Diploma in Civil Engineering · SY CIVIL Fourth Sem Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1 Key...
Transcript of Diploma in Civil Engineering · SY CIVIL Fourth Sem Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1 Key...
SY CIVIL Fourth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1
Key Points to Remember:
Second Year
Diploma in Civil Engineering
Fourth Semester
C h a p t e r w i s e N o t e s
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
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Subject Title : Transportation Engineering Subject Code : 17418
Topic 1. Overview of Transportation Engineering (04 Marks)
Contents:
• Role of transportation in the development of nation • Modes of transportation system -
roads, railway, airways, waterways, Importance of each mode, comparison and their
relative merits and demerits. • Necessity of Cross drainage works for railways.
Que.1 State the role of transportation in the development of nation.
Ans:- Role of transformation is in the movement of people and goods
within the nation and transformation of both people and given us
feasible by land, water and air. The transport by land is feasible
through roadways and railways. Both these modes are easy and
economical, they play an important role in the economic and
social and commercial development of a country.
Transportation plays a very important role in development of India
in the following ways.
1. Easy and quick transportation of men, machines, animals,
material, and goals can be made.
2. Transportation system increases the social awareness among
people.
3. Transportation is essential for strategic movement in emergency
for defense of the country and to maintain better law and order.
4. Transportation Network creates job opportunities for millions of
people.
5. Transportation through air ways plays an important role of
communication to the people staying in remote area and also
helps the people in difficulties during floods
Que.2 State two merits and two demerits of Roadways.
Ans. Merits of Roadways:
1. A number of smaller units like scooter, rickshaws, cars, etc. are
available for personalized transport.
2. They provide door to door service.
3. It is ideal for non-bulk cargo especially passenger and freight.
4. They transport men and material from one part to other speedily
and easily.
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5. Starting and destination points need not be necessarily defined
unlike in other modes of transport.
6. In hilly or mountainous region roads are the only means of
conveyance.
7. Help to provide medical aid to remote places.
8. Safety of goods is assured as the responsibility rest with the driver.
Demerits of Roadways:
1. Suitable for short distance only.
2. Rate of accidents are very high as compared to other modes of
transportation.
3. Tractive resistance of wheels to the roads is more therefore more
power is required.
4. Speed restriction is there in this mode of transport.
Que.3 State the factors affecting the choice of transport
Ans: Factors affecting the choice of transport are:
If business firm can deliver goods and satisfactory services to
customers, it can earn goodwill. Nature of goods, needs of
customers, cost, time for delivery (speed), reliability, capacity,
access, security etc. should be considered while selecting means of
transport.
Selection of the means of transport affects the whole physical
distribution system. So proper means of transport should be
selected keeping all these factors in mind.
1. Cost : Water transport is the cheapest means for transporting raw
materials or finished goods. Road transport is relatively costly and
airway transport is the costliest.
2. Speed: The time taken by the means of transport in transporting
goods is called speed. The means of high speed takes shorter time
to transport goods or people to the destination, but the means of
slow speed takes longer time. Airway transport is fastest means
whereas human and animals are the slowest means. Water
transport system is cheap means but it is very slow.
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3. Accessibility Or Availability: All means of transport have no same
accessibility. There is neither accessibility nor availability of pipeline and
water ways/sea route in some countries. So, road transport is the best
among available means.
4. Capacity: Railways and water ways are the best means in carrying
capacity. They can transport huge and heavy loads. The means of rad
transport are medium whereas airways can carry only limited loads and
are the costliest means.
5. Reliability: The task of carrying goods to destination at right time
regularly is called reliability. Pipeline transport system is the best reliable
means whereas road transport, railway, human and animals are
supposed to be good or reliable means of transport.
In short following factors are affecting choice of selection of transport.
1. Quantity of material to be transport.
2. Weight of the material to be transported.
3. Distance of transport.
4. Time available for transportation.
5. Locations of places of transport
Que.4 Compare demerits of roadways and railways.
