Direct object pronouns - School District of Haverford Web viewMind, pronouns are little words that...

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Italiano II Il 20 di settembre 2016 Ripasso e Capitolo 4

Transcript of Direct object pronouns - School District of Haverford Web viewMind, pronouns are little words that...

Page 9: Direct object pronouns - School District of Haverford Web viewMind, pronouns are little words that replace persons or things. The direct object pronouns replace the object (the thing

Direct object pronouns

Mind, pronouns are little words that replace persons or things. The direct object pronouns replace the

object (the thing or person) and take the place of the noun. The direct object pronoun receives the action

of the verb directly: there is no preposition after the verb!

For example, after the verb “To invite” we don’t have the preposition “to” > I invited her. “Her” is the

“direct object pronoun“, but the verb “to talk” need the preposition “to” before the pronoun > I will

talk to him:  “to him” in Italian is an indirect object pronoun!

Generally the object pronouns are before the verb, but they are after the verb in the infinitive or in the

imperative mood. Before a vowel, singular pronouns use an apostrophe.

 

Pronomi oggetto diretto Direct object pronouns

Mi Me

Ti You

Lo Him/It (masculine – sing.)

La Her/It (feminine – sing.)

Ci Us

Vi You

Li Them (masculine – pl.)

Le Them (feminine – pl.)

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Some examples in present tense (pronouns are before the verb):

Prendo il coltello = I take the knife becomes Lo prendo = I take it

Mangio una mela = I eat an apple La mangio = I eat it

Incontro Marco = I meet Marco L'(=lo) incontro = I meet him

Incontro Maria = I meet Maria L'(=la) incontro = I meet her

Taglio I pomodori = I cut the tomatoes Li taglio = I cut them

Affetto le melanzane = I slice the eggplants

Le affetto = I slice them

 

 

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNSWhile direct object pronouns answer the question what? or whom? Indirect object pronouns answer the question to whom? or for whom? Also, they're the same as the Direct Object Pronouns except for the pronouns in the Third Person (i.e. to him; to her; to them).Singolare Singular Plurale Pluralmi (to/for) me ci (to/for) usti (to/for) you (informal) vi (to/for) you (informal)gli (to/for) him, it loro (to/for) them (m. & f.)le (to/for) her, itLe (to/for) you (formal f. & m.) Loro (to/for) you (formal f. & m.)

The direct object is governed directly by the verb, for example, in the following statement: Romeo loved her.

The Indirect Object in an English sentence often stands where you would expect the direct object but common sense will tell you that the direct object is later in the sentence, e.g.: Romeo bought her a bunch of flowers.

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The direct object — i.e. the thing that Romeo bought is “a bunch of flowers”; Romeo didn't buy “her” as if she were a slave. So the pronoun her in the sentence actually means "for her" and is the Indirect Object.

Examples:

» Qulacuno mi ha mandato una cartolina dalla Spagna   Someone (has) sent me a postcard from Spain.

» Il professore le ha spiegato il problema   The teacher (has) explained the problem to her.

» Gli hai detto di comprare un regalo per sua madre?   Did you tell him/them to buy a present for (his/their) mother.

» Voglio telefonargli   I want to phone him.

» Il signor Brambilla ci ha insegnato l'italiano   Mr Brambilla taught us Italian.

» Cosa gli dici?   What are you saying to him/to them?

» Lucia,tuo padre vuole parlarti!   Lucia, your father wants to speak to you!

» Non gli ho mai chiesto di aiutarmi   I (have) never asked him to help me.

» Non oserei consigliarti   I would not dare to advise you

» Le ho regalato un paio di orecchini   I gave her a present of a pair of earrings.

Italian “passato prossimo”

Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

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The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

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Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be):We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

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All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.– E tu ci sei stato?– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

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– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

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Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

.

ITALIAN DISJUNCTIVE OR "STRESSED" PRONOUNS: I PRONOMI   TONICI Ages ago we learned the direct and indirect object pronouns - mi, ti, lo, la, gli, le, etc. Unlike English, Italian has another version of these which you use after a preposition or verb, often for greater emphasis (hence the name "stressed pronouns"). First we'll learn what these pronouns are, then we'll see how to use them.

