Diglycolamine Agent Brochure (1)

8/10/2019 Diglycolamine Agent Brochure (1)

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Performance Products

DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent

Product Information


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Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Sales Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Analytical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Gas Treating Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Acid Gas Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Regeneration Heat Requirements . . . . . . . .5

Chemical and Thermal Degradation . . . . . .5

DIGLYCOLAMINE Product Reclaiming . . .5

Construction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Handling and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Maintaining Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Transfer Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Unloading in Cold Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

New Facilities and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Toxicity and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Shipping Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Huntsman Sales Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

1

Huntsman DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent


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Huntsman's Gas Treating business is a leading globalsupplier of gas treating chemicals, supplying a wide

range of chemicals to the gas conditioning industry for

the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in

refinery as well as in produced gas streams. Continuous

research and development helps our customers find

more effective ways to solve their gas treating require-

ments. In addition we provide the necessary marketing,

sales, manufacturing and technical support to supply

customers with the right products at the right time and

at a competitive price.

DIGLYCOLAMINEAGENT (DGA)

Huntsman is one of the largest global producers of

specialty amines, with an annual capacity exceeding

90 million pounds. The DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent

(DGA) can be reacted with fatty acids to form

amides and amine salts for foam-boosting surfac-

tants, stabilizers, detergents, and LAS emulsifying

and wetting agents in shampoos, metalworking,

paper treating and textile operations.

The DIGLYCOLAMINE (DGA) brand of 2-(2-

aminoethoxy) ethanol is a critical component in the

removal of hydrogen sulfide and/or carbon dioxide

from gas streams. In addition to supplying this mar-

ket, Huntsman is a leader in supplying this proven

technology in increasing quantities for paint strippers,

photoresist strippers for electronic circuit boards,

specialty surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, cuttingfluids, amides, and other applications where primary

amines are useful.

Physically, DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is a clear, viscous

liquid at room temperature and a white crystalline solid

below its freezing point of 9.5F (-12.5C). DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent has a relatively high boiling point and low

vapor pressure.

It is hygroscopic and miscible with water, most alcohols,

and most polyols. Aqueous solutions of DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent are alkaline. Being bifunctional, DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent reacts with acids to form esters or salts. Most areas

of use for DIGLYCOLAMINE agent are dependent to

some degree on these features.

The use of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solution for gas

treatment purposes holds great promise, both in new

plants and in the conversion of existing amine facilities

to obtain either lower treatment costs or an inexpensive

means of debottlenecking existing treating facilities.

This technical brochure provides the latest available

data on this proven DIGLYCOLAMINE agent to ensure

optimum use, giving you the advantage in your present

operations and new applications. The Chemical

Abstracts Service Registry number for DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent is 926-06-6.

Introduction

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Method of Determination

Appearance Clear liquid, substantially

free from suspended matter ST-30.1

Boiling range

ASTM, C ST-32.1

IBP 216 min.95% 226 max.

Color, Pt-Co scale 35 max. ST-30.12

DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent,

wt. % by titration 98 min. ST-5.5

Water, wt. % 0.5 max. ST-31.53

3

Analytical ProceduresAbbreviated forms of the standard methods of test for

use with DGA agent specifications are presented here.

Copies of the methods in detail are available from our

Technical Services Section in The Woodlands, Texas,

upon request.

APPEARANCE (Method No. ST-30.1) is determined by

visual inspection of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent in a 100-ml

tall-form Nessler tube.

BOILING RANGE (Method No. ST-32.1) is determined

by a procedure similar to ASTM D 1078-63.

COLOR (Method No. ST-30.12) is determined visually in

a 40-ml tube with APHA color disc standards, or in a

100-ml tall-form Nessler tube with liquid platinum cobalt

(APHA) standards.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent (Method No. ST-5.5) is

determined by titrating a solution of DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent with standard hydrochloric acid using

methyl purple indicator.

WATER (Method No. ST-31.53) is determined by the

standard Karl Fischer method, the end point being

detected electrometrically.

Sales SpecificationsThe following sales specifications are subject to change without notice. Appropriate analytical procedures for these

specifications may be found to the right.

Sales Specifications / Analytical Procedures


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Gas Treating ApplicationsDIGLYCOLAMINE/DEA is widely used for the absorption

of acid gases, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and car-

bon dioxide (CO2), and has been accepted worldwide

as a successful gas treating agent. The DGA agent

brand of 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol is also used for

removal of carbonyl sulfide (COS) from aliphatic liquid

hydrocarbon streams using a patented Huntsman

Corporation process.

Experience obtained during the commercial application

of DIGLYCOLAMINE gas treating agent has proven that

its use often results in significant savings over other

sweetening processes when the acid gas content of the

stream to be treated is greater than 1 mole %. Natural

gas sweetening units now in operation are treating gas

streams with CO2:H2S ratios varying from over 100:1 to

0.1:1. Several plants are processing gas streams having

acid gas contents in excess of 30 mole % with DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent. Hydrogen sulfide recovered in

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent units is being converted to

bright sulfur via the Claus process.

Savings of 15 to 20% in capital investments for newplants have been made using DIGLYCOLAMINE agent

as compared to monoethanolamine systems. A signifi-

cant reduction in plant operating cost is also realized

due to a 15 to 30% reduction in regeneration heat

requirements for the treating solution. The lower circula-

tion rate required when utilizing a 50 to 65 wt.% DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent solution is the major factor in the

reduction of capital and operating costs.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is used for the removal of CO2

and/or H2S from both natural and refinery gas streams.

It should also be considered for synthesis gas and flue

gas streams although as with all amines used for gas

treating, degradation due to the presence of oxygen

must be taken into consideration. DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent has been successfully utilized for removal of

COS, CO2, and H2S from liquid hydrocarbon streams.

When DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is used to treat liquid

hydrocarbon streams, a water wash of the treated

hydrocarbon liquid is recommended to minimize

entrainment losses, particularly when amine concentra-

tions above 25 wt.% are utilized.

The use of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent in gas treating

should not be confused with the much older glycol-

amine process, which uses a mixed ethanolamine-gly-

col solvent for simultaneous sweetening and dehydra-

tion. Although DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is hygroscopic

at very high concentrations, it is not currently recom-

mended for simultaneous sweetening and dehydration.

