Analyze the Articles of Confederation

To what extent do the AoC fulfill the important

functions of government?

DISCUSS:

WHAT ARE THE MOST

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

OF GOVERNMENT?

LEGAL ANALYSIS

• Analyze treaties under AoC and acts of 1st

Congress

• Tally each law/treaty

• Articles of Confederation treaties

• Acts of 1st Congress

Setting up Gov Judicial /

courts

Foreign

relations

Public works /

benefits

Trade / taxes /

economic

policy

Native affairs

European

nations

African

nations

Native nations State borders

TEXTBOOK ANALYSIS

• openstax

THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE

• Following the revolution, Britain ceded their claims to all

territory east of the Mississippi river, most of which was

under direct and total control of Native nations

• Essential question: what was the primary goal of

Congressional Indian Policy in the 1780s?

• Under ghhsapush.com -> period 3 -> NW Ordinances

• Answer with bullet points

HOW WILL COLONIAL PAST

AFFECT AMERICAN FUTURE?• What were colonists mad about?

• Discuss with partners: specific grievances and how newly independent America will try to deal with them

• Examples

• Paying taxes

• Not being able to move west

• Not being represented enoughLet’s see how they deal with each of these issues…

Mr. Richardson, MAT

GHHS

ARTICLES OF

CONFEDERATION

SETTING THE STAGE

• At this point, colonies are very much like 13 different countries

• 2nd Continental Congress is running the war, publishes Dec. of Independence, 1776

• Three names to associate: Jefferson, Adams, Hancock

• Oct 1777 – Saratoga, 5k British soldiers captured in upstate New York

AFTER DECLARATION OF

INDEPENDENCE

• Begin planning for self-government.

• Precedents?

• Mayflower Compact (1620), House of Burgesses (1607)

• 1776 Virginia (VA) constitution

• Written by George Mason, limits VA governor

• 1777 Massachusetts (MA) constitution

• Written by John Adams: bicameral, Bill of Rights

STATE CONSTITUTIONS• Republicanism.

• Most had strong governors with veto power.

• Most had bicameral legislatures.

• Property required for voting.

• Some had universal white male suffrage.

• Most had bills of rights.

• Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF SEVERAL

STATE ASSEMBLIES IN THE 1780S

11

FORMING A NEW GOVERNMENT

• The need for a national government persisted.

• Republicanism- Government is based on the consent of the people.

• States maintained their own constitutions.

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• The Articles were written in 1777 by John Dickinson, a Pennsylvania statesman

• All 13 states had to approve

• The Articles were accepted by Congress in 1781 and is considered the first national constitution

• Called a Confederation: an alliance.

13

STRUCTURE OF ARTICLES

• Unicameral (single house) legislative body

• Each state had one vote regardless of population size

• Congress given sole authority to govern the country – NO executive

• Congress would establish temporary courts to hear disputes among the states

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• Fear of the government having too much power

• In the Articles, the state governments limit the power of the national Congress

STRENGTHS OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: SETTLING WESTERN LANDS

• The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land in the west was to be surveyed using a grid system to establish 6 mile blocks

• The Northwest Ordinance 1787 assisted in the orderly expansion of the United States, it outlined a plan for applying for statehood to western territories

• 5,000 free males who own 50 acres can start govt

• Population of 60,000 could become a state

INDIAN LAND CESSIONS:1768-1799

DISPUTED TERRITORIAL CLAIMSBETWEEN SPAIN & THE U. S.:1783-1796

STATE CLAIMS TO WESTERN

LAND

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785

SETTLING WESTERN LANDS

• The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West

• It promised

• no slavery

• education

• freedom of religion

• trial by jury

NORTHWEST TERRITORY

• The Northwest Territory was east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River. The states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin would be formed from this area.

PROBLEMS

• Taxation: States send 2.4 of

15 million dollars requested

by Congress

• “independent republic of

Vermont”

• Not paying our debts

• Newberg Conspiracy

(DANIEL) SHAYS REBELLION1787

• Daniel Shays- Revolutionary War

Veteran & farmer in debt.

• Poor farmers are not represented in the

Mass legislature and cannot pass debt

relief laws

• The rebellion will free debtors from

prisons and close courts that are hearing

cases against farmers

• -Shays’ Rebellion will prompt

national leaders to create a

stronger central government

SAMUEL ADAMS

• “Rebellion against a king may be pardoned, or lightly punished, but the man who dares to rebel against the laws of a republic ought to suffer death”

THOMAS JEFFERSON

• "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government. God forbid that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion."

• (full letter next page)

SHAY’S REBELLION

• What are the pros and cons of a strong central

government?

• Do you agree with Jefferson’s assertion about

the “tree of liberty?”

• Why might many textbooks make it seem like

everyone wanted a strong central government

after Shays’ Rebellion?

