Direct Duty Ratio Control of Boost Converter for ... · A solar cell is the building block of a...

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 6, Issue 03, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 374

Direct Duty Ratio Control of Boost Converter for Asymmetrical Variable

Step Size Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking

Method for Photo Voltaic Systems

Shilpa1 Neha Gupta2 1,2Om Institute Technology & Management, Juglan, Hisar, India

Abstract— In this paper, utilization of a boost converter for

control of photovoltaic power using Maximum Power Point

Tracking (MPPT) control mechanism is presented. First the

photovoltaic module is analyzed using SIMULINK software.

For the main aim of the project the boost converter is to be

used along with a Maximum Power Point Tracking control

mechanism. The MPPT is responsible for extracting the

maximum possible power from the photovoltaic and feed it

to the load via the boost converter which steps up the voltage

to required magnitude. The main aim will be to track the

maximum power point of the photovoltaic module so that the

maximum possible power can be extracted from the

photovoltaic. The algorithms utilized for MPPT are

generalized algorithms and are easy to model or use as a code.

The algorithms are written in m files of MATLAB and

utilized in simulation. Both the boost converter and the solar

cell are modeled using Sim Power Systems blocks.

Key words: Photovoltaic Cell, Boost Converter, MPPT,

Inverter and Battery, Solar Energy

I. INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is

harnessed using a range of ever evolving technologies such

as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar

architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial

photosynthesis It is an important source of renewable energy

and its technologies are broadly characterized as either

passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture

and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.

Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic

systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to

harness the energy.

One of the major concerns in the power sector is the

day-to-day increasing power demand but the unavailability of

enough resources to meet the power demand using the

conventional energy sources [20]. Demand has increased for

renewable sources of energy to be utilized along with

conventional systems to meet the energy demand. Renewable

sources like wind energy and solar energy are the prime

energy sources which are being utilized in this regard. The

continuous use of fossil fuels has caused the fossil fuel

deposit to be reduced and has drastically affected the

environment depleting the biosphere and cumulatively

adding to global warming.

Solar energy is abundantly available that has made

it possible to harvest it and utilize it properly. Solar energy

can be a standalone generating unit or can be a grid connected

generating unit depending on the availability of a grid nearby

[21]. Thus it can be used to power rural areas where the

availability of grids is very low. Another advantage of using

solar energy is the portable operation whenever wherever

necessary.

In order to tackle the present energy crisis, one has

to develop an efficient manner in which power has to be

extracted from the incoming solar radiation [22-24]. The

power conversion mechanisms have been greatly reduced in

size in the past few years.

The development in power electronics and material

science has helped engineers to come up very small but

powerful systems to withstand the high-power demand. But

the disadvantage of these systems is the increased power

density. Trend has set in for the use of multi-input converter

units that can effectively handle the voltage fluctuations. But

due to high production cost and the low efficiency of these

systems they can hardly compete in the competitive markets

as a prime power generation source.

The constant increase in the development of the

solar cells manufacturing technology would definitely make

the use of these technologies possible on a wider basis than

what the scenario is 3 presently. The use of the newest power

control mechanisms called the Maximum Power Point

Tracking (MPPT) algorithms has led to the increase in the

efficiency of operation of the solar modules and thus is

effective in the field of utilization of renewable sources of

energy.

II. RELATED WORK

Some of the recent workings related to the research paper is

described below,

The topic of solar energy utilization has been looked

upon by many researchers all around the globe. It has been

known that solar cell operates at very low efficiency and thus

a better control mechanism is required to increase the

efficiency of the solar cell. In this field researchers have

developed what are now called the Maximum Power Point

Tracking (MPPT) algorithms.

Mummadi Veerachary has given a detailed report on

the use of a SEPIC converter in the field of photovoltaic

power control. In his report he utilized a two-input converter

for accomplishing the maximum power extraction from the

solar cell [3].

M. G. Villalva in his both reports has presented a

comprehensive method to model a solar cell using Simulink

or by writing a code. His results are quite similar to the nature

of the solar cell output plots [1]-[2].

P. S. Revankar has even included the variation of

sun’s inclination to track down the maximum possible power

from the incoming solar radiations. The control mechanism

alters the position of the panel such that the incoming solar

radiations are always perpendicular to the panels [9].

M. Berrera has compared seven different algorithms

for maximum power point tracking using two different solar

irradiation functions to depict the variation of the output

power in both cases using the MPPT algorithms and

optimized MPPT algorithms [8].

Direct Duty Ratio Control of Boost Converter for Asymmetrical Variable Step Size Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for

Photo Voltaic Systems

(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 03/2018/092)


Ramos Hernanz has successfully depicted the

modeling of a solar cell and the variation of the current-

voltage curve and the power-voltage curve due the solar

irradiation changes and the change in ambient temperature

[10].

Marcelo Gradella Villalva, Jonas Rafael Gazoli,

Ernesto Ruppert Filho.This paper presents an easy and

accurate method of modeling photovoltaic arrays. The

method is used to obtain the parameters of the array model

using information from the datasheet. The photovoltaic array

model can be simulated with any circuit simulator. The

equations of the model are presented in details and the model

is validated with experimental data. Finally, simulation

examples are presented. This paper is useful for power

electronics designers and researchers who need an effective

and straightforward way to model and simulate photovoltaic

arrays.