The proper choice of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent concen-

tration and acid gas loading is affected by gas stream

composition, treating conditions, and acid gas ratios in

much the same manner as other amine sweetening

processes involving absorption with chemical reaction.

While recommended design concentrations are

Applications

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between 50 - 60 wt. %, current commercial experienceconfirms the applicability of up to 75 wt. % DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent systems.

ACID GAS LOADING Recommended acid gas load-

ings will vary significantly in terms of SCF of acid gas/

gallon of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent, depending on

CO2:H2S ratios, construction materials, and solution

concentrations. Gases containing low CO2:H2S ratios

are much less corrosive to amine treating systems and

can be loaded to higher levels without experiencing

undue corrosion, as compared to gas streams having

high CO2:H2S ratios.

Gross acid gas loadings of 0.35 to 0.425 mole/mole of

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solution are the typical current

commercial practice. Recent experience, however, indi-

cates that higher loadings may be possible when treat-

ing gases with low CO2:H2S ratios. Residual acid gas

loading of lean DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solutions will

normally be in the range of 0.05 0.06 mole of acid

gas per mole of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solution for

high CO2:H2S ratios. Lower residual acid gas loadings

for lean DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solution are usually

obtained with low CO2:H2S ratios.

REGENERATION HEAT REQUIREMENTS

Regeneration heat requirements for DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent solutions will be affected by the CO2:H2S ratio of

the acid gas contained in the inlet gas stream in much

the same manner as other amine solutions. For gas

streams containing a high CO2:H2S ratio, 1.0 1.2

moles of water vapor per mole of total acid gas in the

regenerator overhead is typically used to establish

regenerator heat requirements. Gas streams containing

low CO2:H2S ratios generally require more heat for solu-

tion regeneration.

SECONDARY CHEMICAL REACTIONS Oftenreferred to as a degradation product, there is a sec-

ondary reaction product in DIGLYCOLAMINE agent

gas treating solution known as N,N'bis(hydrox-

yethoxyethyl)urea (BHEEU). The BHEEU product is

formed by the reaction of 2 moles of DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent with 1 mole of either CO2 or COS. It is

also possible to form an additional product by the

reaction of 1 mole of either carbon disulfide (CS2) or

COS with 2 moles of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent to form

N,N'bis(hydroxyethoxyethyl)thiourea. Experience indi-

cates the dominant reaction with COS will be to form

BHEEU. Unlike many other amines, these secondary

reactions between DIGLYCOLAMINE agent and CO2,

COS, or CS2 are not true degradation products for

they are reversible at temperatures typically used in

reclaiming operations (350 to 355F). These reactions

are shown below:

5

Applications


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DIGLYCOLAMINE PRODUCT RECLAIMING The

reclaiming of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is usually neces-

sary to maintain a circulating solution free of contami-nants and with low concentrations of the bis(hydrox-

yethoxyethyl)urea (BHEEU). Heat-stable salts can also

be removed from the treating solution in the reclaiming

step. Addition of a low-chloride content alkali to the

reclaimer can be used to free any DIGLYCOLAMINE

product tied up as a heat stable salt.

The lengths of reclaiming cycles vary and are usually

determined for each individual plant. Commercial expe-

rience indicates reclaiming cycles vary from a few

weeks to as long as three months or more.

Periodically, operators should visually check to make

certain reclaiming operations are continuing at design

conditions. A flow indicator should be installed in the

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent feed and the supplemental

water feed to the reclaimer. Also, instrumentation

should be provided to enable plant operators to deter-

mine the quantity of heat being supplied to the DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent solution reclaimer. Improper reclaimeroperation can result in increases in contaminants as

well as higher degradation product concentrations.

To determine DIGLYCOLAMINE agent reclaiming cycle

times, samples of lean treating solution and the

reclaimer liquid should be analyzed periodically for

increases in contaminant levels. Increases in contami-

nant level will vary at each individual plant; therefore, a

history of reclaiming operations must be developed. Our

Technical Services team can aid customers in determin-

ing optimum reclaimer cycle times.

It is recommended that the DIGLYCOLAMINE agent

reclaimer be designed utilizing the same basic design

techniques as those employed for monoethanolamine

reclaimers, with several additional considerations:

Applications

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The reclaimer should typically be sized to handle a min-imum of 0.5% of the circulating solution. Certain types

of applications might require higher reclaiming rates.

To optimize degradation product reconversion,

reclaiming temperatures should be maintained below

360F and typically around 350 to 355F. In order to

minimize thermal degradation, supplemental water

feed to the reclaimer is usually required to prevent the

reclaiming temperature from exceeding the 360F

level. A portion of the regenerator reflux, steam con-

densate, or good quality make-up water can be used

for this purpose.

Control of the DIGLYCOLAMINE agent feed to the

reclaimer is usually accomplished by setting a con-

stant heat input to the reclaimer. With a constant

reclaimer heat duty, the reclaimer feed rate is con-

trolled by the reclaimer kettle liquid level control. If

steam is utilized as the heating medium, it is recom-

mended that a sparging steam line be installed below

the reclaimer tube bundle.

Availability of sparging steam is particularly advanta-

geous at the end of the reclaiming cycle to prevent

settling of the accumulated sludge and solids, which

will reduce liquid circulation around the reclaimer tube

bundle. Because relatively long reclaiming cycles can

be realized, it is important that 8 to 12 inches of clear-

ance be provided between the bottom of the reclaimer

shell and the reclaimer tube bundle. This clearance will

accommodate the buildup of solids and sludge.

Reclaimer overhead vapors should be returned to thestripping still via a separate line and can provide a sig-

nificant portion of the regeneration heat requirements.

An extra nozzle for vapor reentry should be added four

or five trays from the bottom of the regenerator when

sour regenerator reflux is used as the supplemental

water source for the reclaimer.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The choice of con-

struction materials for DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solution

treating facilities is essentially the same as for

monoethanolamine systems. Generally speaking, treat-

ing systems handling gas streams with high ratios of

CO2:H2S are in much more corrosive service than

streams with low ratios of CO2:H2S and similar load-

ings and temperatures. Where low CO2:H2S ratios are

encountered, carbon steel is usually satisfactory.