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Stressed Pronouns

me (me)te (you)Lei (you formal)lui (him)lei (her)sé (yourself, himself, herself, oneself - reflexive)noi (us)voi (you plural)Loro (you plural formal)loro (them)sé (yourselves, themselves - also reflexive)

So they look like a hybrid of direct or indirect object pronouns and subject pronouns. But take note: although Lei, lui, lei, noi, voi and loro look like subject pronouns, when used disjunctively they are not subjects!

So how are they used?

1) after a preposition

Questo libro è per te. (This book is for you.)Siamo usciti con loro. (We went out with them.)Pensa sempre a sé. (He always thinks about himself.)Studiano sempre da sé. (They always study by themselves.)A me non piace questo vino. (I don't like this wine - a more emphatic way of saying, "Non mi piace questo vino.")Andiamo da lui. (We're going to his place.)

2) after a verb to give the direct or indirect object greater emphasis

Lo amo. - Amo lui. (I love him.)Ti cercavo. - Cercavo te. (I was looking for you.)Mi abbraccia. - Abbraccia me. (She hugs me.)

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The above pairs of sentences have the same meanings, but the second in each pair is more emphatic. For even greater emphasis, use anche, proprio or solamente - e.g. Cercavo proprio te. Abbraccia solamente me.

3) after a verb to distinguish between multiple objects

Riconosce me ma non lui. - He recognizes me but not him.Ha invitato noi e loro. - He invited us and them.

4) in comparisons

Marcello è più alto di me. (Marcello is taller than me.)Loro sono meno paurosi di noi. (They are less fearful than us.)Tuo fratello non era intelligente quanto te. (Your brother wasn't as smart as you.) 

A very common Italian idiomatic expression that uses stressed pronouns is, "Tocca a me!" - It's my turn! Of course, you can use it with the other disjunctive pronouns too - Tocca a te, tocca a noi, etc. So when the waiter brings you the bill and someone asks, "Chi paga oggi?" just say, "Eh purtroppo oggi tocca a te!" (Who's buying today? - Unfortunately today it's your turn!) C4N!

I pronomi diretti tonici e atoni

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I pronomi personali diretti hanno due forme: la FORMA TONICA e la FORMA ATONA.

FORMA TONICA significa che l’accento della frase si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova dopo il verbo.

FORMA ATONA significa che l’accento della frase non si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova prima del verbo.

Poiché le due forme hanno lo stesso significato, la FORMA TONICA è preferita quando il tono della frase è enfatico, cioè si vuole dare risalto alla persona a cui si riferisce il discorso.Esempio:

Cercano TE (FORMA TONICA)TI cercano (FORMA ATONA)Nella frase “Cercano te” l’accento tonico cade sul pronome a sottolineare la II

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persona singolare; nella frase “Ti cercano” l’accento cade su “cercAno” e “Ti” specifica solo chi viene cercato.In presenza di verbi modali, la posizione del pronome diretto in forma atona non ha una grande importanza: infatti può trovarsi prima del verbo modale (Esempio: Giorgio mi vuole sposare) o dopo l’infinito, ad esso unito (Esempio: Giorgio vuole sposarmi).

Diretto Tonico Diretto Atono

me mi

te ti

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lui lo

lei la

Lei (cortesia) La (cortesia)

noi ci

voi vi

loro (m.) li (m.)

loro (f.) le (f.)

OSSERVA gli esempi:Angela ha visto il suo amico Lorenzo per strada e l’ha chiamato.

Angela ha visto la sua amica Cecilia per strada e l’ha chiamata.

Dottor Poggiali, ieri L’ho vista per strada, L’ho salutata con la mano, ma Lei non mi ha visto.

Angela ha visto i suoi amici per strada e li ha salutati.Angela ha visto le sue sorelle, ma non e le ha salutate.

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Il participio passato dei verbi che reggono i pronomi diretti di III persona singolare e plurale concorda in genere ed in numero con il pronome atono.

Solo alla III persona singolare, maschile o femminile, il pronome atono può essere apostrofato.

