Discovering Otzi The Iceman - Mrs Cunningham · Otzi is a well-preserved natural mummy of a...
Transcript of Discovering Otzi The Iceman - Mrs Cunningham · Otzi is a well-preserved natural mummy of a...
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DiscoveringOtzi
The Iceman
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Introduction Otzi is a well-preserved natural
mummy of a Chalcolithic (Copper Age) man from about 3300 BC.
On September 19, 1991 two German tourists climbing in the Ötztal Alps, near the border between Austria and Italy discovered a frozen body emerging from the glacier.
This frozen body would become known as the Iceman, and be one of the most exciting scientific discovery of its time.
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Discovering The Iceman
• Because of its state of preservation, the body was at first thought to be a modern corpse, like several others which had been recently found in the region.
• Before the body was removed from the ice, people were allowed to see it, and some took portions of the clothing and tools as souvenirs.
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Mountaineers with Otzi in the OtztalAlps between Austria and Italy in September 1991
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Before removal from the ice.
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Discovering the Iceman
Lying on its front and frozen in ice below the torso, it was crudely removed from the glacier by the Austrian authorities using a small jackhammer (which punctured the hip of the body) and ice-axes using non-archaeological methods.
The body was then taken to a morgue in Innsbruck, where its true age was subsequently ascertained.
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Discovering the Iceman
Damage caused by small jack hammer to Otzi’s hip when authorities attempted to remove his body from the ice.
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The Body
Ötzi was approximately 1.65 metres (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighed about 50 kilograms. He was about 45 years of age.
The body has been extensively examined, measured, X-rayed, and dated.
Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body.
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An early X-ray of Otzi
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The Body – Stomach Contents
Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed his last meals (the last one about eight hours before his death), the most recent of red deer meat.
There was also some grain as well as some roots and fruits. The grain was a highly processed wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread.
Also, pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, indicating that it had been fresh (a few hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places his death in the spring.
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The Body – Health
Ötzi had whipworm, an intestinal parasite.
During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of his right ribs had been squashed when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body.
His fingernail (only one was found) indicates he was sick three times in the six months before he died.
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Whipworm found in Otzi’s intestines.
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The Body - Tattoos
Ötzi had approximately 57 carbon tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines on his lower spine, behind his left knee, and on his right ankle.
Using X-rays, it was determined that the Iceman may have had arthritis in these joints. It has been speculated that they may be related to acupuncture.
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This map shows the locations of all 19 tattoo clusters.
A cross-shaped tattoo on Ötzi's knee.
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Clothes
Ötzi's clothes were sophisticated.
He wore:
• cloak made of woven grass and a coat
• a belt, a pair of leggings
• a loincloth made of leather of different skins.
• He also wore a bearskin cap with a leather chin strap.
• Shoes made of bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like modern socks.
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ClothesThe coat, belt, leggings,
and loincloth were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with sinew.
His belt had a pouch sewn to it that contained useful items: a scraper, drill, flint flake, and a dried fungus to be used as tinder.
His shoes were waterproof and wide, designed for walking across snow.
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Items found with the Iceman
Unfinished Bow
Axe
Backpack
Ibex bones
Two birch containers
Dagger with scabbard
Retoucheur
Belt pouch and contents
Two pieces of fungi
Tassel with marble bead
A net of grass string
Quiver and arrows
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Unfinished Bow, Quiver & Arrows
182cms long bow
Quiver had 2 arrows ready to use and 12 partly completed shafts
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Copper axe
Skin binding copper blade to yew handle. Only prehistoric axe ever found intact.
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Dagger and scabbard
Ash wood handle bound with animal sinew with flint blade.
Scabbard of grass cord and leather strap.
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Retoucheur
Like a stubby pencil. Stag antler set into wooden handle. Used to sharpen flint tools.
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Birch fungi
Antibiotic – a travelling medical kit?
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Reconstructions of the Iceman
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Task outline
You are to watch and study the documentary Iceman Murder Mysteryfrom National Geographic (next slide).
You are to prepare an A3 poster outlining the theories behind The Iceman’s death entitled ‘Otzi the Iceman’.
You will need to conduct further research.
All of your presented work should be based on historical sources that you have studied.
The key words listed below should be included on your poster as well as a wide range of appropriate images.
All of your sources of research should be listed on the back of your poster in a bibliography.
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Theories of Otzi’s death
The Shepherd Theory
The Stranger Theory
The Warrior Theory
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TaskWatch the documentary 'The Iceman Murder' and take notes on the following key questions:1. Key questions
When did Otzi live?Where did Otzi live and die?Who was Otzi and what did he do?How did Otzi die? Explain all three theoriesGive examples of primary sources of evidence studied
2. Create an A3 poster on the theories of Otzi's death.
The Shepherd TheoryThe Stranger (outsider) TheoryThe Warrior Theory
For each theory: Identify primary sources and explain how each one helped to support the theory of his death Include some pictures/drawings of primary sources
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Word list
Otzi
Alps
tattoos
pollen
mummified
spring time
Shoes
trader
teeth
outsider
bow, arrows, copper axe
grass coat
blood loss
5300 years old
farming
shepherd
arrowhead
murder
CT scan
flint knife
Scientists
chieftain/leader
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Marking criteria
Criteria A B C D E
Identification of a wide range of primary
sources of evidence
Understanding of the historical theories
Explanation of the link between historical
sources and theory
Appropriate use of a wide range of images
Key questions: answering and explaining
each section
Use of word list and good spelling,
punctuation and grammar
Neatness and overall presentation
Bibliography: acknowledgement of sources of
information
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Other video clips:
PBS NOVA – The Iceman Reborn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUEJwKGM1DY
What Ötzi The Iceman Taught Us About Ancient Humans
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c49vKSiOSug
"Iceman" Oetzi Holds World's Oldest Blood Cells
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRWOnYm9AEo
Otzi the iceman arrow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoNmUJWNCMw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOYE5-lWNCY
Iceman’s face reconstructed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sFMy2ia7m0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUEJwKGM1DYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c49vKSiOSughttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRWOnYm9AEohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoNmUJWNCMwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOYE5-lWNCYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sFMy2ia7m0
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Useful websites:
Otzi Museum: http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-iceman
Otzi – Iceman of the Alps: http://www.mummytombs.com/index.html
BBC Horizon: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/iceman.shtml
Wired Science: http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/08/otzi-ceremony/#
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi
http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-the-icemanhttp://www.mummytombs.com/index.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/iceman.shtmlhttp://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/08/otzi-ceremony/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi
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