Recommendations for construction materials should be

handled on an individual basis for the specific applica-

tion. Additional assistance can be obtained through our

Technical Services team.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent gas treating solution has dis-

tinct advantages over monoethanolamine and

diethanolamine for plants operating in cold weather

areas because heat tracing requirements are reduced.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solutions containing 30 to 35

wt. % H2O are within the eutectic region of the freezing

curve. Freezing points as low as -40F have been

determined on actual plant samples containing 30 to

40 wt. % H2O and various quantities of acid gas.

Viscosities will, of course, be quite high at low temper-

atures. Normal operating solutions of 60% DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent are pumpable at -10F in many facilities.

7

Applications


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Other ApplicationsDIGLYCOLAMINE agent is suggested for use in many

applications where other alkanolamines, morpholine, or

other amines have been utilized. It reacts with fatty

acids to form amides and amine salts useful as surface-

active agents, such as foam boosters and stabilizers,

detergents, and emulsifying and wetting agents. The

reference numbers used in the following paragraphs

refer to the bibliography.

Our laboratory data demonstrate that, in certain con-

centration ranges, DIGLYCOLAMINE agent imparts

greater viscosities than triethanolamine in amine-neutral-

ized linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid formulations. This

effect is quite advantageous in shampoos and other

specialty detergent and emulsifier applications. Aqueous

solutions of sulfonic acid neutralized with DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent had the following viscosities at the indi-

cated concentrations at 25C:

Active Ingredients, % 5 10 15 20 25

Triethanolamine salt,

viscosity, SUS 5.5 9.9 64 728 4,725

DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent salt, viscosity

SUS 5.8 29.3 619 4,436 6,910

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent solution use in shampoo for-

mulations also results in reduced eye irritation.

Stanford Research Institute, under the direction of the

Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, has developed

a process using DIGLYCOLAMINE agent to make a tal-

low sulfate as a lime soap dispersant.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is used as an emulsifying agentto prepare metal-working lubricants that prevent carbon

deposits and discoloration of the metal.51

Photoresist strippers are made using DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent in conjunction with N-methylpyrolidone.

Polyurethane rubber with lower solution viscosity and

higher film elongation and tensile strength is produced

using DIGLYCOLAMINE agent instead of preparations

using Sulfonyldiamine.52

Other applications for DIGLYCOLAMINE agent include its

use as a component of paint strippers, hydraulic fluids,

extractive solvents, paper treating and textile treating

solutions, and dyes, as detailed below:

Applications

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DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is used in accelerator additivesfor alkaline paint stripping solutions. These products usu-

ally require much shorter contact times than more con-

ventional alkaline paint stripping compositions.38, 45, 46, 48

Fire-resistant polyamide ester hydraulic fluids are pro-

duced by reacting DIGLYCOLAMINE agent with a dibasic

acid or one of its derivatives, such as phthalic anhydride.50

Anhydrous mixtures of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent and

other selective solvents are used to separate aromatic

compounds from hydrocarbon liquids. Extraction or

extractive distillation is employed. DIGLYCOLAMINE

agents high boiling point makes it especially suitable for

this application.36, 39, 42

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is also used in the TherMEcel

process for protecting and stabilizing transformer insula-

tion papers against thermal deterioration and decompo-

sition products of transformer oil and other liquid

dielectrics. The TherMEcel process was developed by

the Thomas A. Edison Division of McGraw-Edison. In

this process, newly formed paper is thoroughly impreg-

nated with an aqueous solution of DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent while still on the papermaking machine.37, 49

Textile-treating solutions containing DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent help cellulosic fabrics retain their original finish.43

Liquid developers for diazo copying papers use DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent to replace the NH3 developers that

contribute to air and water pollution problems.44, 47, 53

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is also employed as a stabilizer

in diazo dye compounds for paper and cellulose fibers. 40

For further information on the uses of DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent, consult the bibliography.

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Applications


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The following physical properties are for DIGLYCOLAMINEagent, a product of Huntsman

Corporation:

Molecular Weight 105.14

Boiling point, 760 mm Hg, C 221

Critical constants*

Critical temperature, C 401.4

Critical pressure, atm 42.98

Critical density, g/cc 0.322

Density, g/ml, 60F 1.0585

77F 1.0508

Flash point, Pensky-Martens closed cup, F 255

Freezing point, C -12.2

Heat of vaporization, 760 mm Hg, Btu/lb 219.14

lonization constant, 25C, kb 3.6 x 10-5

Refractive index, nD, 20C 1.4598

Specific gravity, 20/20C 1.0560

Specific heat of liquid, Btu/lb/ F, 60F 0.571

180F 0.623

Thermal conductivity, 68F,

Btu/hr, sq ft,F/ft 0.121

Vapor pressure, 68F, mm Hg


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Property FigureVapor Pressure of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions 1

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions at Various Pressures 2

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions at Various Pressures 3

Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Versus Temperature 4

Viscosity of DGA Agent Versus Temperature 5

Viscosity of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Versus Temperature 6

Effect of Acid Gas Loading on Kinematic Viscosity of an Aqueous 25 Wt. % DGA Agent Solution Versus Temperature 7




Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.1 Moles CO 2/Mole DGA Agent 11



Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO 2 and 0.2 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent 14

Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.1 Moles CO 2 and 0.3 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent 15

Density of DGA Agent Versus Temperature 16

Density of Aqueous DGA Agent Solution Versus Temperature 17

Effect of Acid Gas Loading on Density of an Aqueous 25 Wt. % DGA Agent Solution Versus Temperature 18





Effect of Temperature on Density of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO 2/Mole DGA Agent 23

Effect of Temperature on Density of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.4 Moles CO 2/Mole DGA Agent 24

Effect of Temperature on Density of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.1 Moles CO 2 and 0.1 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent 25

Effect of Temperature on Density of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO 2 and 0.2 Moles H2S/ Mole DGA Agent 26

Specific Heat of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Versus Temperature 27

Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions 28

Freezing Points of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions 29

pH of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions at 20C 30

Surface Tension of Aqueous DGA Agent Solutions Versus Temperature 31

Hydrogen Solubility in Gas Treating Amine Solutions Versus Hydrogen Partial Pressure 32

Nitrogen Solubility in Aqueous 60 Wt. % DGA Agent Solution at 180F 33

11

Physical Properties


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Figure 1Vapor Pressure of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions

