Diploma Project Final Copy Avk2013
Transcript of Diploma Project Final Copy Avk2013
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]bfrikc kgkcysls je gkturkc ajgvfatljg lg k acjsfm fgacjsurf wltb
fcfatrjgla ablp fihfmmfm lg kg katlvf wkcc
K mlssfrtktljg suhilttfm lg prkatlakc eucelccifgt ejr tbf kwkrm
je
Mlpcjik
lg
Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo
Hy
Kvl` Hkc Krgkh Qkrikb
(ML^/;;/IF/>2) (ML^/;;/IF/;8)
Mlwjsbdyjtl Ojojl Qkurlg Mfy
(ML^/;;/IF/;6) (ML^/;;/IF/;>;)
Vgmfr tbf oulmkgaf je
Mr. Ksls Olrl Ir. Hlpckp Mks
Kssjalktf ^rjefssjr Ksslstkgt prjefssjr
Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
Mfpkrtifgt je Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo
GJX]B FKQ]FXG XFOLJGKC LGQ]L]V]F JE QALFGAF KGM ]FABGJCJO\
(Mffifm Vglvfrslty)(Vgmfr tbf Ilglstry je Buikg Xfsjuraf Mfvfcjpifgt, Ojvfrgifgt je Lgmlk)
(V/Q 1 je tbf VOA Kat, ;;1
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AFX]LELAK]F JE K^^XJUKC
]bls ls tj afrtley tbkt mlssfrtktljg fgtltcfm ]BFXIKC KGKC\QLQ JE GK]VXKC
AJGUFA]LJG LG K ACJQFM FGACJQVXF _L]B FCFA]XJGLA ABL^(Q)
FIHFMMFM LG KG KA]LUF _KCC suhilttfm hy Kvl` Hkc (ML^/;;/IF/>2), Krgkh
Qkrikb (ML^/;;/IF/;8), Mlwjsbdyjtl Ojojl (ML^/;;/IF/;6), Qkurlg Mfy
(ML^/;;/IF/;>;) lg eucelccifgt je tbf rfqulrfifgt ejr tbf ML^CJIK lg Ifabkglakc
Fgolgffrlgo suhilttfm tj tbf Gjr tb Fkstfrg Xfoljgkc L gstltutf je Qalfgaf kgm
]fabgjcjoy, L tkgkokr, ls k rfajrm je hjgkelmf wjr` akrrlfm jut hy tbfi murlgo tbfkakmfila sfssljg 8>;8-8>;1, lg tbf Mfpkrtifgt je Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo, GFXLQ],
ugmfr tbf supfrvlsljg kgm oulmkgaf je Mr . Ksls Olr l kgm Ir. Hlpckh Mks, Mfpkrtifgt je
Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrl go, GFXLQ]. ]bf ikttfr fihjmlfm lg tbls mlssfrtktljg bks gjt hffg
suhilttfm tj kgy jtbfr uglvfrslty jr lgstltutf ejr tbf kwkrm je kgy jtbfr Mforff jr Mlpcjik.
Mr . Ksls Olrl I r. Hlpckh Mks
(^rjdfat Qupfrvlsjr) (^rjdfat Qupfrvlsjr kgm Ajjrmlgktjr)
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AKGMLMK]FQ MFACKXK]LJG
_f afrtley tbkt tbf wjr` prfsfgtfm lg tbf prjdfat fgtltcfm ]bfrikc kgkcysls je gkturkc
ajgvfatljg lg k acjsfm fgacjsurf wltb fcfatrjgla ablp fihfmmfm lg kg katlvf wkcc0 k
prfrfqulsltf ejr pkrtlkc eucelccifgt ejr tbf kwkrm je Mlpcjik lg Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo,
Gjrtb Fkst Xfoljgkc Lgstltutf je Qalfgaf kgm ]fabgjcjoy ls kg kaaurktf rfajrm je jur wjr`
akrrlfm jut ugmfr tbf oulmkgaf je Mr. Ksls Olrl kgm Ir. Hlpckh Mks.
_f bfrfhy mfackrf tbkt kcc lgejriktljg lg tbls mjauifgt bks hffg jhtklgfm kgm prfsfgtfm lg
kaajrmkgaf wltb kakmfila rucfs kgm ftblakc ajgmuat. L kcsj mfackrf tbkt, ks rfqulrfm hy tbfsfrucfs kgm ajgmuat, L bkvf euccy altfm kgm rfefrfgafm kcc iktfrlkc kgm rfsucts tbkt krf gjt
jrlolgkc tj tbls wjr`.