PASSATO PROSSIMO!Questo tempo indica:

un'azione trascorsa da poco

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un'azione trascorsa da tanto tempo con effetti anche nel presente  un'esperienza di vita un'azione passata in un periodo di tempo non ancora trascorso del tutto

Per formare il passato prossimo si usa:

il presente indicativo dei verbi essere o avere

+il participio passato del verbo in questione

Esempi:

Dopo pranzo Marco ha letto il giornale. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Quest'anno siamo andati in vacanza a Barcellona. (quest'anno è ancora in corso) 

Hai studiato all'estero? (un'esperienza di vita)

Sono stata a Parigi due anni fa. (un'esperienza di vita)

Oggi, Luigi e Simona hanno fatto la spesa. (oggi non è ancora finito) 

Sono uscita da scuola mezz'ora fa. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Sono sposato da 14 anni. (sono ancora sposato, rapporto con il presente)

Nota: Per la maggior parte dei verbi si usa l'ausiliare avere; per molti verbi di movimento si usa l'ausiliare essere.

Passato prossimo dei verbi mangiare, credere e partire:

Mangiare Credere io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

mangiato

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

creduto

Quando il Passato prossimo è costruito con l'ausiliare essere, occorre concordare il participio in genere e numero con il soggetto.

Partire

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 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

partito/a

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

partiti/e

Italian “passato prossimo”

Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

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Italian regular “participio passato”-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

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Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be):We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

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Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

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– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.– E tu ci sei stato?– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

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Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

.

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Passato prossimo dei verbi essere e avere:

Essere Avere

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

stato/a

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

avuto

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

stati/e

 

Vedi anche:

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer italiano: Cinderella man

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer in Italiano: Crazy, Stupid, Love

Corso di Italiano: Unità 8 La formazione del participio passato e il passato prossimo

Dettato: Il viaggio di Paolo Verbo passato prossimo e participio passato

Esercizi di Italiano: Passato Prossimo - verbo STARE

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Il presente indicativo

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parl - are cred- ere part- ireio parl - o cred- o part- otu parl- i cred-i part- ilui/lei parl- a cred- e part- enoi parl- iamo cred- iamo part-iamovoi parl- ate cred- ete part- iteloro parl- ano cred-ono part- ono

fin- ire (isco)fin- iscofin- iscifin-iscefin-iamofin-itefin-iscono

 How to conjugate verbs / Come coniugare i verbi

Auxiliary verbs / Verbi ausiliari

The two most important verbs in Italian, by far, are avere (to have) and essere (to be). They are called verbi ausiliari (auxiliary verbs), and they are irregular in nearly every tense, including the present indicative, sometimes extremely so. Here are their conjugations.Avere (to have):

Italian English

(Io) ho I have

(tu) hai you (singular) have

(lui/lei/Lei) ha

he/she/you (singular formal) has

(noi) abbiamo we have

(voi) avete you (plural) have

(loro) hanno they have

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Essere (to be):Italian English

(Io) sono I am

(tu) sei you (singular) are

(egli(lui)/ella(lei)/Lei) è

he/she/you (singular formal) is

(noi) siamo we are

(voi) siete you (plural) are

(loro) sono they are

Regular verbs / Verbi regolariIn Italian, regular verbs are the most common ones. They always end with -are, -ere, and -ire, are the same in the first person (singular and plural) and second person singular. They are different in the third person (singular and plural) and second person plural. According to the different suffix, verbs are assigned to one of the three regular conjugation of verbs in Italian. For instance:• amare (to love): is a first conjugation verb (prima

coniugazione);• ripetere (to repeat): is a second conjugation verb (seconda

coniugazione);• dormire (to sleep): is a third conjugation verb (terza

coniugazione).

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Here is a table of the regular present indicative for -are, -ere, and -ire verbs.

Who amàre (to love)

ripétere (to repeat)

dormìre (to sleep)

Io àmo ripéto dòrmo

tu àmi ripéti dòrmi

lui/lei/Lei àma ripéte dòrme

noi amiàmo ripetiàmo dormiàmo

voi amàte ripetéte dormìte

Essi/loro àmano ripétono dòrmono

It is important to note the change of stress position in different person forms. Regular verbs follow the same position change. Stress is shown in table above to help learning, it is not written in real texts (see Pronunciation for details on stress).

