have JIT production of certain products for specific jobs. Large production for global markets. Apparently Fairly extensive product range for different applications, but actually kit of parts applied to situations. Globally this production balances out. Large organisation producing to stock Sand stone clay gypsum lime for onsite production of Concrete , mortar, tar, paving, plastering Cement, Steel, glass, tar(roads), precast elements, clay bricks, roof tiles, floor tiles, pavers Doors, windows, interior floor tiles, wall and ceiling finishes, Cladding systems Air conditioning plant, elevators, escalators, automated doors, heating systems, transformers and electrical DB. Server hubs Screws, nails, hinges, silicones, paints sheeting Cement based glues, wood glue, wiring, plugs tubing piping and conduits Large extraction process, but minimal transformation, crushing and sieving machines can relocate. Local competition due to weight and transport costs. Continuous process Transformation with Heavy energy and plant requirements. Mainly Local but also some global competition. Flow shops with Mass production to stock. Large runs required to be competitive, massive global competition. Modular design to apply to particular situation, standardized catalogue. Job Shops production Component production which can assembled to fit specific application, according to engineering spec. Job Shop or cellular shops Large runs required to be competitive, massive global competition. Flow shops or Job Shops
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Transcript of Discussion Point-Construction as a Manufacturing
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Isconstructionamanufacturingprocess?Yes.Alltheproductsmanufacturedfortheconstructionindustryarepartoftheconstructionindustry.Whileitismoreobviousforproductslikebricks,cementorRBarthisalsoincludesallthehinges,screws,finishesandanythingelsethatisconsumedintheproductionandreproductionofthebuiltenvironment.Theproductrangeisextensiveandevenincludesfurnitureandinteriordesignproducts.Whentheindustryisreallydown,weseethetrueextentoftheconstructionindustry.Ifthepriceofconstructionweretodropdramatically,orbecomesoexpensivenoonecouldaffordtobuild,entirenationaleconomieswouldbeaffected.Inthiswaylargepartsoftheconstructionindustryareabletoproducetostockandhaveuptodateproductionprocesses.
Constructioncomponentsthatareproducedinfactorieshavehadtheopportunitytoevolveandbefairlyefficientintheirproduction,andthecostoftheseitemshasbecomecheapertosomeextent.Howeverthemachineryandproductionline,becomeextremelyexpensive,butarepaidoffoverthelongtermrepeatedmassproductionofsimilaritems.Ifwelookatthemassiveplantrequiredtoproducebricksorcement,wonderhowmuchproductneedstobesoldtopayofftheplantandmaintainproduction.Incarproductionlineswhicharealmostcompletelydonewithroboticsthepriceoftheproductionlinebecomesevenhigher,inordertoproducemoremassproduce24/7.
Onsitemanufacturingandtransformationissimilartotheassemblyofairplanes,orboatbuilding,wherethematerialsarepreproducedandthenbroughttothelocationofassemblywhileothermaterialsrequiretransformation.
Sowhenwethinkofinstallingaliftsystem,oranelectricalsystemthisiseasilyunderstood.Thetechnologyisinthemassproduceditem,whichissimplyinstalled.
Ifwethinkofpouringconcrete,layingtiles,plasteringwalls,layingbricksthisisallonsite.Thetechnologytoproducethismustbeabletogotothesite,likeaconcretetruck,concretepumpsetc.Producinganinsituconcretecastobjectisnotthatdifferentfrommakingacastobjectinafactory,butinafactoryyoumakeconditionsidealtoworkin,producefinerprecastwithhigherqualityanddetail,whileonsitethesearechangingallthetime,throughouttheyear,soonlyroughstructureisusuallyperformed.Ifwelookatthesupportinginfrastructure,whichisrequiredtoproducetheproduct,butdoesnotaddvalue,likescaffoldingorcranes,asthelocationchangesallthetime,allthesupportingsitemachineryandtoolsneedtomovearound,sitetositeasneeded.Thisincludesthelabour,whichinaglobalmarketmakesitimportanttobeabletofindlabourinnewmarkets.Forthisreasontheseproductiontoolsneedtobeabletoeasilytransportedandnottoosensitive,butalsonottoospecific,theyneedtobeabletobeadaptedtovarioustypesandformatsofthestructure.