Kvl` Hkc Krgkh Qkrikb
ML^/;;/IF/>2 ML^/;;/IF/;8
Mlwjsbdyjtl Ojojl Qkurlg Mfy
ML^/;;/IF/;6 ML^/;;IF/;>;
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Ka`gjwcfmofifgt
_f wjucm cl`f tj tk`f tbls tj fxprfss jur slgafrf orktltumf tj jur oulmfs Mr. Ksls Olrl
(Ksslstkgt ^rjefssjr, Mfpkrtifgt je Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo, GFXLQ]) & Ir. Hlpckh Mks
(Ksslstkgt ^rjefssjr, Mfpkrtifgt je Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo, GFXLQ]) ejr tbflr suppjrt
kgm oulmkgaf tbrjuobjut tbf prjdfat. _f wjucm kcsj cl`f tj tbkg` tbfi ejr tbflr vkcukhcf
tlif tbfy spfgt wltb us lgspltf je tbflr husy sabfmucf. ]bls prjdfat wjucm gjt hf pjsslhcf
wltbjut tbflr ajgtrlhutljg. _f krf kcsj tbkg`euc tj tbfi ejr cfkmlgo us tbflr bkgm je suppjrt
kgm fgajurkofifgt kgm ejr prjvlmlgo us tbf pfrefat pcktejri ejr cfkrglgo gfw s`lccs kgm
wky tj bkgmcf tbf prjhcfis.
Ckst hut gjt tbf cfkst wf wjucm kcsj cl`f tj olvf spfalkc tbkg`s tj jur pkrfgts kgm wbj
kcwkys suppjrtfm us wltb tbflr slcfgt hcfsslgo kgm prkyfrs. _f krf kcsj tbkg`euc tj jur
erlfgms wbj ajgtrlhutfm tj jur prjdfat wltb tbflr ijrkc suppjrt. _f wjucm kcsj cl`f tj
fxprfss jur mffp safgf je ekltbeuc orktltumf tj kcc tbf tfkablgo kgm gjgtfkablgo stkees je
Ifabkglakc Fgolgffrlgo Mfpkrtifgt je GFXLQ].
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Khstrkat
]bf prfsfgt wjr` rfpjrts tbf tbfjrftlakc kgm guifrlakc stumy je gkturkc ajgvfatljg je bfkt
lg k acjsfm vfrtlakc fgacjsurf wltb mlsarfft bfkt sjurafs (rfprfsfgtlgo pjwfr-mlsslpktlgo
sfilajgmuatjr mfvlafs lg fcfatrjgla kppclaktljgs), ijugtfm jg tbf cfet kmlkhktla wkcc je tbf
fgacjsurf. ]bf iktfrlkc je tbf ablp ls ajgslmfrfm tj hf je kcuilglui kgm tbf wjr`lgo eculm
ls ajgslmfrfm tj hf klr. ]bf bfkt sjurafs krf tk`fg tj hf ajgstkgt tfipfrkturf sjurafs. ]bf
rlobt slmf wkcc je tbf fgacjsurf ls kg lsjtbfrikc bfkt slg` wltb bfkt sjurafs (fcfatrjgla
ablps) fihfmmfm lg lt. ]bf tjp kgm tbf hjttji wkcc krf ajgslmfrfm tj hf kmlkhktla wkccs. ]bf
vfcjalty strfki eugatljg, ajgtjurs je stktla tfipfrkturf, ajgtjurs je fgtrjpy kgm vkrlktljg je
vfcjalty ikogltumf hftwffg tbf bfkt sjuraf kgm bfkt slg` ajgslmfrfm krf elourfm erjiECVFG] kgkcysls. ]bf tjtkc bfkt trkgsefr rktf kgm tjtkc ikss trkgsefr rktf ls kcsj akcaucktfm
ejr kcc tbf krrkgofifgts (; ablp, 8 ablp, 1 ablp) kgm tkhucktfm. ]bf mfslog kgm sliucktljg
sjetwkrf pka`kof usfm krf Ecufgt 5.1.85 kgm Okihlt 8.=.5.
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AJG]FG]Q
Ajvfr ^kof l
Afrtlelaktf je Kpprjvkc ll
Akgmlmktfs Mfackrktljg lll
Ka`gjwcfmofifgt lv
Khstrkat v
Ajgtfgts vl
Clst je Qyihjcs vll
Clst je Elourfs vlll
ABK^]FX ; LG]XJMVA]LJG
;.; Bfkt trkgsefr lg fcfatrjgla ablp ;
;.8 Iktfrlkcs 8
;.1 ^rlgalpcfs je bfkt trkgsefr
;.1.; Ajgmuatljg 1
;.1.8 Ajgvfatljg =
;.1.1 Xkmlktljg 6
ABK^]FX 8 CL]FXK]VXF XFULF_
8. Cltfrkturf Xfvlfw 5
ABK^]FX 1 AJI^V]K]LJGKC KGKC\QLQ
1.;.; ^byslakc Ijmfc ?