Irregular verbs / Verbi irregolariIn Italian, there are also several irregular verbs. A very few of

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them do not even apply to the conjugation previously seen, such as porre (to put down, to place) and tradurre (to translate); actually they derive from second conjugation (ponere,traducere). This is a list of common usage verbs which are known to be irregular, and do not apply to the conjugation rules seen before:

• andare (to go)• bere (to drink)• cercare (to seek, to look for)• dare (to give)• dire (to say)• fare (to do, to make)• piacere (to like)• stare (to stay, to remain)• uscire (to leave, to go out)• venire (to come)• vivere (to live)

Modal verbs / Verbi serviliThree other important verbs, dovere, potere and volere, are irregular too; these three particular verbs are known as verbi servili (modal verbs), as they have the function to “serve” and “support” other infinite verbs. In particular:• dovere is equivalent to the English modal verb must, but also

the have to form: for instance, devo studiare (I have to study, I must study).

• potere is equivalent to the English modal verbs can and may: for instance, puoi andare (You can go, you may go).

• volere expresses willingness to do something, and is actually equivalent to the English verbs to want, to wish and to will; for instance, voglio mangiare (I want to eat). The verb volere can be also used in non-modal forms, that is not in support of an infinite verb.

Another chart to examine the regular verbs in Italian:

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Used for:• events happening in the present;• habitual actions;• current states of being and conditions.

amare/a

ˈmaːre/

credere/

ˈkreːdere/

dormire/dor

ˈmiːre/finire/fiˈniːre/

essere/

ˈɛssere/

avere/a

ˈveːre/

andare/an

ˈdaːre/

stare/

ˈstaːre/

dare/

ˈdaːre/

io/ˈiːo/

amo/ˈaːmo/

credo/ˈkreːdo/

dormo/ˈdɔrmo/

finisco/fiˈnisko/

sono/ˈsoːno/

ho/ɔ/

vado (Tuscan: vo)/ˈvaːdo//vɔ/

sto/stɔ/

do/dɔ/

tu/tu/

ami/ˈaːmi/

credi/ˈkreːdi/

dormi/ˈdɔrmi/

finisci/fiˈniʃʃi/

sei/ˈsɛi/

hai/ˈai/

vai/ˈvai/

stai/ˈstai/

dai/ˈdai/

lui / lei / Lei/ˈlui//ˈlɛi/

ama/ˈaːma/

crede/ˈkreːde/

dorme/ˈdɔrme/

finisce/fiˈniʃʃe/

è/ɛ/

ha/a/

va/va/

sta/sta/

dà/da/

noi/ˈnoi/

amiamo/aˈmjaːmo/

crediamo/kreˈdjaːmo/

dormiamo/dorˈmjaːmo/

finiamo/fiˈnjaːmo/

siamo/ˈsjaːmo/

abbiamo/abˈbjaːmo/

andiamo/anˈdjaːmo/

stiamo/ˈstjaːmo/

diamo/ˈdjaːmo/

voi / Voi/ˈvoi/

amate/aˈmaːte/

credete/kreˈdeːte/

dormite/dorˈmiːte/

finite/fiˈniːte/

siete/ˈsjɛːte/

avete/aˈveːte/

andate/anˈdaːte/

state/ˈstaːte/

date/ˈdaːte/

loro/

amano/

credono/

dormono

finiscon

sono/

hanno/ˈanno/

vanno/

stanno

danno

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ˈloːro/

ˈaːmano/

ˈkreːdono/

/ˈdɔrmono/

o/fiˈniskono/

ˈsoːno/ ˈvanno//ˈstanno/

/ˈdanno/

• io credo "I believe"• lei dorme "she sleeps"

Pronouns are not obligatory in Italian, and they are normally only used when they are stressed. The conjugation of the verb is normally used to show the subject.

• credo "I believe"• credi "you believe" (2nd pers. sing.)• dorme "he/she sleeps"The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Voi are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people. Note that lei can also mean "she".Lei va "you are going" (formal)tu vai "you are going" (informal)vai "you are going" (informal)va "you are going" (formal)The irregular verb essere has the same form in the first person singular and third person plural.sono "I am"/"they are"The forms vado and faccio are the standard Italian first person singular forms of the verbs andare and fare, but vo and fo are used in the Tuscan dialect.The infix -isc- varies in pronunciation between /isk/ and /iʃʃ/, depending on the following vowel. Similar alternations are found in other verbs:leggo /ˈlɛɡɡo/ "I read" vs. leggi /ˈlɛddʒi/ "you read"dico /ˈdiːko/ "I say" vs. dici /ˈdiːtʃi/ "you say"etc.