Ans: Comparison of demerits of roadways and railways.
S. No. Demerits of Roadways Demerits of Railways
1 Roadways are not suitable
for bulk cargo movement
Railways are suitable for
bulk cargo movement
2 More width of right-of way. Less Width of right-of way.
3 High tractive resistance Less tractive resistance
4 Low employment potential High employment potential
5 More traffic effort is required Traffic effort of railway route is less.
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Que.5 State the important of cross drainage works for railway.
Ans: Important of cross drainage works for railways are:
i) To pass the rain water safely across the track
ii) To allow the communication or movement of people goods etc.
traffic across the track.
Que.6 Enlist necessity of cross drainage works.
Ans: Necessity of cross drainage works is given below:
1. Excess Moisture content causes reduction in bearing strength of
base course bed materials.
2. Excess moisture content in layers of road way causes permanent
failure.
3. Due to poor drainage, waves and corrugations are formed in
flexible pavements.
4. At places where temperature often reaches to freezing point
frost action of water entering the pavements structure may cause
the damage.
Que.7 Enlist different modes of transportation and explain any one.
Ans: There are various means to carry products from one place to
another. Land transport, water transport, air transport and pipeline
transport are the major means of transportation. Each of them has
its own features, merits and demerits. Proper means of
transportation should be selected according to necessity, the
nature of goods, cost, time for transportation, reliability, capacity,
access, security etc. We can classify and describe the different
modes of transportation in the following ways mentioned below:
1. Land Transport System
i. Road Transport
Road transport is being used from ancient time and it is very useful and
important. The means of road transport are: a). men and labors, b). animals
such as mule, horse, sheep, goat, camel etc. c). cart, lorry etc. d). the
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modern automobile such as motor, bus, truck, tractor, tempo, trolley bus,
jeep etc are also used to transport people and goods. People, cloths, paper
materials, books, machines and machinery, animals, fresh fruits and other
goods are transported from one place to another.
Labors or porters are used to carry goods to remote places where
modern means of transport have not reached. In some places horse, mule,
sheep, goat, camels etc. are used to transport goods. Rickshaw, cycle, cart,
lorry etc are also used in transporting goods and people. But the means of
transport like bus, truck, tractor, motor, etc. have become very popular
means of transporting goods and people. Nowadays, motor, truck, bus, jeep
etc. have become synonyms of road transport.
ii. Railway Transport
The other important means of land transport is railway. It is used to
transport goods and people from one place to another. Development of railway
transport helps much to develop industry, commerce and whole economy of
any country. It is very useful in transporting big and heavy goods and materials.
Mostly railway is used in transporting big and heavy materials such as big
machines, coal, food grain, chemicals, automobiles, iron , steel etc.
2. Water Transport System
Water transport is taken as an ancient means of transport, It was
developed and used to transport goods and people from one country to
another before the development of air transport. It is also operated to transport
goods from one part to another of any country through big canals, rivers or sea.
Water transport is a system of transporting goods and people from one place to
another by ship, boat, steamer, motorboat etc. through canals, rivers, lake, sea,
ocean etc. Water transport is suitable to transport petroleum products,
chemicals, iron, machines, tools, heavy equipment, coal and several heavy
goods.
3. Air Transport System
Air transport is the fastest modern means of transport. Air transport was
started after First World War, especially after 1918. In the beginning until 1960,
only passengers, mails, perishable goods and costly light goods were
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transported by air transport. But nowadays, air transport system has also become
suitable for other industrial and commercial products. According to the research
carried out by Air Canada on air fair market, air transport system has been
proved cost effective and practical means for transporting industrial and
business goods.
The importance of air transport has gradually growing. This is the fastest
speed means for transporting passengers and goods to different parts within a
country and different countries of the world. Mostly, flowers of different species,
perishable edibles, technical goods, emergency parts and parcels, equipment,
mails and other valuable goods are transported by air transport system.