1.;.8 Okihlt Ijmfc ?
1.;.1 Ifsblgo 2
1.;.= ECVFG] Kgkcysls 2
1.8.; Jpfrktlgo Ajgmltljgs 2
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1.8.8 Iktfrlkcs ^rjpfrtlfs
1.8.5 Qjcutljg lgltlkclzktljg ;;
ABK^]FX = XFQVC]Q KGM MLQAVQQLJGQ
=.; Ajgtjurs je Ufcjalty Qtrfki Eugatljg ;8
=.8 Ajgtjurs je Qtktla ]fipfrkturf ;1
=.1 Ajgtjurs je Fgtrjpy ;6
=.= Ukrlktljg je vfcjalty ;5
ABK^]FX 6 AJGACVQLJG
6.; Ajgacusljgs ;> _/i8. Bfkt ls ofgfrktfm lg k rfslstlvf fcfifgt ejr ks cjgo ks aurrfgt ajgtlgufs
tj ecjw tbrjuob lt. ]bls arfktfs k bfkt hulcm-up kgm k suhsfqufgt tfipfrkturf rlsf kt kgm
krjugm tbf ajipjgfgt. ]bf tfipfrkturf je tbf ajipjgfgt wlcc ajgtlguf rlslgo ugtlc tbf
ajipjgfgt ls mfstrjyfm ugcfss bfkt ls trkgsefrrfm kwky erji lt. ]bf tfipfrkturf je tbf
ajipjgfgt wlcc rfiklg ajgstkgt wbfg tbf rktf je bfkt rfijvkc erji lt fqukcs tbf rktf je
bfkt ofgfrktljg.
;.8 Iktfrlkcs
Fcfatrjgla ablps usfm vkrljus fcfatrjgla kppclkgafs akg hf ikmf erji
k vkrlfty je iktfrlkcs. Kcuilgui ls ijst wlmfcy prfefrrfm lg aryjofgla
kgm kfrjspkaf kppclaktljgs hfakusf je lts cjw mfgslty, blob tbfrikc
ajgmuatlvlty kgm blob strfgotb kt cjw tfipfrkturf. Kt tfipfrkturfs khjvfkihlfgt, ijst kcuilgui kccjys cjsf ifabkglakc strfgotb. Qtklgcfss stffcs,
gla`fc kgm ajppfr kccjys bkvf hffg usfm kt tfipfrkturfs up tj 6>> > A. ]bf
hrkzlgo iktfrlkc lg aksf je kcuilgui fxabkgofrs ls kg kcu ilgui kccjy je
cjwfr ifctlgo pjlgt, wblcf tbkt usfm lg stklgcfss stffc fxabkgofrs ls k
gla`fc hksfm kccjy wltb kpprjprlktf ifctlgo.
;.1 ^rlgalpcfs je bfkt trkgsefr.
Bfkt trkgsefr ls tbf salfgaf wblab sff`s tj prfmlat tbf fgfroy trkgsefr wblab iky
tk`f pckaf hftwffg iktfrlkc hjmlfs ks k rfsuct je tfipfrkturf mleefrfgaf hftwffg tbfi.
Bfkt trkgsefr P6Y ls k mlsalpclgf je tbfrikc fgolgffrlgo tbkt ajgafrgs tbf ofgfrktljg, usf,
ajgvfrsljg, kgm fxabkgof je tbfrikc fgfroy kgm bfkt hftwffg pbyslakc systfis. ]bfrf
krf tbrff mleefrfgt typfs je bfkt trkgsefr4 ajgmuatljg, ajgvfatljg, kgm rkmlktljg. K
tfipfrkturf mleefrfgaf iust fxlst ejr bfkt trkgsefr tj jaaur. Bfkt ls kcwkys trkgsefrrfm lg
tbf mlrfatljg je mfarfkslgo tfipfrkturf
]bf tbrff ijmfs4
Ajgmuatljg4Fgfroy trkgsefr wltblg sjclms
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Ajgvfatljg4]rkgsefr erji k surekaf tj k ijvlgo eculm
Xkmlktljg4]rkgsefr hy fcfatrjikogftla rkmlktljg
;.1.;Ajgmuatljg
Ajgmuatljg ls k ijmf je bfkt trkgsefr tbkt jaaurs wbfg tbfrf ls k tfipfrkturf
orkmlfgt karjss k hjmy. Lg tbls aksf, tbf fgfroy ls trkgsefrrfm erji k blob tfipfrkturf
rfoljg tj cjw tfipfrkturf rfoljg muf tj rkgmji ijcfauckr ijtljg mleeusljg. Blobfr
tfipfrkturfs krf kssjalktfm wltb blobfr ijcfauckr fgfrolfs kgm wbfg tbfy ajcclmf wltb
cfss fgfroftla ijcfaucfs tbf trkgsefr je fgfroy jaaurs.