VAPORPRESSURE,mmHg

TEMPERATURE, F

100 150 250 300 400

3

100

70

50

30

20

10

5

200 500

1,000

700

500

300

200

3,000

2,000Water

50 Wt. % DGA Agent

70 Wt. % DGA Agent

90 Wt. % DGA Agent

95 Wt. % DGA Agent

100 Wt. % DGA Agent

Physical Properties

12


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Figure 2Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions at Various Pressures

TEMPERATURE,

F

DIGLYCOLAMINEAGENT, wt. %

0 3 0 60 70 90120

300

280

260

240

220

180

160

40 100

400

380

360

340

320

440

420

80502010

140

200

760 mm Hg

300 mm Hg

100 mm Hg

13

Physical Properties


16/60

Figure 3Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions at Various Pressures

TEMPERATURE,

F


0 3 0 60 70 90220

400

380

360

340

320

280

260

40 100

500

480

460

440

420

540

520

80502010

240

300

35 PSIA

20 PSIA

25 PSIA

Physical Properties

14


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Figure 4Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Versus Temperature

WATERVA

PORDEWP

OINT,

F

TEMPERATURE, F

75 90 105 110 12020

60

50

40

30

10

0

95 125

100

90

80

70

120

110

1151008580

10

20

Water50 Wt. % DGA Agent

70 Wt. % DGA Agent

80 Wt. % DGA Agent

90 Wt. % DGA Agent

95 Wt. % DGA Agent97 Wt. % DGA Agent

98 Wt. % DGA Agent

99 Wt. % DGA Agent

15

Physical Properties


18/60

Figure 5Viscosity of DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Versus Temperature

VISC

OSITY,cp

TEMPERATURE, F

50 300

100

100 150 200 250

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

9

87

6

5

4

3

2

1

Physical Properties

16


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Figure 6Viscosity of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Versus Temperature

VIS

COSITY,cp


0 10020 40 60 80

0.1

10 30 50 70 90

1.0

10.0

100.0

1,000.0

10,000.0

100,000.0

40F

0F

20F

40F

60F

80F

100F

120F

140F

160F

20F

200F

Freezing Point Curve

180F

17

Physical Properties


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Figure 7Effect of Acid Gas Loading on Kinematic Viscosity of anAqueous 25 Wt. % DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solution Versus Temperature

KINEMATICVISCOSITY,cSt

TEMPERATURE, F

50 100 175 200 2250.50

1.25

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.60

125 250

3.00

2.00

1.50

4.00

15075

0.70

(24 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.38 Moles CO 2/MOLE

DGA Agent

(24 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.19 Moles CO 2/MOLE

DGA Agent

(25 Wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2

Physical Properties

18


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TEMPERATURE, F

50 100 175 200 2250.80

3.00

2.00

1.75

1.50

1.00

125 250

15.00

7.00

4.00

30.00

15075

1.25

(44.8 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.41 MolesCO2/Mole DGA Agent


(49.6 Wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2(48.6 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.10 Moles

CO2/Mole DGA Agent(46.0 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.21 Moles

CO2/Mole DGA Agent and 0.23 MolesH2S/Mole DGA Agent

(46.6 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.11 MolesCO2/Mole DGA Agent and 0.29 Moles

H2S/Mole DGA Agent

0.90

5.00

6.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

20.00

19

Physical Properties


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TEMPERATURE, F

50 100 175 200 2251.25

6.00

4.00

3.00

5.00

1.75

125 250

50.00

100.00

15075

2.00

1.50

15.00

20.00

30.00

75.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

40.00


(58.7 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.20 MolesCO2/Mole DGA Agent and 0.21

Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent(60.9 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.20 Moles

CO2/Mole DGA Agent(59.4 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.10 Moles

CO2/Mole DGA Agent and 0.30Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent


(64.4 Wt. % DGA Agent); no CO 2

Physical Properties

20


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TEMPERATURE, F

50 100 175 200 2252.0

20.0

10.0

8.0

125 250

500.0

1,000.0

15075

4.0

3.0

75.0

100.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

5.0

6.0


(71.2 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.20 MolesCO2/Mole DGA Agent and 0.21

Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent(72.0 Wt. % DGA Agent); 0.10 Moles

CO2/Mole DGA Agent and 0.30Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent



(79.5 Wt. % DGA Agent); no CO 2

21

Physical Properties


24/60


25/60

Figure 12Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent



0 100

100

20 40 60 80

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

10 30 50 70 90

60F

80F

100F

120F

140F

160F

180F

Solutions of 25, 50,

65, and 80 wt. %

DGA agent were

loaded to 0.2 moles

CO2/mole DGA

agent to obtain this

family of curves.

23

Physical Properties


26/60

Figure 13Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.4 Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent



0 100

1,000

20 40 60 80

800

80

60

50

40

30

20

10

8

6

5

4

3

1

10 30 50 70 90

60F

80F

100F

120F

140F

160F

180F

Solutions of 25, 50,65, and 80 wt. %

DGA agent were

loaded to 0.4 moles

CO2/mole DGA

agent to obtain this

family of curves.

2

100

600

500

400

300

200

Physical Properties

24


27/60

Figure 14Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO2 and 0.2 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent

KINEMATIC

VISCOSITY,cSt


0 100

100

20 40 60 80

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

10 30 50 70 90

60F

80F

100F

120F

140F

160F

180F

Solutions of 50, 65, and 80wt. % DGA agent wereloaded to 0.2 moles CO2and 0.2 moles H2S/moleDGA agent to obtain thisfamily of curves.

25

Physical Properties


28/60

Figure 15Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.1 Moles CO2and 0.3 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent

KINEMATIC

VISCOSITY,cSt


0 100

100

20 40 60 80

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

10 30 50 70 90

60F

80F

100F

120F

140F

160F

180F

Solutions of 50, 65, and 80

wt. % DGA agent were

loaded to 0.1 moles CO2

and 0.3 moles H2S/mole

DGA agent to obtain this

family of curves.