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another example of basic regular - ARE - ERE -IREconjugations

amare temere sentire finire

(io) amo (io) temo (io) sento (io) finisco(tu) ami (tu) temi (tu) senti (tu) finisci(lui, lei) ama (lui, lei) teme (lui, lei) sente (lui, lei) finisce(noi) amiamo (noi) temiamo (noi) sentiamo (noi) finiamo(voi) amate (voi) temete (voi) sentite (voi) finite(loro) amano (loro) temono (loro) sentono (loro) finiscono

It may be a little late in the game for discussing these, but

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it's still worth covering the topic of question words in Italian and looking at some ways they might be used which aren't immediately apparent.

Che?

The word che in Italian means what, but when asking "what" questions it is preferred to ask che cosa, or "what thing". In fact, this is so common that it is actually possible to omit che and just ask cosa as if it were a question!Che cosa fai?What are you doing?

Cosa hai detto?What did you say?

Chi?

The word chi means who. It can be used to ask and answer question about people.Chi hai incontrato?Who did you meet?

chi riceve gli ospitihost (the one who receives guests)

Dove?

The word dove is used to ask where questions. Also, one interesting thing to note is that for questions of "how far?", Italians ask fin dove? or "ending where?".Di dove sei?Where are you from?

Fin dove andrai?How far will you go?

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Quando?

The Italian word quando means when. It asks and answers "when" questions. When paired with da (from), it can be used to form the present perfect tense.Quando torni?When will you return?

Da quando sei qui?How long have you been here?

Perché?

The word perchè means both why and because.Sono in ritardo perché avevo dimenticato di mettere la sveglia.I an late because I forgot to set my alarm clock.

Dimme perchè.Tell me why.

Come?

The word come means both how and like. It is capable of both asking and answering "how" questions.Come è vestido?How is he dressed?

È vestido come un poliziotto.He is dressed like a policeman.

It can also be used in the phrase come mai to ask "why" questions (how come).Come mai non sei venuto alla festa?Why didn't you come to the party?

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Quanto?

The Italian word quanto translates both as how much and how many, depending on its ending. In English, we have separate words for questions about single or plural quantities. In Italian, you just pluralize the question word as you would any other word.Quanto sono grandi i cani?How big are the dogs?

Quanto anni hai?How old are you?

Quale?

The word quale is the equivalent of the English question word "which".Quale preferisci?Which one do you prefer?

Quale macchina è la tua?Which car is yours?

Meeting people Introducing Yourself in Italian 

When meeting new people in Italy, you will most likely find yourself asking either ‘tu come ti chiami?’ or ‘Lei come si chiama?’ Both mean ‘what is your name’ but the first version is

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informal, and can be used with people of the same age or younger, and the second version is formal to be used with people of an older age or in a business / formal situation. Tu means you informal and Lei means you formal.If in doubt, use Lei and you may be invited to use Tu with the expression ‘Diamoci del tu?’ (Shall we use the informal with each other?)Male or Female? Gender confusing namesIf asking the name of a male, you may be surprised to hear them answer Andrea or Nicola as these are female names in the UK and US. The pronunciation in Italian is different, however, with the stress on the middle syllable, rather than the first one as it is in English. These are typical male names in Italy, along with others which can be gender confusing to non-Italians such as Gianmaria, Luca, Rosario and Toni (short for Antonio).

Typical expressions

There are some typical expressions we can use in addition to asking someone’s name when we meet them, such as:Ciao - HelloPiacere - Nice to meet youDi dove sei / di dov’è? - Where are you from (informal and formal)?Sono di ... - I am from ...Che lavoro fai / che lavoro fa? What’s your job (informal and formal)?Mi chiamo ... - My name is ...