ConstructionIndustry
QualityplanandcontrolinConstruction
SupplychaininConstruction
EndusersandtheirroleindesignConstruction
OrganizationalstructureConstruction
EndproductConstruction
Productionstyles,transformationalstylesConstruction
StrictEnvironmentalcontrolandaudits,becausepoorenvironmentalhistory
Qualityestablished,butNeedtosupportandpromotematerial,egbrickvsglassarchitecture
Strictqualitycontrolandproductmarketing.R&Ddepartments,Sales
StrictlyqualityandsafetyregulationforMachines.Nationalregulationtopublicsafety
Lessstrictqualitycontrol,butefficiencyandpriceimportantbecauseofcompetition
Environmentallyextractedresources:sandstonewatertimber,Manufacturedmaterialsstilltobefurthertransformed:Cement,bricks,timber,steelgypsum,glass,aluminiumManufacturedproductstobeassembled/fittedorapplied.Theseproductsaretransformingprimarytransformedmaterialsintopreassembledbuildingproducts,egwindowordoor.Assemblyofvariousengineeringcomponents,orpossiblylargeplantproducingall.Manufacturedproductsusedtoassembleandinstallproducts
Nonedirectly,butpublicopiniongrowinginEnvironmentaldebateMainlystablelargeproductionwithslightinfluencefromdesignofarchitecturalstylesconsumption.VisualelementsbecomepartofinteriordesignConsumptioncycles.Doorsandwindows,style,coloursmaterials,BREEAMspecificationsetcNotverylargechangeinvisualaspect,butsomeaspectschange,egLiftsinteriors,escalatorsetc
Onlyfromengineeringspecificationorfromconstructioncompany.
Extractionindustriesdeliveringtosite.Extractioncanchangelocationsdependingonclosestoption.Environmentallysensitiveindustry
Largeorganisationwithmassiveplantandinvestment.Deliverydistancebecomesrelevant.ProductrangesmallLargeproductionline,butmustupdateproductstocompete.Needtomarketproductsandcompetewithinindustry.CanhaveJITproductionofcertainproductsforspecificjobs.Largeproductionforglobalmarkets.ApparentlyFairlyextensiveproductrangefordifferentapplications,butactuallykitofpartsappliedtosituations.Globallythisproductionbalancesout.Largeorganisationproducingtostock
SandstoneclaygypsumlimeforonsiteproductionofConcrete,mortar,tar,paving,plasteringCement,Steel,glass,tar(roads),precastelements,claybricks,rooftiles,floortiles,paversDoors,windows,interiorfloortiles,wallandceilingfinishes,Claddingsystems
Airconditioningplant,elevators,escalators,automateddoors,heatingsystems,transformersandelectricalDB.ServerhubsScrews,nails,hinges,silicones,paintssheetingCementbasedglues,woodglue,wiring,plugstubingpipingandconduits
Largeextractionprocess,butminimaltransformation,crushingandsievingmachinescanrelocate.Localcompetitionduetoweightandtransportcosts.ContinuousprocessTransformationwithHeavyenergyandplantrequirements.MainlyLocalbutalsosomeglobalcompetition.FlowshopswithMassproductiontostock.Largerunsrequiredtobecompetitive,massiveglobalcompetition.Modulardesigntoapplytoparticularsituation,standardizedcatalogue.JobShopsproductionComponentproductionwhichcanassembledtofitspecificapplication,accordingtoengineeringspec.JobShoporcellularshopsLargerunsrequiredtobecompetitive,massiveglobalcompetition.FlowshopsorJobShops
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PChardwareIndustry
QualityplanandcontrolInPCmanufacturing
SupplychaininPCManufacturing
EndusersandtheirroleindesignofPC
OrganizationalstructureOfPCManufacture
Endproduct Productionstyles,transformationalstyles
Rawmaterialsuppliedwithestablishedqualityandformat,egplasticgranulesforinjectionmouldingmachines,lithiumforbatteries.Largeinternationalsourcingofsmallcomponentstrulyglobalproduction,especiallyinelectronics.