]bf slipcfst ajgmuatljg bfkt trkgsefr akg hf mfsarlhfm ks jgf mlifgsljgkc bfkt
ecjw mfplatfm lg Elourf ;.Lg tbls sltuktljg, tbf bfkt ecjws lgtj jgf ekaf je tbf jhdfat kgm
jut tbf jppjsltf ekaf wltb gj bfkt cjss (ecjw) jut tbf slmfs je tbf jhdfat. ]bf surekafs ;
kgm 8 krf bfcm kt ajgstkgt tfipfrkturf. Acfkrcy, lg jgf mlifgsljgkc bfkt ecjw, tbf
tfipfrkturf je kg jhdfat ls k eugatljg je jgcy jgf vkrlkhcf, gkifcy tbf mlstkgaf erji
fltbfr ekaf je tbf jhdfat (ekaf ; jr 8).
Fgfroy ls trkgsefrrfm hy ajgmuatljg kgm tbf bfkt trkgsefr rktf pfr uglt krfk ls
prjpjrtljgkc tj tbf gjrikc tfipfrkturf orkmlfgt.
q 9 `K
Elo.;. Jgf mlifgsljgkc bfkt ecjw
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;.1.8.Ajgvfatljg
]bf ajgvfatljg bfkt trkgsefr ijmf ls ajiprlsfm je twj ifabkglsis4 rkgmji
ijcfauckr ijtljg (mleeusljg) kgm fgfroy trkgsefrrfm hy huc` jr ikarjsajpla ijtljg je
tbf eculm. ]bf ajgvfatljg bfkt trkgsefr jaaurs wbfg k ajjc eculm ecjws pkst tbf wkri
hjmy. ]bf eculm kmdkafgt tj tbf hjmy ejris k tblg scjwfm mjwg rfoljg akccfm tbf
hjugmkry ckyfr. ]bf vfcjalty je tbf eculm kt tbf surekaf je tbf hjmy ls rfmuafm tj zfrj muf
tj tbf vlsajus katljg. ]bfrfejrf, kt tbls pjlgt, tbf bfkt ls trkgsefrrfm jgcy hy ajgmuatljg.
]bf ijvlgo eculm tbfg akrrlfs tbf bfkt kwky. ]bf tfipfrkturf orkmlfgt kt tbf surekaf je
tbf hjmy mfpfgms jg tbf rktf kt wblab tbf eculm akrrlfs tbf bfkt kwky.
]bf ajgvfatljg bfkt trkgsefr iky hf acksslelfm kaajrmlgo tj tbf gkturf je eculm ecjw.
Ejrafm ajgvfatljg jaaurs wbfg tbf ecjw ls akusfm hy fxtfrgkc ifkgs, suab ks k ekg, k
puip kgm slilckr. Kg fxkipcf ls k ekg wblab prjvlmfs ejrafm ajgvfatljg klr ajjclgo je
bjt fcfatrlakc ajipjgfgts jg k prlgtfm alrault hjkrm.
]j fxprfss tbf jvfrkcc feefat je ajgvfatljg, wf usfGfwtjgs ckw je ajjclgo4
;.1.1.Xkmlktljg
Bfkt trkgsefr jaaurs hy fcfatrjikogftla rkmlktljg hftwffg tbf surekafs je k hjmy kgm
tbf surrjugmlgo ifmlui. Lt ls k blobcy gjgclgfkr eugatljg je tbf khsjcutf tfipfrkturfs je
tbf hjmy kgm ifmlui. ]bf ikogltumf je tbf bfkt ecux gjrikc tj k sjclm surekaf hy
rkmlktljg ls
qr 9 Kr(]r=]i
=).
Bfrf ]r ls tbf khsjcutf tfipfrkturf je tbf hjmy surekaf, ]i ls tbf khsjcutf
tfipfrkturf je tbf surrjugmlgo ifmlui, Kr ls tbf hjmy surekaf krfk suhdfatfm tj
rkmlktljg, 9 6.5? x ;>2P_/i8@=Y ls tbf Qtfekg-Hjctzikgg ajgstkgt, kgm ls k surekaf
ekatjr ( 9 ; ejr k pfrefat hcka` hjmy).
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_kys tj lgarfksf bfkt trkgsefr.
;. ]bf ajgvfatljg ajfeelalfgt b ajucm hf lgarfksfm hy lgarfkslgo tbf eculm vfcjalty kgm
eculm tfipfrkturf ajucm hf rfmuafm. Bjwfvfr lgarfkslgo b fvfg tj tbf ikxliui
pjsslhcf vkcufs jetfg lgsueelalfgt tj jhtklg tbf mfslrkhcf bfkt trkgsefr rktf jr tbf ajsts
rfcktfm tj hcjwfr jr puip pjwfr rfqulrfm tj lgarfksf b iky hf prjblhltlvf.