Physical Properties

26


29/60

Figure 16Density of DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Versus Temperature

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92

0.91

0.90

D

ENSITY,g/cc

TEMPERATURE, F

0 100 180 220 280120 300240140604020 80 160 260200

27

Physical Properties


30/60

Figure 17Density of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solution Versus Temperature

DE

NSITY,g/cc


0 100

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.9720 40 60 8010 30 50 70 90

180F

160F

140F

120F

100F

80F

60F

40F

20F

0F

20F

40F

Freezing Point Curve

Physical Properties

28


31/60

Figure 18Effect of Acid Gas Loading on Density of an Aqueous25 Wt. % DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solution Versus Temperature

DENSITY,g/cc

TEMPERATURE, F

80 180

1.160

1.140

1.120

1.100

1.080

1.060

1.040

1.020

1.000

0.980100 120 140 160

(24 wt. % DGA Agent); 0.38 MolesCO2/Mole DGA Agent

(24.1 wt. % DGA Agent); 0.21Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent and0.20 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent

(24.6 wt. % DGA Agent); 0.19Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent

(24.4 wt. % DGA Agent); 0.09Moles CO2and 0.11 Moles

H2S/Mole DGA Agent(25 wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2

29

Physical Properties


32/60


DENSITY,g/cc

TEMPERATURE, F

80 180

1.160

1.140

1.120

1.100

1.080

1.060

1.040

1.020

1.000

0.980100 120 140 160



H2S/Mole DGA Agent(47.2 wt. % DGA Agent); 0.19Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent


H2S/Mole DGA Agent(49.6 wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2

Physical Properties

30


33/60


DENSITY,g/cc

TEMPERATURE, F

80 180

1.160

1.140

1.120

1.100

1.080

1.060

1.040

1.020

1.000

0.980100 120 140 160



(64.4 wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2

31

Physical Properties


34/60


DEN

SITY,g/cc

TEMPERATURE, F

80 180

1.160

1.140

1.120

1.100

1.080

1.060

1.040

1.020

1.000

0.980100 120 140 160



H2S/Mole DGA Agent



H2S/Mole DGA Agent(75 wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2

Physical Properties

32


35/60


DEN

SITY,g/cc

TEMPERATURE, F

80 180

1.180

1.160

1.140

1.120

1.100

1.080

1.060

1.040

1.020

1.000100 120 140 160



(79.5 wt. % DGA Agent); no CO2

33

Physical Properties


36/60

Figure 23Effect of Temperature on Density of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent

DEN

SITY,g/cc


0 100

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.9720 40 60 8010 30 50 70 90

180F

160F

140F

120F

100F

80F

60FSolutions of 25, 50, 65, and

80 wt. % DGA agent were

loaded to 0.2 moles

CO2/mole DGA agent to

obtain this family of curves.

Physical Properties

34


37/60

Figure 24Effect of Temperature on Density of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.4 Moles CO2/Mole DGA Agent

DEN

SITY,g/cc


0 100

1.20

1.19

1.18

1.17

1.16

1.15

1.14

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.9620 40 60 8010 30 50 70 90

120F

100F

80F

60F

Solutions of 25, 50, 65, and

80 wt. % DGA agent were

loaded to 0.4 moles

CO2/mole DGA agent to

obtain this family of curves.

180F

160F

140F

35

Physical Properties


38/60

Figure 25Effect of Temperature on Density of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.1 Moles CO2and 0.1 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent

DENSITY,g/cc


0 100

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.9720 40 60 8010 30 50 70 90

180F

160F

140F

120F

100F

80F

60F

Solutions of 25, 50, and 75 wt.

% DGA agent were loaded to

0.1 moles CO2 and 0.1 moles

H2S/mole DGA agent to obtain

this family of curves.

Physical Properties

36


39/60

Figure 26Effect of Temperature on Density of AqueousDIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Loaded to 0.2 Moles CO2and 0.2 Moles H2S/Mole DGA Agent

DENSITY,g/cc

1.15

1.14

1.13

1.12

1.11

1.10

1.09

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.05

1.04

1.03

1.02

1.01

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.97


0 10020 40 60 8010 30 50 70 90

180F

160F

140F

120F

100F

80F

60F

Solutions of 25, 50, and 75 wt.% DGA agent were loaded to0.2 moles CO2and 0.2 molesH2S/mole DGA agent to obtainthis family of curves.

37

Physical Properties


40/60

Figure 27Specific Heat of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Versus Temperature

TEM

PERATURE,

F

SPECIFIC HEAT, Btu/lb/F

1.05 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.600.85 0.55

340

320

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

600.650.800.951.00

Water

50 Wt. % DGA Agent

60 Wt. % DGA Agent

70 Wt. % DGA Agent

80 Wt. % DGA Agent

90 Wt. % DGA Agent

DGA Agent

Physical Properties

38


41/60

Figure 28Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions

THERMALCOND

UCTIVITY,

Btu/hr,sqft,

F/ft

TEMPERATURE, F

50 100 200 250

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10150

Water

20 Wt. % DGA Agent

40 Wt. % DGA Agent

60 Wt. % DGA Agent

80 Wt. % DGA Agent

DGA Agent

Boiling Point Curve

39

Physical Properties


42/60

Figure 29Freezing Points of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions

FREE

ZINGPOINT,

F


0 3 0 60 70 9040 100

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

6080502010

Physical Properties

40


43/60

Figure 30pH of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions at 20C

DIGLYCOLAMINEA

GENT,wt.%

pH

10 11 13 14

100.0

70.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

7.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.112

41

Physical Properties


44/60

Figure 31Surface Tension of Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINEAgent Solutions Versus Temperature

SURFACE

TENSION,

dynes/cm

TEMPERATURE, F

50 80 110 120 14090 150

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

101301007060

Water

50 Wt. % DGA Agent

75 Wt. % DGA Agent

DGA Agent

Physical Properties

42


45/60

Figure 32Hydrogen Solubility in Gas Treating Amine SolutionsVersus Hydrogen Partial Pressure

HYDROGENSOLUBILITY,cuft/galDGAagent

HYDROGEN PARTIAL PRESSURE, psia

0 400

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.0080 160 240 320

Hydrogen solubility in 20 wt. % MEA-watersolution at 144F

Hydrogen solubility in 60 wt. % DGAagent-water solution at 180F

40 120 200 280 360

43

Physical Properties


46/60


47/60

45

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent undergoes reactions typical ofalcohols and amines. It is isomeric with diethanolamine;

however, it has certain structural differences that are

advantageous in some applications. For example,

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is a primary amine, whereas

diethanolamine is a secondary amine.

The primary NH2 group makes DIGLYCOLAMINE agentmore reactive than diethanolamine. In certain reactions,

such as those involving CO2, DIGLYCOLAMINE agent

will have an advantage over the primary amine,

monoethanolamine, in avoiding cyclic structures.