4. Pipeline Transport System
Pipeline is another important means of transport. Raw oil, Petroleum products,
processed coal, drinking water, natural gas etc. are transported from one place
to another place. Pipeline transport may be constructed underground or
underwater. This means of transport is very useful for quick transportation of liquid
materials even through high hills or plane land. This is regular and reliable means
of transport.
It needs less manpower. It does not need packaging service and cost
and it can be operated 24 hours. It becomes long lasting in the condition of
proper repair. But construction of pipeline system take huge investment and
it can transport only liquid materials.
5. Rope-way Transport System
Rope-way is the another means of transport. It can transport people and goods.
It can be operated in the places where road construction is impractical and
costly. Certain limit of goods or people can be transported with the help of
electricity. In the hilly remote countries, rope-way transport system may be
suitable means.
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Topic 2. Railway Engineering (32 Marks)
Contents:
2.1 Alignment and Gauges and Permanent ways………….12
• Classification of Indian Railways, zones of Indian Railway. Alignment- Factors governing
rail alignment. Rail Gauges – types, factors affecting selection of gauge. Rail track cross
sections – standard cross section of BG and M.G Single and double line in cutting and
embankment.
• Permanent ways - Ideal requirement, component parts. Rails - function and its types.
Rail Joints - requirements, types, Creep of rail, causes and prevention of creep. Sleepers -
functions and Requirement, types - wooden, metal, concrete sleepers and their
suitability, sleeper density Ballast - function and different types with their properties,
relative merits and demerits. Rail fixtures and
fastenings – fish plate, bearing plates, spikes, bolts, keys, anchors and anti creepers.
2.2 Railway Track Geometrics and Branching of Tracks…….14
• Coning of wheels, tilting of rails, Gradient and its types, Super elevation limits of Super
elevation on curves, cant deficiency negative cant, grade compensation on curves •
Branching of Tracks
Definition of point and crossing, a simple split switch turnout consisting of points and
crossing lines. Sketch showing different components, their functions and working. Line
sketches of track junctions-crossovers, scissor cross over, diamond crossing, triangle.
Inspection of points and crossings.
2.3 Station and Yards and Track Maintenance………………..06
• Site selection for railway stations, Requirements of railway station, Types of stations
(way side, crossing, junction and terminal) Station yards , types of station yard, Passenger
yards, good yard Locomotive yard – its requirements, water column , Marshalling yard –
its types. .
• Track Maintenance - Necessity, types, Tools required and their function, orgnisation,
duties of permanent way inspector, gang mate key man.
Que.1 State factors affecting selection of site for railway station.
Ans: The following factors affect selection of site for railway station:
1. It should have fairly level ground.
2. It should be closed to town.
3. It should provide good drainage facility.
4. It should not be in low lying area otherwise water well be filled in the
yards.
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5 It should be preferred if roads already exists at the site connecting towns
and villages.
6 Sufficient vast area should be available for future development of the
station.
Que.2 State Factors affecting selection of site for railway station.
Ans: The following factors affect selection of site for railway station:
1. It should have fairly level ground.
2. It should be closed to town.
3. It should provide good drainage facility.
4. It should not be in low lying area otherwise water well be filled in
the yards.
5 It should be preferred if roads already exists at the site connecting
towns and villages.
6 Sufficient vast area should be available for future development of
the station.
Que.3 State requirements of railway station.
Ans: Railway station should satisfy the following requirements;
1. Public requirements:
i. Booking office for issuing tickets to the passengers.
ii. Arrangement for the booking of goods.
iii. Passenger and goods platform with or without sheds.
iv. Name board of the station.
v. Waiting rooms and relaxing rooms.
vi. Drinking water arrangements.
vii. Bathrooms with sanitary arrangements.
viii. Inquiry office.
ix. Provision of big boards for schedule of trains.
x. Microphones to announce the arrival and departure of trains.
xi. Other facilities like public telephone, refreshment staff, telegraph
office, police stations, etc.