MEETING PEOPLE more here……

Your handshake should be firm, and don't be surprised if your new friend moves in for a cheek kiss or shoulder slap. When greeting friends, cheek kisses on both sides are as common as shaking hands in Italy. Remember, though, if you're even

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in Russia or places like Lebanon they'll be expecting three kisses, not two.When you introduce yourself tell someone your name, first and last. For "my name is..." you can say "Io mi chiamo..." or "Il mio nome è...". If you have a nickname or preferred to be called by a shortened version of your name let people know up front.Eating and dining are an important part of Italian culture and one of the main way friends connect with one another. If you meet Italians during your vacation, don't be surprised if you're invited for a long, lazy dinner where conversation and laughter is shared over some good food. What better way to bond and unwind? Here is an example of a conversation that may occur between two people who have just met. The scene is a private home in Naples...YOU: "Ciao, mi chiamo Carlo, Carletto per gli amici, piacere di conoscerti. Come ti chiami?" = "Hi, I'm Carlo, but my friends call me Carletto. Nice to meet you. What's your name?"NEW FRIEND: "Io mi chiamo Claudia." = "I'm Claudia."Y: "Come va?" = "How are you doing?" or "How are you?"NF: "Io sto bene, grazie." = "I'm great, thanks."Y: "Di dove sei?" = "Where are you from?"NF: "Io sono italiano e vivo a Roma, e tu?" = "I'm Italian and I live in Rome and you?"Y: "Io vengo da Sidney." = "I'm from Sydney."NF: "Sei mai stata in Italia?" = "Have you ever been to Italy before?"Y: "No, questa è la prima volta." = "No, this is the first time."NF: "Prego, accomodati!" = "Please, take a seat!"NF: "Vorresti un caffè o qualcosa altro da bere?" = "Would you like a coffee or something else to drink?"Y: "Si, grazie un caffè." = "Yes, thank you, a coffee."NF: "Ti stai divertendo qui?" = "Are you having a good time here?"Y: "Si certamente." = "Yes, of course."NF: "Cosa hai fatto di bello oggi?" = "What did you do today?"Y:  "Oggi sono andata al Maschio Angioino e ho fatto delle belle foto." = "Today I went to the Maschio Angioino and I took some beautiful pictures."NF: "Napoli è una bella città, e penso che valga la pena vederla una volta nella vita." = "Naples is a amazing city, I think it's worth seeing it once in a lifetime."Y: "Non molto tempo fa ho pensato a questo viaggio in Italia alla scoperta del paese natio di mio nonno." = "Not too long ago I decided to make this trip to explore the country where my grandfather was born."NF: "Che bella idea! Ricercare le tue radici è interessante. Dove vuoi andare precisamente?" = "What a great idea! Discovering your roots is very interesting. Where would you like to go, exactly?"Y: "Mio nonno era di Caserta, e domani vado là." = "My grandfather was born in Caserta and tomorrow I'm going there."

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NF: "Dal momento che non conosci bene la strada, posso procurarti una cartina." = "Given that you're not familiar with the area I can get you a map."Y: "Grazie, molto gentile." = "Thank you, that's very kind of you."NF: "Ad ogni modo se vuoi stare qui a lungo, mi piacerebbe farti fare un giro qui attorno." = "By the way, if you want to stay here longer, I would love to show you around."Y: "Grazie, sarebbe bello!" = "Thanks, that would be great!"NF: "Allora, fa' buon viaggio!" = "Well, then, have a great trip!"Y: Grazie per la tua ospitalità = "Thanks for your hospitality." This is only an example about what can be talked about when you meet someone

Nouns and articles in ItalianItalian Definite ArticleIn English the definite article (l'articolo determinativo) has only one form: the. In Italian, l’articolo determinativo has different forms according to the gender, number, and first letter of the noun or adjective it precedes.

i ragazzi e le ragazze (the boys and girls)il quaderno e la penna (the notebook and pen)

Here are some rules for using definite articles:

1. Lo (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with s + consonant or z.

2. Il (pl. i) is used before masculine nouns beginning with all other consonants.

3. L’ (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel.

4. La (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with any consonant.

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5. L’ (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel.

The article agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and is repeated before each noun.

la Coca–Cola e l’aranciata (the Coke and orangeade)

gli italiani e i giapponesi (the Italians and the Japanese)

le zie e gli zii (the aunts and uncles)

The first letter of the word immediately following the article determines the article’s form. Compare the following:

il giorno (the day)l’altro giorno (the other day)lo zio (the uncle)il vecchio zio (the old uncle)i ragazzi (the boys)gli stessi ragazzi (the same boys)l’amica (the girlfriend)la nuova amica (the new girlfriend)

In Italian, the definite article must always be used before the name of a language, except when the verbs parlare (to speak) or studiare (to study) directly precede the name of the language; in those cases, the use of the article is optional.Studio l’italiano. (I study Italian.)