Chemical Properties


48/60

GeneralThe handling and storage of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent

presents no unusual problems. Our Technical

Service staff is available to assist those persons

desiring additional information. See the Toxicity and

Safety section for related additional information.

Maintaining Specifications

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is hygroscopic and will

absorb water vapor when exposed to a moist

atmosphere. If water content is to be minimized, a

dry inert gas pad under a few ounces of pressure

should be used on the storage tanks. A gas pad

should also be used if low color is important, since

absorbed atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide

will cause DIGLYCOLAMINE agent to develop color.

Since DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is basic, it will react

with acidic gases, hence carbon dioxide and natural

gas containing acidic sulfur compounds cannot be

used. Nitrogen is quite suitable.

The solvent properties and alkaline nature of DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent should also be considered when

installing handling and storage facilities. DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent will react with copper to form com-

plex salts. The use of copper and alloys containing

copper should be avoided in equipment that will

contact DIGLYCOLAMINE agent or its aqueous solu-

tions. Carbon steel storage tanks constructed

according to a recognized code are generally satis-

factory. In cases where low color is important, stain-

less steel is preferred.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is not compatible with phe-

nolic resin linings.

Steam coils with sufficient surface area to heat thetank contents using low-pressure steam should be

built into the tank about six inches above the floor. The

coils should be constructed in such a manner as to

allow the condensate to drain. Stainless steel coils are

preferred, particularly when low color DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent solution is important. If steam heat is to

be used continuously to prevent high viscosities or

freezing, a temperature regulator that throttles either

the steam or condensate should be installed.

In situations where the ambient temperature is low,

tank insulation is desirable. Asphalt-cork or urethane

foam insulation sprayed onto the outer wall is satisfac-

tory. If a nitrogen pad is used, pressure relief and vacu-

um relief valves of a suitable capacity should be

installed. The system may consist of a cylinder of nitro-

gen, a pressure reducing valve, a pressure relief valve,

and a line to the top of the storage tank. Tankage

should be diked and electrically bonded and grounded.

In cold climates, when DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is uti-

lized for gas treating applications, it can be diluted

with water to approximately 80% concentration. An 80

wt. % DlGLYCOLAMINE agent:water solution has a

freezing point below -40F.

Transfer Lines

Carbon steel transfer lines at least two inches in diam-

eter and joined by welds or flanges are suitable.

Screwed joints are subject to failure unless back-weld-

ed because DIGLYCOLAMINE agent will leach conven-

tional pipe dopes. U.S. Rubber 899 gasket material or

its equivalent is satisfactory for use with flanged con-

nections in DIGLYCOLAMINE agent service.

Handling and Storage

46


49/60

If the ambient temperature is below 20F, the transferline for the pure product should be steam traced and

insulated. Steam tracing can be accomplished by

affixing copper tubing of approximately 3/8-inch

diameter to the underside of the line, insulating the

tube to the line, and using low-pressure steam in the

tubing. For flexible connections, stainless steel hose

is preferred to rubber, since rubber will generally

deteriorate in DIGLYCOLAMINE agent service and

increase the color of the product with time and tem-

perature. Systems that are insulated and steam-

traced should be preheated in cool weather before

being put into service. Normally, 15 to 30 minutes of

applying steam to the tubing will adequately warm,

but not overheat, the system. Transfer piping and

pumps may be equipped with a nitrogen padding

system so the DIGLYCOLAMINE agent can be pres-

sured out of the lines when an extended idle period

is contemplated. This practice will help reduce losses

and color increases that would result if the DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent were allowed to remain in the lines.

Pumps

Carbon steel rotary pumps can be used with DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent, although a centrifugal pump is

preferred. Rotary pumps should be equipped with

externally lubricated bearings. A Durametallic Type

RO-TT mechanical seal is suitable. Where pump

packing is required, Garlock 234, Garlock 239, or

equivalent is satisfactory.

Because DIGLYCOLAMINE agent has high viscosi-ties at low temperatures, provision should be made

for preheating pumps exposed to the cold. To pre-

heat pumps, install steam tracing and apply low-

pressure steam to the tubing.

Unloading in Cold Weather

Thawing a tank or tank car of DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent is accomplished by applying steam at 50

pounds pressure maximum to the coils of the tank

or tank car. Product temperature should be kept

below 150F.

Thawing may be accelerated by using a l iquid circu-

lating pump. In the case of unloading tank cars, or if

steam is being discontinued to tanks, the coils

should be blown free of condensate with dry air to

prevent freezing of the condensate and coil rupture.

For further information on handling frozen product in

tanks, it is recommended that reference be made to

Association of American Railroads Pamphlet No. 34,

and General American Transportation Corporations

Care of Heater Coils in Tank Cars.

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent that has frozen in drums

may be thawed in a hot room at about 100 F.

Thawing should be expected to require approximate-

ly two to three days.

47



50/60

New Facilities and CleaningPrior to putting storage vessels into service, it is

desirable to purge with nitrogen to remove oxygen

from the tank atmosphere. Although frequent clean-

ing of tanks and transfer lines is not recommended,

it may be necessary due to contamination or accu-

mulation of foreign material in the system. For such

cleaning, a water wash is generally satisfactory.

Tank cleaning is normally accomplished by thorough-

ly sluicing the interior of the tank with a water jet,

followed by cloth or chamois drying. Unless exces-

sive rust scale makes it necessary, the interior of the

tank should not be wire brushed or sandblastedbecause the oxides of iron are relatively inert to

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent. Once clean and dry, the

tank should be sealed and purged with dry nitrogen

to avoid undue condensation and rust formation.

Most of what has been described so far is con-

cerned with commercial, essentially anhydrous,

DIGLYCOLAMINE agent. Aqueous DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent solutions have lower freezing points and lower

viscosities, so storage and handling may be simpli-

fied considerably by dilution in storage if the DIGLY-

COLAMINE agent is to be used as an aqueous solu-

tion (see Physical Properties section).


48


51/60

Toxicity StudiesResults of acute toxicity testing using DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent indicate that this product is slightly toxic by single

oral exposure, and practically nontoxic by single dermal

exposure. The oral LD50 in rats has been determined to

be 2.6 g/ kg, and the dermal LD50 in rabbits is in

excess of the 3.0 g/kg maximum concentration

employed in our limit test.