8. ]bf sfajgm jptljg je lgarfkslgo tbf eculm tfipfrkturf ls jetfg liprkatlakc.
]bf bfkt trkgsefr rktf iky hf lgarfksfm hy lgarfkslgo tbf surekaf krfk karjss
wblab ajgvfatljg jaaurs. ]bls iky hf mjgf hy uslgo elgs tbkt fxtfgms erji wkccs
lgtj tbf surrjugmlgo eculm. ]bf tbfrikc ajgmuatlvlty je tbf elg iktfrlkc bks k strjgofeefat jg tbf tfipfrkturf mlstrlhutljg kcjgo tbf elgs kgm bfgaf tbf mforff tj wblab
tbf bfkt trkgsefr rktf ls fgbkgafm.
]bfrf krf afrtklg sltuktljgs lg fgolgffrlgo mfslog wbfg tbf jhdfatlvf ls tj
rfmuaf tbf ecjw je bfkt, f.o., bfkt fxabkgofrs, hulcmlgo lgsucktljg, tbfrij ecks` kgm
sj jg. ]bfrikc lgsucktljg iktfrlkcs iust bkvf k cjw tbfrikc ajgmuatlvlty. Lg ijst
aksfs tbls ls kablfvfm hy trkpplgo klr jr sjif jtbfr oks lgslmf tbf sikcc akvltlfs lg k
sjclm. Lt usfs tbf lgbfrfgtcy cjw ajgmuatlvlty je oks tj lgbkhlt bfkt ecjw. Bfkt akg
bjwfvfr hf trkgsefrrfm hy gkturkc ajgvfatljg lgslmf tbf oks pja`fts kgm hy rkmlktljg
hftwffg tbf sjclm fgacjsfm wkccs. ]bf ajgmuatlvlty je lgsucktlgo iktfrlkcs ls
tbfrfejrf tbf rfsucts je k ajihlgktljg je bfkt ecjw ifabkglsis. Lt ls kg feefatlvfgfss
vkcuf tbkt abkgofs wltb tfipfrkturf, prfssurf kgm fgvlrjgifgtkc ajgmltljgs, f.o.,
ijlsturf.
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ABK^]FX 8
CL]FXK]VXF XFULF_
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
Qtumlfs jg bfkt trkgsefr ejr fxtfgmfm surekafs bkvf hffg fxpcklgfm lg tbf fkrclfr
puhclaktljgs suab ks Bkrpfr kgm Hrjwg , Fcfghkks kgm Okrmgfr . Bfkt trkgsefrs lg aksf je
gkturkc ajgvfatljg erji vfrtlakc kgm bjrlzjgtkc elg krrkys krf lgvfstloktfm hy sfvfrkc
rfsfkrabfrs, ejr lgstkgaf, @kr`l kgm ^ktkg`kr. Xfafgt fxpfrlifgtkc stumlfs hy Xkj kgm
Ufg`ktfsbkg jg vfrtlakc elg wltb bjrlzjgtkc hksf ajgslmfr sliuctkgfjus erff ajgvfatljg
kgm rkmlktljg. Ijrf fxpfrlifgtkc fvlmfgaf jg gkturkc ajgvfatljg ejr vfrtlakc elg wltb
vfrtlakc hksf akg hf sffg lg Elsbfr kgm ]jrrkgaf, lg wblab abligfy feefat wks mlsaussfm.
\kzlaljcu kgm \ga prfsfgtfm jptliui elg spkalgo lg tbf aksf je gkturkc ajgvfatljg
erji vfrtlakc elg wltb vfrtlakc hksf.
Quikgtk Hkgfrdff, ft. kc. P(8>>2) ;6;5;68?Y je Dkmkvpur Vglvfrslty, @jc`ktk lg tbflr
djurgkc Gkturkc ajgvfatljg lg k hl-bfktfr ajgelourktljg je pksslvf fcfatrjgla ajjclgo
stumlfs tbf stfkmy stktf sliucktljg je gkturkc ajgvfatljg lg k bjrlzjgtkc, pckgkr squkrf
akvlty wltb twj mlsarftf bfkt sjurafs, ecusb-ijugtfm jg lts hjttji wkcc. ]bf bfktfrs krf
ijmfcfm ks ajgstkgt-ecux bfkt sjurafs. ]bf slmfwkccs je tbf akvlty krf lsjtbfrikc bfkt
slg`s. ]bf tjp wkcc kgm tbf gjg-bfktfm pjrtljgs je tbf hjttji wkcc krf kmlkhktla.