CALL FOR CONVENTION• Problems:

• Trade between states

• Taxes on goods

• Madison & Hamilton called for convention in Annapolis,

Maryland 1786

• 5 states sent delegates

• Failure

• Shay’s Rebellion got attention= Convention in 1787 in

Philadelphia

• 12 states sent delegates

• Rhode Island did not

55 Delegates total- merchants, lawyers, planters.

KEY CONFLICTS: CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VS. STATES

Strong Central Government:

-Authority comes from the people

-The central government should be stronger than the states

Strong States:

-Authority comes from the states

-The states should remain stronger than the central government

KEY CONFLICTS: LARGE VS. SMALL STATES

Large States:

-Congress should be 2 houses

-Delegates should be assigned based on population size

Small States:

-Congress should remain unicameral (1 house)

-Each state should have one vote

KEY CONFLICTS: NORTH VS. SOUTH

North:

-Slaves should not be counted when assigning delegates

-Slaves should be counted when levying taxes

South:

-Slaves should be counted when assigning delegates

-Slaves should not be counted when levying taxes

Articles of Confederation

Constitution

Levying taxesCongress could request states

to pay taxes

Congress has right to levy taxes on

individuals

Federal courts No system of federal courtsCourt system created to deal with issues

between citizens, states

Regulation of

trade

No provision to regulate

interstate trade

Congress has right to regulate trade

between states

Executive

No executive with power.

President of U.S. merely

presided over Congress

Executive branch headed by President who

chooses Cabinet and has checks on power

of judiciary and legislature

Amending

document13/13 needed to amend Articles

2/3 of both houses of Congress plus 3/4 of

state legislatures or national convention

Representation of

states

Each state received 1 vote

regardless of size

Upper house (Senate) with 2 votes; lower

house (House of Representatives) based on

population

Articles of Confederation Constitution

raising an army

Congress could not draft troops and

was dependent on states to contribute

forces

Congress can raise an army to deal

with military situations

Interstate

commerceNo control of trade between states

Interstate commerce controlled by

Congress

Disputes between

statesComplicated system of arbitration

Federal court system to handle

disputes between states and

residents of different states.

Sovereignty Sovereignty resides in statesConstitution was established as the

supreme law of the land

Passing laws9/13 states needed to approve

legislation

50%+1 of both houses plus signature

of President

BODY PARAGRAPH

• Purpose is to Interpret the evidence

• Connect the facts to the conclusion so that the audience (reader!) understands your thinking

• Structure

• Topic Sentence: clearly relate claim to thesis/prompt

• Evidence: SFI then significance, repeat as necessary

• Tie In: how have you proved your argument?

• •Sample Body Paragraph

• •Prompt: To what extent and in what ways did European powers develop different patterns of colonization in N. America? Support your answer with specific and relevant historical information from the period 1607 to 1754.

• •If a topic of argumentation was… different forms of interaction with Native Americans

• •And the (incomplete) thesis was European colonial powers developed markedly different patterns of colonization

SAMPLE BODY PARAGRAPH• European colonization of North America between 1607 and 1754

created varied patterns of colonization as shown by multiple different forms of interaction with Native Americans. Initial Spanish colonial efforts enslaved natives through the encomiendas system of labor exploitation, which was so gruesome that it became the basis of the “Black Legend.” Other Old World powers, informed of Spain’s colonial policies and actions by writers such as the priest De las Casas, argued they were justified in “defending” Native Americans from Spanish colonial efforts. Later Spanish relations with Native Americans were less contentious, as evidenced by the mestizo culture of mixed-race families, but religion continued to be a flash point of conflict with Pope’s rebellion in modern New Mexico as a gruesome example. Spanish colonial patterns can be most clearly contrasted with France, which had positive relations with Native Americans due to an emphasis on mutually beneficial trade and a less ethnocentric missionary system of French Jesuit priests who lived with Native Americans. English colonization efforts were more heterogenous, with diverse results in Native American relations, but conflict was common over questions of land use as the English settled to “cultivate” formerly “underused” land. These three main colonial powers all had some degree of conflict with Native Americans in North America, but they ultimately had diverse relations and systems of power.

You don’t need

to be creative

With phrasing.

Topic Sentence

Summary

Linking back to

thesis

Evidence

Mix of SFI and

connecting to

trends

BODY PARAGRAPH GUIDE• •Does it have a topic statement?

• •Does it examine a particular piece of evidence? (historical fact or document)

• •Does it analyze the evidence? (explain, provide context and express significance)

• •Does it make a clear, explicit connection between the evidence and the conclusion drawn in the thesis statement?

• •Does it make connections between the evidence/conclusion and outside information? (something from another place or time)

• •Overall, how effective is the paragraph at supporting the conclusions of the thesis?

• •Check for clarity

CHECK FOR CLARITY

• Use the “so what?” method to check for missing

links or connections

• Ask yourself if someone else could explain your

thinking

CONTEXTUALIZATION

• Connections across different times and themes

• MORE than just a sentence