Acute irritation studies have shown this product to be

extremely irritating/corrosive to the skin of rabbits, with a

Draize score of 8.0 (maximum score 8.0). Due to its cor-

rosive properties to the skin, rabbit eye irritation studies

using DIGLYCOLAMINE agent have not been performed,

but it is expected that this product would be extremely

irritating/corrosive to the eyes. A dermal sensitization

study (Beuhler method) has shown DIGLYCOLAMINE

agent to be nonsensitizing to guinea pigs induced and

challenged at concentrations of 10% in acetone.

A battery of in vitro genetic toxicity studies, employing

an Ames assay, a cell transformation assay, and an

Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) assay, did not

demonstrate any evidence of DNA damage or cell

growth transformation in the test systems.

Human Health Effects and First AidOn the basis of the above toxicity studies, the principal

health hazard from accidental exposures to DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent is a moderate-to-severe irritation/corro-

sion of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.

Chemical-type goggles with face shield must be worn

during handling or use of the undiluted product or con-

centrated solutions. Contact lenses should not be worn.

Protective clothing and gloves resistant to chemicals

and petroleum distillates must be worn.

Should accidental eye contact occur, flush eyes withlarge amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, after

which a physician should be consulted. During flush-

ing of the eyes, eyelids should be held apart to permit

rinsing of entire surface of eyes and lids.

For skin contact, immediately flush skin with large

amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Clothing

wet with the product must be removed immediately

and laundered before reuse.

If DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is accidentally ingested,

and the individual is conscious and can swallow, he

or she should be given two large glasses of water,

after which a physician should be consulted. Since

this product is expected to produce severe

irritation/corrosion of mucous membranes, vomiting

should not be induced, due to the possibility of lung

damage from aspiration of the product into the lungs

during vomiting.

The vapor pressure of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent is quite

low, and exposure to harmful quantities of vapor

should not be a health problem under usual circum-

stances. However, adequate ventilation should be pro-

vided where a large quantity of product is exposed, or

where mists or vapors are generated. Spills in con-

fined areas should be cleaned up promptly.

Spill Containment and DisposalSpilled DIGLYCOLAMINE agent can be absorbed

using a solid absorbent and placed into drums for

disposal. Larger amounts of material may be dis-

posed of by incineration or placement in a properly

controlled landfill site. In all instances, disposal of this

product should be performed in compliance with all

local, state, provincial, and federal regulations.

49

Toxicity and Safety


52/60

Delivery of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent can be made in10,000 and 20,000-gallon tank cars. These cars are

constructed of welded carbon steel and have bottom

unloading fittings and steam coils.

Deliveries can also be made in insulated, stainless

steel, full or compartmented tank wagons with steam

coils. If requested, tank wagons can be equipped with

unloading pumps and hoses.

Drums of DIGLYCOLAMINE agent can be shipped in

truckload or less-than-truckload quantities. The net

weight of a drum is 480 pounds; the gross weight is

approximately 501 pounds per drum. Drums areUN1A1 or UN1H1, nonreturnable.

Under U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and

Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG)

regulations, the proper shipping name for DIGLYCO-

LAMINE agent is 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol,identifica-

tion number UN 3055. This product is considered a

corrosive material (TDG hazard class 8) and requires a

CORROSIVElabel for shipping.

For further information, please refer to the Material

Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product.

Shipping Information

50


53/60

Gas Treating Applications1. Anon.: GPA Explores H2S Removal Methods, Oil & Gas Journal 7 76, No. 29, 66, 71-73 (1978).

2. Barth, D., Tondre, C., and Delpuech, J. J.: Stopped-Flow Investigations of the Reaction Kinetics of Carbon

Dioxide With Some Primary and Secondary Alkanolamines in Aqueous Solutions, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 18, No.

4, 445-457 (1986).

3. Bucklin, Robert W.: DIGLYCOLAMINE (DGA) - A Workhorse for Gas Sweetening, Oil & Gas Journal 80, No.

45, 204, 208-210 (1982).

4. Butwell, K. F., Kubek, D. J., and Sigmund, P. W.: Alkanolamine Treating, Hydrocarbon Process., Int. Ed., 61,

No.13, 108-116 (1982).

5. Christensen, S. P., Christensen, J. J., and Izatt, R. M.: Enthalpies of Solution of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous

DIGLYCOLAMINE Solutions, Thermochim. Acta, 106, 241-251 (1986).

6. Dillard, Kenneth H., Abernathy, Marshall W., and Weber, Fred S.: Desulfurization of Liquid Hydrocarbon

Streams, Belgian 893,286, May 24, 1982; C.A. 98(12):92300x.

7. Dingman, J. C.: Gas Sweetening With DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent, presented at Third Iranian Congress ofChemical Engineering, Pahlavi University, Shiraz, Iran, November 6-10, 1977.

8. Dingman, J. C.: Dont Blame Hydrocarbon Solubility for Entrainment Problems in Amine Treating Systems,

presented at Annual AlChE Meeting, Miami Beach, Florida, November 2-7, 1986.

9. Dingman, J. C., Jackson, J. L., Moore, T. F., and Branson, J. A.: Equilibrium Data for the Hydrogen Sulfide-

Carbon Dioxide-DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent-Water System, Proceedings of Annual Convention - Gas Processors

Association, 62, 256-268 (1983).

10. Dingman, J. C., and Moore, T. F.: Compare DGA and MEA Sweetening Methods, Hydrocarbon Processing 47,

No. 7, 138-140 (1968).

11. Drew Chemical Corp.: Absorption System for Removal of Acidic Gases, Neth. Appl. 72 13,807, October 12,

1972; C.A. 83 100645w.

51

Bibliography


54/60

12. Freireich, E., and Tennyson, R. N.: Process Improves Acid-Gas Removal, Trims Costs, and Reduces Effluents,Oil & Gas Journal 74, No. 34, 130-132 (1976).

13. Goar, B. Gene: Todays Gas-Treating Processes-1, Oil & Gas Journal 69, No. 28, 77-79 (1971).

14. Griffith, T. E.: Gas Sweetening in Field Operations, Gas 46, No. 5, 77-79 (1970).

15. Harbison, J. L., and Dingman, J. C.: Mercaptan Removal Experiences in DGA Sweetening of Low Pressure Gas,

Gas Conditioning Conference at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 1972; C.A. 83 82356w.