Hujykgay-mrlvfg ajgvfatljg ls sliucktfm ejr vkrylgo cfgotb kgm/jr strfgotb rktljs je tbf
twj bfkt sjurafs, ejr k elxfm akvlty slzf kgm k ajgstkgt vkcuf je tjtkc tbfrikc fgfroy
lgput. ]bf ajiputktljgkc stumy qukgtltktlvfcy mfplats tbf arltlakc rjcfs pckyfm hy tbf
bfktfr cfgotb kgm bfktfr strfgotb rktljs lg fgsurlgo tbkt tbf mfvlafs jpfrktf wltblg tbf
skef tfipfrkturf clilts spfalelfm hy tbf ikguekaturfr. Quab qukgtltktlvf prfmlatljgs
bfcp mftfrilgf tbf rkgof lg wblab tbf bfktfr slzfs kgm/jr ecux strfgotbs iky hf vkrlfm sj
tbkt tbf ajgmltljgs je jpfrktljg. ]bf rktlj je ecux strfgotbs je tbf bfkt sjurafs kgm tbflrcfgotbs krf tk`fg ks vkrlkhcfs, wblcf `ffplgo tbf tjtkc bfkt lgput tj tbf akvlty ks ajgstkgt.
Ejr kgy abjsfg vkcuf je cfgotb (strfgotb) rktlj, ikxliui tfipfrkturf jg hjtb bfktfrs ls
prfsfgtfm ks k eugatljg je bfktfr cfgotb rktlj. ]bfy ejugm jut tbkt hy abkgolgo tbf
mlifgsljgcfss cfgotb rktlj, le bfktfr strfgotb rktlj ls vkrlfm lg fltbfr mlrfatljg je tbf vkcuf
je tjtkc bfkt lgput, tbf ikxliui tfipfrkturf je jgf je tbf bfktfr rlsfs khjvf tbf
pfrilsslhcf clilt.
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ABK^]FX 1
AJI^V]K]LJGKC KGKC\QLQ
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
1.;.Ijmfcclgo
1.;.; ^byslakc Ijmfc4-
Kcc tbf tbrff ijmfcs je tbf mleefrfgt typfs je ablp krrkgofifgts ajgslmfrfm krf sbjwg hfcjw
wltb prjpfr gjifgackturfs je tbf ajgtjurs wltb mlifgsljgs.
(k) (h) (a)
Elo.8.Qabfiktla mlkorki je tbf tbrff typfs je ablp krrkgofifgt (k) Qlgocf guihfr je ablp
fihfmmfm lg tbf katlvf wkcc, (h) ]wj guihfrs je ablp kttkabfm wltb katlvf wkcc, (a) ]brff
guihfrs je ablp fihfmmfm lg tbf katlvf wkcc.
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1.;.8 Okihlt Ijmfc4
]bf twj-mlifgsljgkc ekafs je tbf tbrff typfs je ablp krrkgofifgt krf sbjwg hfcjw4
(k) (h) (a)
Elo.1. OKIHL] ijmfc. (k) Ijmfc wltb jgf guihfr je ablp. (h) Ijmfc wltb twj guihfr
je ablps. (a) Ijmfc wltb tbrff guihfr je ablps
1.;.1 Ifsblgo4
]bf tbrff twj-mlifgsljgkc ekafs ketfr ifsblgo krf sbjwg hfcjw4
Ifsb ]ypf4 [ukm Ifsb Qpkalgo4 >.>>>6
Elo.=. OKIHL] ijmfc ketfr ifsblgo.
(k) (h) (a)Ejr ; ablp ijmfc Ejr 8 ablp ijmfc Ejr 1 ablp ijmfc
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1.8.ECVFG] KGKC\QLQ41.8.;Jpfrktlgo Ajgmltljgs4
]khcf4 ;4 Jpfrktlgo Ajgmltljgs je tbf ajgslmfrfm ijmfc ejr fkab aksf.
^krkiftfrs Ukcufs
Jpfrktlgo
^rfssurf;>;186 k
Orkvltktljgkc
Kaafcfrktljg
R 9 > i/s
\ 9 -1@
Jpfrktlgo
Mfgslty
;.886 `o/i
1.8.8. Iktfrlkcs ^rjpfrtlfs4
Bfrf wf bkvf tk`fg klr ks jpfrktlgo eculm. ]bf iktfrlkc prjpfrtlfs ejr kcc tbf tbrff
aksfs krf skif. ]bf iktfrlkcs prjpfrtlfs je tbf ajgslmfrfm ijmfc krf olvfg lg
]khcf8.
]khcf4 84 Iktfrlkcs prjpfrtlfs je tbf ajgslmfrfm ijmfc.