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2. Traffic staff and Police requirements:
Staffroom, retiring room and residential quarters for railway staff such as
station master, ticket collector, night operator, engine drivers, etc. and for
police should be provided.
3. Train requirements:
i. Provision for arrangements for controlling the movement of trains by
means of signals.
ii. Sufficient number of slidings for receiving, sorting, storing and departing
of trains.
iii. Sufficient number of platforms for handling passengers and goods
trains.
iv. Arrangements for control and record of train movements.
4. Requirement of locomotives:
i. Proper arrangements for supply of fuel and water to locomotives such
as coal, lifting cranes, water columns, etc.
ii. Arrangements for cleaning, examining, inspecting and maintaining the
locomotives such as ash pits, inspection pits, hydraulic jacks, etc.
iii. Turn table for changing the direction of engine.
5. Requirements for development of railways:
i. Easy and comfortable approach roads connecting the nearby town or
village to the station without causing congestions.
ii. Availability of coolies on the station platform.
iii. Clocks to show correct time, guide map of the city, separate boards
for arrival and departure of trains with platform numbers.
Que.4 Explain hydrological investigation of railway.
Ans: The hydrological investigation of railway include following
information:
i. The intensity and frequency of rainfall in the area.
ii. The ground water table which affects the construction of railway
track.
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iii. The size, shape and surface characteristic of catchment area of
river on which Railway Bridge is to be provided.
iv. The maximum depth of scour with corresponding level or any
other special causes responsible for the scour has to be
investigated.
Que.5 State the factors of governing rail alignment
Ans: Following are the factors govern the rail alignment:
1. Connecting tread centres.
2. Strategic consideration.
3. Shortening existing routes.
4. Connecting port with the interior of the country.
5. Lying of branch line
Que.6 State the type of gauges in railway. Explain any one in details.
Ans: Gauge: The clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of
the two rails forming a track is known as gauge.
Following are the type of gauges.
1. Broad gauge (B.G)
2. Meter gauge (M.G.)
3. Narrow gauge (N.G.)
Broad Gauge: - When the clear horizontal distance between the inner
faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 1676mm the gauge is called
Broad Gauge (B.G)
This gauge is also known as standard gauge of India and is the broadest
gauge of the world.
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The Other countries using the Broad Gauge are Pakistan, Bangladesh,
SriLanka, Brazil, Argentine, etc.50% India‘s railway tracks have been laid to
this gauge.
Suitability: - Broad gauge is suitable under the following Conditions:-
1. When sufficient funds are available for the railway project.
2. When the prospects of revenue are very bright.
3. This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in plain areas which are
densely populated i.e. for routes of maximum traffic, intensities and at
places which are centers of industry and commerce.
Metre Gauge: - When the clear horizontal distance between the inner
faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 1000mm, the gauge is known
as Metre Gauge (M.G) The other countries using Metre gauge are France,
Switzerland, Argentine, etc. 40% of India‘s railway tracks have been laid
to this gauge.
Suitability:- Metre Gauge is suitable under the following
conditions:-
1. When the funds available for the railway project are
inadequate.
2. When the prospects of revenue are not very bright.
3. This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in under-developed
areas and in interior areas, where traffic intensity is small and
prospects for future development are not very bright.
Narrow Gauge:- When the clear horizontal distance between the inner
faces of two parallel rails forming a track is either 762mm or 610mm, the
gauge is known as Narrow gauge (N.G) The other countries using narrow
gauge are Britain, South Africa, etc. 10% of India‘s railway tracks have
been laid to this gauge.
Suitability: - Narrow gauge is suitable under the following conditions:-
1. When the construction of a track with wider gauge is prohibited
due to the provision of sharp curves, steep gradients, narrow bridges and
tunnels etc.