16. Hikita, H., Asai, S., Ishikawa, H., and Honda, M.: The Kinetics of Reactions of Carbon Dioxide With

Monoisopropanolamine, DIGLYCOLAMINE, and Ethylenediamine by a Rapid Mixing Method, The Chem. Eng.

J. 14, 27-30 (1977).

17. Hikita, H., Ishikawa, H., Murakami, T., and Ishii, T.: Densities, Viscosities, and Amine Diffusivities of Aqueous

MIPA, DIPA, DGA, and EDA Solutions, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 14, No. 5, 411-413 (1981).

18. Holder, Howard L.: DIGLYCOLAMINEA Promising New Acid Gas Remover, Oil & Gas Journal 64, No.18, 83-

86 (1966).

19. Huval, M., and Van de Venne, H., Gas Sweetening in Saudi Arabia in Large DGA Plants, presented at the

March 2-4, 1981, Gas Conditioning Conference at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

20. Kohl, Arthur L., and Riesenfeld, Fred C.: Gas Purification, 2nd Ed., Gulf Publishing Co., Houston (1974).

21. Maddox, Robert N., Mains, Gilbert J., and Rahman, Mahmud A.: Reactions of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen

Sulfide With Some Alkanolamines, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 26, No. 1, 27-31 (1987).

22. Martin, Joel L., Frederick, D. Otto, and Mather, Alan E.: Solubility of Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide in a

DIGLYCOLAMINE Solution, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 23, No. 2, 163-164 (1978).

23. Mason, J. R., and Griffith, T. E.: MEA-DGA Switch Saves Steam, Oil & Gas Journal 67, No. 23, 67-69 (1969).

24. McClure, George: Removal of Carbon Oxide Sulfide From Liquid Propane, German Offen. 3,034,386, April 22,

1982; C.A. 97(4):26226f.

Bibliography

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Other Applications36. Basila, Michael R., and Pate, Alfred R. Jr.; Nalco Chemical Co.: Extraction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons From

Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Using DIGLYCOLAMINE, S. African 6,905,875, February 26, 1970; C.A. 73

79200d. Corresponds to U.S. 3,583,906 and 3,733,262.

37. Brummet, Berthel D., and Sadler, Fred D.: Heat Stabilized Paper for Electrical Insulation, Belgian 667,396,

November 16, 1965; C.A. 65 9164b. Corresponds to U.S. 3,403,968 and British 1,060,706.

38. Cooper, Joseph, and Corbett, William J.; W. R. Grace and Co.: Paint Stripping Compounds, U.S. 3,417,025,

December 17, 1968; C.A. 70 38971a.

39. Eisenlohr, Karl H., and Mueller, Eckart; Metallgesellschaft A.- G.: Extraction of Aromatic Compounds With

Mixed Solvents, Belgian 670,244, January 19, 1966; C.A. 65 120499. Corresponds to U.S. 3,366,568 and

3,415,739.

40. Frei, Alfred, and Schweizer, August; Sandoz Ltd.: Stabilized Diazo Dye, German Offen. 1,929,418, May 21,

1970; C.A. 73 57161q.

41. Globus, Alfred R.: Stabilization of Ethanol-Gasoline Mixtures, U.S. 4,328,004, May 4, 1982; C.A.

97(4):26197x.

42. Jones, W. T., and Payne, Vic: New Solvent to Extract Aromatics, Hydrocarbon Processing 52, No. 3, 91-92

(1973); C.A. 79 7600k.

43. Markiewitz, Kenneth H.; Atlas Chemical Ind., Inc.: Urea Compounds for Treating Cellulosic Textiles, German

Offen. 2,058,317, June 3, 1971; C.A. 75 130747h. Corresponds to U.S. 3,763,106 and British 1,305,136.

44. Matsui, Takeshi, and Yashida, Shigeaki; Ricoh Co., Ltd.: Amine Developers for Diazo Copying Papers,

Japanese 74 20,980, May 29, 1974; C.A. 82 105195p.

45. Murphy, Donald P.; Oxy Metal Ind. Corp.: Amine Stripping Compounds, U.S. 3,972,839, August 3, 1976; C.A.

85 144882S.

46. Murphy, Donald P.; Societe Continentale Parker: Composition for Removing Organic Coatings From

Substrates, French 2,019,526, July 3, 1970; C.A. 74 143414b. Corresponds to U .S. 3,671,465.

Bibliography

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47. Neuman, Henry J.: Amine-Type Developer for Diazo Materials, U.S. 3,809,560, May 7, 1974; C.A. 81 56643b.

48. Pyrene Co. Ltd.: Composition and Process for Stripping Paint, British, 1,229,779, June 29, 1972; C.A. 78

31560x.

49. Sadler, Fred Speer, and Heinrichs, Frank Wheddon; McGraw-Edison Co.: Impregnating Cellulosic Fibers,

French 2,122,153, September 29, 1972; C.A. 78 112952d. Corresponds to U.S. 3,736,178 and British

1,342,947.

50. Shibe, William J.; R. M. Hollingshead Corp.: Polyamide Ester Hydraulic Fluids, U.S. 3,341,543, September 12,

1967; C.A. 67 109252t.

51. Standard Oil Co.: Lubricants for Metal Machining, Neth. 65 03,934, September 28, 1965; C.A. 64 7957g.

Corresponds to U.S. 3,298,954 and British 1,109,304.

52. Vander Aue, John P.; Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.: Polyurethanes, German Offen. 2,259,955, June 20,

1973; C.A. 79 80091. Corresponds to British 1,365,567.

53. Yashida, Shigeaki, and Matsui, Takeshi; Ricoh Co. Ltd.: Developer Powder for Binary, Light Sensitive Diazo

Papers, German Offen. 2,126,160, January 27, 1972; C.A. 76 134168p. Corresponds to British 1,357,135.

Toxicity

54. Smyth, H. F. Jr., Carpenter, C. P., and Weil, C. S.: AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 4 119 (1951).

55

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Copyright 1982, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1999, 200

1079-399

Huntsman Corporation

DIGLYCOLAMINE and DGA are registered

trademarks of Huntsman Corporation in one or

more, but not all, countries.

Huntsman Corporation warrants only that its prod-

ucts meet the specifications stated herein. Typicalproperties, where stated, are to be considered as

representative of current production and should not

be treated as specifications. While all the informatio

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and to represent the best available data on these

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