^krkiftfrs Ukcufs
Mfgslty (Hjusslgfsq) ;.886 `o/i
Qpfalela Bfkt (Ap) ;>>6 D/`o-@
]bfrikc Ajgmuatlvlty >.>82? _/i-@
Ulsajslty ;.?2.>>11 @-
1.8.1. Hjugmkry Ajgmltljgs4
]brff typfs je ablp krrkgofifgt ls ajgslmfrfm ejr tbf skif vfrtlakc fgacjsurf. ]bf
mlifgsljg je tbf vfrtlakc fgacjsurf ls ajgslmfrfm >.>;6 hy >.>8< iftfrs kgm tbf ablp cfgotb
hflgo >.>>1 iftfrs. Ejr ;st aksf jgf ablp ls fihfmmfm lg tbf ilmmcf je tbf katlvf wkcc
(blob tfipfrkturf sjuraf) kt 1=1 @ kgm tbf ajcm wkcc (cjw tfipfrkturf slg`) hflgo kt 1>1 @.
Kcc jtbfr wkccs je tbf vfrtlakc fgacjsurf ls ajgslmfrfm tj hf kmlkhktla.
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;1 @, ]B9 1=1 @, ]B]A9 =>@)
Tjgf ]ypf ]bfrikc Ajgmltljg Ukcuf
Xlobt wkcc _KCC ]fipfrkturf 1>1 @
Ablp _KCC ]fipfrkturf 1=1 @
]jp kmlkhktla wkcc _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
Hjttji kmlkhktla wkcc _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
Cfet kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
]khcf=4 Aksf 14 _ltb 8 Ablps (]A9 1>1 @, ]B9 1=1 @, ]B]A9 =>@)
Tjgf ]ypf ]bfrikc Ajgmltljg Ukcuf
Xlobt wkcc _KCC ]fipfrkturf 1>1 @
Ablp (fkab) _KCC ]fipfrkturf 1=1 @
]jp kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
Hjttji kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
Cfet kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i8
]khcf64 Aksf 14 _ltb 1 Ablps (]A9 1>1 @, ]B9 1=1 @, ]B]A9 => @)
Tjgf ]ypf ]bfrikc Ajgmltljg Ukcuf
Xlobt wkcc _KCC ]fipfrkturf 1>1 @
Ablp (fkab) _KCC ]fipfrkturf 1=1 @
]jp kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
Hjttji kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i8
Cfet kmlkhktla _KCC Bfkt Ecux > _/i
1.8.=. Vgmfr-Xfckxktljg Ekatjrs4
]bf Vgmfr-rfckxktljg ekatjrs ejr fkab je tbf aksfs krf ajgslmfrfm skif.
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]khcf 54 Xfckxktljg Ekatjrs
^krkiftfrs Ukcuf
^rfssurf >.1
Mfgslty ;
Hjmy ejrafs ;
Ijifgtui >.?
Fgfroy ;
1.8.6. Ajgvfrofgaf Arltfrlk4
]khcf4 ?4 Ajgvfrofgaf arltfrlk
Xfslmukcs Khsjcutf Arltfrlk
Ajgtlgulty >.>>;
x-vfcjalty >.>>;
y-vfcjalty >.>>;
Fgfroy ;f->6
1.8.5. Qjcutljg Lgltlkclzktljg
]khcf4 24 Lgltlkc Ukcufs tk`fg ejr kcc tbf aksfs.
^krkiftfrs Lgltlkc vkcufs
Okuof prfssurf > ^k
R-vfcjalty > i/s
\-vfcjalty > i/s
]fipfrkturf 181 @
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8;
ABK^]FX =
XFQVC]Q KGM MLQAVQQLJGQ
Jur pbyslakc ijmfcs wltb fcfatrjgla ablp(s) kttkabfm tj kg katlvf wkcc je k vfrtlakc fgacjsurf
krf mfslogfm lg OKIHL] 8.1 kgm sliuctkgfjuscy sliucktfm lg ECVFG]. ]bf sliucktljg ls
pfrejrifm ejr fkab krrkgofifgt (; ablp, 8 ablp kgm 1 ablp) jgf hy jgf kgm tbf ejccjwlgo
elourfs krf jhsfrvfm.
=.; Ajgtjurs je Ufcjalty strfki eugatljg.
Elo =.;.;4 Ufcjalty Qtrfki eugatljg je tbf ijmfc wltb jgf guihfr je ablp.
Elo =.;.84 Ufcjalty Qtrfki eugatljg je tbf ijmfc wltb twj guihfr je ablps.
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Elo =.8.8 4 Ajgtjurs je stktla tfipfrkturf je tbf ijmfc wltb twj guihfr je ablps
Elo =.8.1 4 Ajgtjurs je stktla tfipfrkturf je tbf ijmfc wltb tbrff guihfr je ablps.