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2. When the prospects of revenue are not very bright. This gauge is,
therefore, used in hilly and very thinly populated areas. The feeder gauge
is commonly used for feeding raw materials to big government
manufacturing concerns as well as to private factories such as steel
plants, oil refineries, sugar factories, etc.
Que.7 State factors govern the choice for the selection of gauge.
Ans: 1. Cost of construction:
i. The cost of earthwork, ballast, sleepers, rails, etc. would increase
with increase in gauge width.
ii. There is little increase in the acquisition of land for permanent
track with increase in gauge.
2. Volume and nature of traffic:
It is evident with greater traffic volume and greater load carrying
capacity; the trains should be run by a better traction technique.
3. Development of the area:
Narrow gauge can be used to develop the thinly populated areas
by joining them with developed or urban areas.
4. Physical features of the country:
Use of narrow gauge is warranted in hilly regions where broad and
metre gauge are not possible due to steep gradients and sharps.
5. Speed of the movement:
The speed of train is almost proportional to the gauge. Speed is the
function of diameter of wheel, which in turn is limited by the gauge.
The wheel diameter is generally 0.75 times that of gauge. Lower speed
discourages the customers and so for maintaining high speeds, broad
gauges are preferred.
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Que.8 List various component parts of Permanent Way.
Ans: Following are the component parts of permanent way:
1. Rails 2. Ballast 3. Sleepers
4. Fixtures and fastening 5. Formation or sub
grade
Que.9 State Ideal requirements of permanent way.
Ans: Ideal requirements of permanent way
i. The gauge of the permanent way should be uniform, correct and
it should not get altered.
ii. Both the rails should be at the same level on tangent (straight)
portion of the track.
iii. Proper amount of superelevation should be provided to the
outer rail above the inner rail on curved portion of the track.
iv. The permanent way should be sufficiently strong against lateral
forces.
v. The curves, provided in the track, should be properly designed.
vi. An even and uniform gradient should be provided through out
the length of the track.
vii. The tractive resistance of the track should be minimum.
viii. The design of the permanent way should be such that the load
of the train is uniformly distributed on both the rails so as to prevent
unequal settlement of the track.
ix. It Should provide adequate elasticity in order to prevent the
harshness of impacts between the rails and the moving wheel loads
of a train.
x. It should be free from excessive rail joints and all the joining
should be properly designed and constructed.
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xi. All the components parts such as rails, sleepers, ballast, fixtures
and fastenings, etc. should satisfy the design requirements.
xii. All the fixtures and fastenings such as chairs, bearing plates, fish
plates, fish bolts, spikes etc. should be strong enough to withstand
the stresses occurring in the track.
xiii. All the *points and crossings, laid in the permanent way, should
be properly designed and carefully constructed.
xiv. It should be provided with fence near level crossings and also in
urban areas.
xv. It should be provided with proper drainage facilities so as to
drain off the rain water quickly away from the track.
xvi. It should be provided with safe and strong bridges coming in
the alignment of the track.
xvii. It should be provided with safe and strong bridges coming in
the alignment of the track.
xviii. It should be so constructed that repairs and renewals of any of
its portion can be carried out without any difficulty.
Que.10 State functions of Rails.
Ans: Rails are rolled steel sections laid end to end in two parallel lines
over the sleepers to form a railway track is called as rail.
The functions of Rails are:
i) To provide a hard, strong surface for movement of trains.
ii) To provide smooth surface for movement of trains with minimum
tractive resistance.
iii) To bear the stresses developed in the track due to heavy wheel
loads, lateral and braking forces and also due to variation of
temperature
iv)To transmit the axle loads of the trains to sleepers.
v)To reduce the pressure on ballast and formation
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For Details contact:
Mr. V.S. kumbhar
HOD
Civil Department,
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre.
Mob. No.: 7798306363
Ph. No.: 0230 -246312
Email ID: [email protected]