Parlo italiano. (I speak Italian.)Parlo bene l’italiano. (I speak Italian well.)

The definite article is used before the days of the week to indicate a repeated, habitual activity.

Domenica studio. (I’m studying on Sunday.)

Marco non studia mai la domenica. (Marco never studies on

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Sunday)

The Italian indefinite article (l'articolo indeterminativo)

corresponds to English a/an and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number one.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES

MASCHILE FEMMINILE

uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt)

un cugino (cousin, m.)

una cugina (cousin, f.)

un amico (friend, m.) un’amica (friend, f.)

Uno is used for masculine words beginning with z or s + consonant;

un is used for all other masculine words.

Una is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant;

un’ is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel.

un treno e una biciclettaun aeroplano e un’automobileuno stadio e una stazione

Italian Vocabulary Things in a classroom

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Vocabolario italiano - Italian vocabularyGLI OGGETTI IN UN'AULA - CLASSROOM OBJECTS

Italiano English

l'aula f classroom

il blocchetto per appunti notepad

la borsa bag

il cancellino board eraser

la carta paper

la cartella folder

la classe class

l'evidenziatore m highlighter pen

un foglio di carta a sheet of paper

il gessetto piece of chalk

la gomma eraser (US), rubber (GB)

la lavagna blackboard

la lavagna bianca whiteboard

il lettore di cassette tape player

il libro book

il libro di esercizi workbook

la matita pencil

il pastello crayon

il pennarello board pen, felt-tip pen

la perforatrice hole punch

il portafogli briefcase

il registratore tape recorder

il righello ruler

la scrivania desk

la scuola school

la sedia chair

il taccuino notebook

il temperamatite, il temperino pencil sharpener

alzare la mano to raise one's hand

aprire/chiudere il libro to open/close the book

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ascoltare una cassetta to listen to a tape

cancellare la lavagna to clean the board

condividere il libro to share a book

fare una domanda to ask a question

guardare un video to watch a video

lavorare a coppie to work in pairs

lavorare a gruppi to work in groups

parlare col tuo compagno to talk to your partner

scambiare i posti to swap places

ENGLISHItalian School Words INGLESE 

ItalianoA B C D E F G

H IJ K L M N O

P QR S T U V W

X Y Z

ALPHABETl'alfabeto

ARTl'arte BACKPACK

lo zaino

BELLil

campanelloBOOKil libro

BOOKCASElo scaffale

CALCULATOR

la calcolatriceCLOCKl'orologio

COMPUTER

il computer

DESKla scrivania

DICTIONAREASEL

il cavalletto

ERASERla gomma

EXAMl'esame

GLOBEil

mappamondo

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Yil dizionario

INKl'inchiostro

KEYBOARDla tastiera

LEARNimparare

A B C D E F G H I

J K L M N O P Q R

S T U V W X Y Z

LETTERSl'alfabeto

LUNCHil pranzo

MAGNETla calamita

MAPla mappa,la cartina

MEDALla medaglia

MOUSEil mouse

RULERla riga

SCALEla bilancia

SCHOOLla scuola

SCHOOL BUS

l'autobus della scuola

SCISSORSle forbici

STAPLERla cucitrice

TEACHinsegnare

TEACHERl'insegnante, professore, maestro/a

THINKpensare

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djectives of nationality in ItalianTo find out somebody's nationality and where he or she comes from, we can ask the question:

Di dove sei (tu)? / Where are you from?

  - (Io) Sono di Buenos Aires. / I'm from Buenos Aires.   - (Io) Sono argentina. / I'm Argentinian.

Di che nazionalità è lui? / What nationality is he?

  - Lui è giapponese. / He's Japanese.

(Voi) Siete inglesi? / Are you English?

  - Sì. / Yes.   - No, (noi) siamo americani. / No, we are American.

Listen to these dialogues:

Nazionalità e ProvenienzaThere aren't any rules to create adjectives of nationality. Usually they come from the same word as the country.One exception is for the country Germania, where the adjective is tedesco.

N.B: We use a small letter for the first letter of the adjective.