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8=
=.1 4 Ajgtjurs je fgtrjpy.
.
Elo =.1.; 4 Ajgtjurs je fgtrjpy je tbf ijmfc wltb jgf guihfr je ablp.
Elo =.1.8. 4 Ajgtjurs je fgtrjpy je tbf ijmfc wltb twj guihfrs je ablps.
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Elo =.1.14 Ajgtjurs je fgtrjpy je tbf ijmfc wltb tbrff guihfrs je ablps.
=.= 4 Ukrlktljg je vfcjalty.
Elo =.=.;4 Ukrlktljg je vfcjalty kcjgo lsj-surekaf tk`fg kt vfrtlakc bkce mlstkgaf je tbf
fgacjsurf ejr jgf guihfr je ablp.
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Elo =.=.84 Ukrlktljg je vfcjalty kcjgo lsj-surekaf tk`fg kt vfrtlakc bkce mlstkgaf je tbf
fgacjsurf ejr twj guihfrs je ablps.
Elo
=.=.14 Ukrlktljg je vfcjalty kcjgo lsj-surekaf tk`fg kt vfrtlakc bkce mlstkgaf je tbf
fgacjsurf ejr tbrff guihfr je ablps.
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ABK^]FX 6
AJGACVQLJGQ
]bf Bfkt Ecux ofgfrktfm lg fkab je tbf fcfatrjgla ablps ijugtfm lg tbf katlvf wkcc wks
akcaucktfm uslgo sjetwkrfs OKIHL] 8.= kgm ECVFG] 5.1. ]bfg tbf tjtkc bfkt trkgsefr
rktf ejr fkab ijmfc wks akcaucktfm hy kmmlgo up tbf bfkt ecuxfs je tbf lgmlvlmukc ablps.
Lt wks ejugm tbkt tbf bfkt trkgsefr rktf ls ikxliui ejr tbf ajgmltljg lg wblab ikxliui
guihfrs je bfkt ofgfrktlgo sjurafs (l.f. Ablp) krf lgvjcvfm..
Erji prfsfgt stumy wf jhtklgfm ajgvfatljg bfkt trkgsefr ajfeelalfgt (b)
ejr mleefrfgt hksf tfipfrkturf. _f ejugm tbkt ajgvfatljg bfkt trkgsefr
mfarfksfs wltb tbf lgarfksf lg tfipfrkturf.
Qajpf je euturf wjr`
Eurtbfr stumy jg tbls elfcm akg hf mjgf jg kg fxpfrlifgtkc sftup tj
vkclmktf jur jutajif. Ijrf rlojrjus stumy ls rfqulrfm tj ajgacumf tbf
fxpfrlifgtkc rfsucts jhtklgfm erji prfsfgt ajgelourktljg.
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P8Y Qkabmfvk X.A.4 Eugmkifgtkcs je Fgolgffrlgo Bfkt kgm Ikss ]rkgsefr, , Gfw Kof^uhclaktljgs.
P1Y Djbg B Clfgbkrm lv kgm Djbg B Clfgbkrm v , K Bfkt ]rkgsefr ]fxthjj`, ]blrm Fmltljg,^bcjolstjg ^rfss.
P=Y Hkgfrdff Q.0 Iu`bjpkmbyky K0 Qfg Q0, Okgoucy X4, Gkturkc ajgvfatljg lg k hl-bfktfrajgelourktljg je pksslvf fcfatrjgla ajjclgo, Lgtfrgktljgkc Djurgkc je ]bfrikc Qalfgafs
(8>>2) ;6;5;68?
P6Y Hkgfrdff Q.0 Iu`bjpkmbyky K0 Qfg Q0, Okgoucy X4,, Feefat je hjugmkry ajgmltljgs jgtbfrij orkvltktljgkc ajgvfatljg lg k squkrf fgacjsurf wltb ajgstkgt ecux bfktlgo kt tbf
hjttji wkcc tbrjuob hl-bfktfr ajgelourktljg, lg4 ^rjaffmlgos je GAEIE^8>>5, LL]
Hjihky, 8>>5, ;?;?, pp. ;2.P5Y KGQ\Q ECVFG] ;8.>/;8.; Mjauifgtktljg.
bttp4//www.sbkragft.ak/Qjetwkrf/Ecufgt;8/lgmfx.bti
P?Y Ecufgt 5.> Vsfr's Oulmf Ujc ;bttp4//www.sarlhm.aji/mja/8262855?/Ecufgt-5->-Vsfr-s-Oulmf-Ujc-;
P2Y Okihlt Vsfr Oulmfbttp4//www.sarlhm.aji/mja/?582=5