Strictqualitycontrolandproductmarketing.R&DdepartmentsrelatedtoSalesandmarketingfeedback.
Generalelementsthatservetheindustrythatcouldbesoldtovariouscompanies.
Manufacturedmaterialsstilltobefurthertransformed:injectionmouldingmaterials,lithiumforbatteriescouldbemadeinseparateshopCasingsandsupportComponentsforPCforfinalassembly.Size/valueofcomponentsfordeliverymakesglobalnetworkviableoption.ComponentspecificationanddesignfromBrand,thensourcedorproduced.Keyelementsthatmarkproducttocompete.Assemblyofcomponentstoformbiggersubcomponents.EgassemblyofmotherboardsManufacturedproductstobeassembled/fittedorappliedbutspecialized,fans,wiring,speakers,screwsscreens
Enduserrarelyinterestedintheoriginofrawmaterials.RareEarthdebate,EnvironmentaldamagefromLithiumextractionetcnotreallyrelevanttoconsumers,butenduserfashions,likegaming,facebookorothersoftwaredemandsrelevant
Differentsoftwarerequirementswillmakemoredemandsonhardwareperformance.Cost/valuestillimportant.Verysusceptibletomassiveinnovationfromtheendusersaswellasfromwithintheindustry.SomeVisualelementsbecomepartofdesignconsumptioncycleothersarejustmadetostock
Largemultinationalorganisationswithmassiveplantandinvestment.Hardwareandsoftwaredevelopments,Branddevelopsproductswithmarketablevalueofeach.Largeproductionline,butmustupdateproductsastechnologyevolvestocompete.MusthaveinternalR&D.Highlyspecialisedproductiontechniques,extremelyexpensivetosetup,butpaidforinvolumeofproduction.Largeorganisationspreadacrosstheindustryglobally.Veryspecialisedproductionwhichiscanproducelargerangeofspecialiseditems.
PCwhichispackaged,complete,workingwithaguaranteeandtechnicalsupportinternationally.Productrangecanbelarger,printers,phones,Householdappliances.Brandcouldendupjustdesigningandspecifying,withglobalproductionpartners.FundamentalhardwareComponentsforPCtoperformandcompete.Edgetechnologiesorbusinessstrategyelementswhichmightnotbemadebybrandjustspecifiedandcomposed.Nonspecificcomponentstoservetheindustry,screws,fans,screensspeakers.
Branddesignanddevelopproductspecificationstronglyrelatedtomarketstrategy,technologicaldevelopment.Planning,designing,researchinhighlyspecialisedcellularshops.Continuousflowassemblylineswithincreasingroboticassistance.Stillmassivelabourpools,egFOXCONinChina.Massivelabourpoolproducingforvariouscompetingbrands.Globalcompetitiontherefore.JobshopsorcellularshopsMouldedcomponentsorfabricationprocessescanbeveryspecialized.Largerunstopayforproductionpreparationandresearch.Almostnodemandoutsidetheindustry.JobShops
Lessstrictqualitycontrol,butefficiencyandpriceimportantbecauseofcompetition.PrintingandPackaging,transportanddistribution
Finalproductsmustbemarketed,distributedandservicecomponentsdistributedinternationally.
Veryimportantimpactonsales:Availability,aftersalesservice,distribution,marketing
Largeorganisationwithsubcontractedmedia,transportation,Distributionagencies.
Globaldistributionnetworkofproductsimultaneouslyasmarketrequiresproducts.Longpreparationtimeforcommercialization
Globalnetworkmediacampaign.Informationdisseminationandcollaborationwithsuperstores.Massiveglobalcompetition