CountryAdjective of nationality 

-ano/aItalia

AmericaAustralia

EgittoMessico

ColombiaBrasileCorea

italiano/aamericano/aaustraliano/a

egiziano/amessicano/acolombiano/abrasiliano/acoreano/a

-eseInghilterra

IrlandaOlanda

FinlandiaNorvegia

CinaFrancia

PortogalloCanada

ingleseirlandeseolandese

finlandesenorvegese

cinesefrancese

portoghesecanadese-ense

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Stati Uniti d'AmericaPanama

statunitensepanamense

-ino/aArgentina

AlgeriaTunisia

argentino/aalgerino/atunisino/aeno/a

IraqCile

iracheno/acileno/a-o/a

RussiaGrecia

russo/agreco/a

-eLettoniaEstonia

lettoneestone

Adjectives of nationality with other suffixes:

-ita vietnamita

-egno ecuadoregno/a

-ota keniota

-acco polacco/aslovacco/a

The adjective for Romania, so as not to confuse it with "romano" (from Rome), is rumeno/a.

For some nations, there is no corresponding adjective and so to indicate nationality we say abitante di / cittadini di(inhabitant of / citizen of) plus the name of the country.

Examples:

Io sono abitante del Bangladesh. / I am an inhabitant of Bangladesh. Loro sono cittadini del Botswana. / They are citizens of Botswana.

The adjectives for the continents are as follows:

Continent AdjectiveAmerica

(Oceania) AustraliaAsia

AfricaEuropa

americano/aaustraliano/a

asiatico/aafricano/aeuropeo/a

COGNATE ADJECTIVES

Content/a

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Difficile

Onesto

Disonesto

Importante

Indipendente

Intelligente

Interessante

Lungo

Nervosa

Serio

Sincero

Socievole

Studioso

Timido e tranquillo

Other common Adjectives

Antipatico

Bello

Bravo

Buono

Cattivo

Divertente

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Facile

Felice

Noioso

Pigro

Simpatico

Triste

La pizza e’ buona.

L’insegnante e’ brava!

E’ un libro noioso.

Sono ragazzi studiosi.

Che ore sono? Che ora e’ ?

Telling TimeTelling time in Italian

You've got to know the time if you want to see those Botticelli paintings at the Uffizi in Florence. Luckily, there are two ways to ask "What time is it?" in Italian: Che ora è? andChe ore sono? If the time is one o'clock, noon, or midnight, the answer is in the singular; for all other hours, it is plural. Note that the phrase "o'clock" has no direct equivalent in Italian.

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Che ora è? (What time is it?)Che ore sono? (What time is it?)È l'una. (It's one o'clock.)È mezzogiorno. (It's noon.)È mezzanotte. (It's midnight.)Sono le tre e quindici. (It's 3:15.)È mezzo giorno e dieci. (It's 12:10.)

COMMON TERMS RELATED TO TELLING TIMEmorning di mattinonoon mezzogiornoafternoon del pomeriggioevening di seramidnight mezzanottea quarter un quartoa quarter after/past e un quartohalf past e mezzoa quarter to/before meno un quartosharp in punto

Store hours, TV timetables, performance listings, and other time references are written differently in Italy. When telling time, commas replace colons. For example, 2:00 becomes 2,00; 2:30 becomes 2,30; 2:50 becomes 2,50.

The following table shows how you would tell the time from 5:00 to 6:00.

TELLING TIME 5:00-6:005,00 Sono le cinque.5,10 Sono le cinque e dieci.5,15 Sono le cinque e un quarto.5,20 Sono le cinque e venti.5,30 Sono le cinque e mezzo.5,40 Sono le sei meno venti.5,45 Sono le sei meno un quarto.5,50 Sono le sei meno dieci.6,00 Sono le sei.

As in most of Europe, Italy uses the so-called "official time" (equivalent to "military time" in the United States) in train schedules, performances, movie timetables, radio, TV, and office hours. Between friends and in other informal situations, Italians may use the numbers from 1 to 12 to indicate time, and the context of the conversation will usually be sufficient. After all, La Scala doesn't have performances at eight in the morning!

Page 57: Direct object pronouns - School District of Haverford Web viewMind, pronouns are little words that replace persons or things. The direct object pronouns replace the object (the thing

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