III. MODELLING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

A solar cell is the building block of a solar panel. A

photovoltaic module is formed by connecting many solar

cells in series and parallel. Considering only a single solar

cell; it can be modeled by utilizing a current source, a diode

and two resistors. This model is known as a single diode

model of solar cell. Two diode models are also available but

only single diode model is considered here [1], [2], [4], [7],

[9] and [10].

Fig. 1: Single diode model of a solar cell

The characteristic equation for a photovoltaic cell is

given by [1], [2], [4], [7], [9] and [10],

IV. BOOST CONVERTER

Basically, dc-dc boost converter is mostly used in nowadays

for many industrial applications, which a variable dc supply

needed. In solar application dc-dc boost converter use for

boosting the output voltage of solar panel for varying in the

input side resistance of solar panel compare with the load side

resistance by changing the duty cycle a boost converter [11].

A boost converter is use for this work, it misses out the

maximum tracking point, our system either for trying to other

application such as water pumping system which operate on

230 V, so we use a boost converter [12].

Fig. 2: Power Circuit of Boost Converter

Mode 1-The operating condition of the boost

converter is depending on the duty cycle of the switching

frequency, if the switch is closed (ON), battery provides the

charging current to the inductor and inductor is fully charged.

There is no current flowing through the diode cause of

capacitor polarity and so that load current remains constant

which is being supplied due to the discharging of the

capacitor [13]. Mode 2- In the operation of second mode the

switch is disconnecting (off), the diode is becomes forward

bias. The capacitor will charged through the energy released

by inductor. The load current remains constant in the

operation of boost converter [13].

V. MODELING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

In this section the architecture of photovoltaic system is

shown in Fig.3. A single phase inverter and boost converter

using modelling. The panel output is given to the boost

converter after boosting the voltage is connected to invert and

then supply to load. In this MPPT algorithm switching pulse

generated and given to the boost converter for varying the

duty cycle of the boost converter. The interfacing with

renewable energy sources is also possible for different solar

panels can be feed to the inverter as a dc source [8]. The

power coming from battery backup is given to inverter

through a bi-directional dc-dc converter; the controlled flow

of electrical power in either direction is possible by varying

duty cycle.

Fig. 3: Block Diagram of MPPT Techniques based

Photovoltaic System

A. Maximum Power Point Tracking

In this modeling our implementation of Maximum power

point tracking techniques (MPPT) is used to achieve the

maximum power from Photovoltaic system. The Simulink

model shows in Fig.4.

Fig. 4: Simulink model of MPPT

Vg

iL(t)

+ -VL(t)

RL

1

2

R

+

-

C

ic(t)

V(t)





Fig. 5: MPPT output

B. Inverter

It is IGBT use as switch connected with an uncontrolled diode

in anti-parallel manner. IGBT is able to current conducting in

both directions. In which switches junction point in one leg

of inverter represent output point for the connected load to the

system [25]. In simulation of half bridge inverter, load

connected to mid-point of the input dc source and juncture

point of the both switches of inverter shows in Fig.6 If

assumed that input side voltage of inverter is constant and

both switches have no loss. The concept of half bridge, input

voltage is divided in two equally parts with help of a loss free

capacitive potential divider. The electronics switch is

connected to Each legs of inverter within dotted lines in the

Fig. Sw1, Sw2 on then output voltage will be +Vs and when

Sw3 and Sw4 are on output voltage will be -Vs.

Fig. 6: Simulink model of Inverter Three Phase

Fig. 7: Three Phase Waveform of Inverter

C. Photovoltaic Modeling

Fig. 8: Photovoltaic modeling

Fig. 9: Solar Panel Output

D. Boost Converter Modeling

Fig. 10: Boost Converter Modeling

E. Complete Simulink of MPPT Techniques based on

photovoltaic system with Boost converter

Fig. 11: Complete Simulink of MPPT Techniques based

photovoltaic system





Fig. 12: Waveform representation of the solar panel using

boost converter

VI. MODEL WITHOUT BOOST CONVERTER

Fig. 13: Simulink Model of solar panel without using boost

converter

A. Compared Result without Boost converter

Fig. 13: Waveforms representation of solar panel without

using boost converter

VII. CONCLUSION

P-V, I-V curves can be obtained from the simulation of the

PV array designed at completely different irradiation levels

and temperatures but here we have shown the output by

taking irradiation level at 60. The proposed system has been

designed in MATLB SIMULINK. However, the performance

of the photovoltaic system depends on the spectral

distribution of the solar radiation. Hence, Boost converter is

used to improve the PV output power & MPPT methods are

used to increase PV system efficiency. There are various

types of MPPT methods. The Modified asymmetric variable

step Incremental Conductance method is more efficient in

compared to all other MPPT methods because panel terminal

voltage is changed according to its value relative to the MPP

voltage & offers good performance under quickly changing

atmospheric conditions. It can also be seen by the outputs of

both the Simulink models (one is without boost converter &

other is with boost converter) that the output voltage as well

as output power is increasing by using boost converter.

Therefore, it is seen that by using the Incremental

Conductance MPPT technique efficiency of the photovoltaic

system with boost converter is increased.

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