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DIGITDIGITDIGITDIGITDIGITALALALALALSIGNSIGNSIGNSIGNSIGNAL PRAL PRAL PRAL PRAL PROCESSINGOCESSINGOCESSINGOCESSINGOCESSING

V. K. KHANNAM.Sc., Ph.D. (Physics), FIETE,

Scientist, MEMS & MicrosensorsSolid-State Devices (SSD) Division

Central Electronics Engineering Research InstitutePILANI–333031 (RAJASTHAN)

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© 1999, V.K. Khanna

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.

First Edition 1999Reprint 2003 (S. Chand)Second Revised Edition 2009

ISBN : 81-219-3095-2Code : 10 375

PRINTED IN INDIA

By Rajendra Ravindra Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055.

DedicatedTo my father, late Shri Amarnath Khanna

for shaping my life and career&

To my mother, daughter and wifefor their care and affection

Preface to the Revised Edition

This book comprises a part of my previous book entitled DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING,TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY. The original book was meantas a comprehensive treatise for communications engineering students. However, it was suggestedby many readers and as per latest syllabi of different Technical Universities of India that the DigitalSignal Processing portion of the book is also useful to the students of engineering branches likeComputer Science, Electronics and Instrumentation, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,and therefore must be separated for this wide cross-section of readership. The second portion onDigital Communications is of interest for electronics and communication engineering students andall those willing to specialize in digital communications.

Therefore at the demand of the readers, the previous book has divided into two separateindependent parts, namely, “Digital Signal Processing” and “Digital Communications” to makethe appropriate course contents available in handy form to the concerned students. Thus the twoportions are focused at specific audiences. It is earnestly hoped that in their present forms, the twobooks will fulfill the specific needs of the syllabi concerned.

This book on Digital Signal Processing contains seven chapters, and is structured as follows:The starting chapter introduces the formulae and definitions for studying signals and systems. Thesecond chapter describes Fourier series, fast and discrete Fourier transforms. The third chaptercovers the theory of z-transform, inverse z-transform and unilateral z-transform. The fourth chapterdeals with the design and realization of finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response(IIR) digital filters. The fifth chapter discusses issues related to multi-rate and random signalprocessing. The sixth and seventh chapters treat the applications of digital signal processing inspeech/audio and image/video signal processing.

Efforts have also been made to update the contents and correct any errors that have come tonotice. However, constructive comments from the readers for improving the book are solicited.

Acknowledgements: The author wishes to thank the Director, senior scientists and colleaguesat CEERI, for continued encouragement in his endeavours. He is also thankful to the readers fortheir valuable suggestions. Keen interest of the publishers in bringing out this book isacknowledged.

Dr. V. K. KHANNA

Preface to the First Edition “Digital Signal Processing,Telecommunications and Multimedia Technology”

(Complete Book)

Everyone has experienced the new dimensions of lifestyles ushered in by the pantoscopicdevelopments in the realm of telecommunications, particularly by the adoption of digitaltehcniques. Many of the existing books concentrate on digital signal processing and its applicationswhile many others focus entirely on digital communications and still others treat multimedia as aseparate area, largely from the applications point of view. This book seeks to present a unifiedperspective of the field interweaving these disciplines into a common fabric. As you rummagethrough the pages of this book, you will not only feel incited to appreciate the mathematicalelegance of signal processing but will also gasp over the enthralling applications.

This book, above all, offers an introductory survey of the conceptual development of thesubject. It provides a simple and lucid presentation of the essential principles, formulae anddefinitions of digital signal processing, telecommunications and multimedia. Not only content witha preliminary overview, this book also provides a comprehensive and rigorous exposition ofseveral advanced concepts, leading the reader confidently through the intricacies of currentdevelopments in audio and video signal processing, satellite communications, HDTV, multimedia,computers and so forth. There is a sprinkling of illustrative problems and revision exercises spicingthe text throughout. These will rekindle the reader’s interest and also help in fostering an intuitivegrasp of theory. Indeed, one learns more easily by solving problems and trying to answer questionsthan by browsing through the text pages. The updated end-of-chapter bibliographies will afford thereader an opportunity to access the original literature in the field and also to keep abreast of thelatest developments.

The book is aimed at a wide cross-section of readership. It will be useful as a textbook forundergraduate students of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and allied disciplines,as well as diploma and science courses. It is also intended to be used as a reference book forpractising engineers and scientists. It is earnestly hoped that the book will serve as a uniqueresource for students and professionals like.

Human mind works by straight-line logical thinking as well as lateral thinking. The subjectmatter can be approached from several angles of attack. The book is self-contained and providesadequate flexibility of organizing course material to suit individual requirements. The readerinterested in signal processing would like to pursue chapters on signal processing fundamentals,coding techniques, speech and audio signals, and image and video signals. The telecom-orientedreader will be inclined towards digital communications, network technology and high-definitiontelevision. The computer-minded reader will have a bent for thinking towards multimedia, Internet,etc.

The study approach in the technology-intensive digital arena needs to be carefully planned.Currently this pluridisciplinary field is humming with research acitivites worldwide. This isbecause the ‘information explosion’ has thrown up a formidable challenge for its application tocreate a better society.The breathtaking R&D pace is evidenced by the prolific deluge of researchpapers appearing in scientific journals. Also, new commercial products are being introducedregularly, setting different market trends. These products exhibit a continued improvement inperformance characteristics. However, as soon as a technology attains maturity. it is on the throesof obsolescence and oblivion.

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Keeping in view this dynamic and fast-changing scenario, it is important for us to build asolid theoretical foundation by equipping ourselves with sufficient background in the underlyingphysics and mathematics. This should be strengthened by a pragmatic approach. In this way, wecan not ony digest and appreciate the ‘high-tech breakthroughs’ but also attune ourselves with thelaunching of novel products and induction of new services, as they are announced.

With so much excitement in store, welcome to the Digital World where every question hasonly one definite answer, either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Please come, let us blend together digital signalprocessing with telecommunications and multimedia engineering to acquire an integrated view ofthe field. The pages between the covers of this book will unfold interesting plays enacted by thebinary ‘zeroes’ and ‘ones’. which, I am sure, you will greatly enjoy and relish.

Suggestions for improvement of the book are cordially welcome and will be incorporated insubsequent editions.

Dr. V. K. KHANNA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The creation of a book requires combined sincere efforts, hard work, talents and blessings ofa great many people, who directly or indirectly contribute to the book. This book is no exceptionand I owe special gratitude to several persons.

First and foremost, it is a matter of great pleasure and proud privilege for me to thank theDirector, senior scientists and colleagues at CEERI, Pilani for their kind co-operation andencouragement in my endeavours. The assistance of Dr. P.K. Khanna, Scientist, CEERI isgratefully acknowledged.

I am thankful to the assiduous staff members of S. Chand & Co. Ltd. for extending theirsupport and taking keen interest in this work. Without their dedicated efforts, this book would nothave become a reality.

The comments of the reviewer helped in redressing errors and improving the readability andclarity of the text by way of constructive criticism.

The material presented in this book is based on a large number of previous books on thesubject, research papers in journals, magazine articles, conference records and a host of relatedtechnical literature. I thank the authors of these excellent works, too numerous to mentionindividually. A list of the major sources of information is given in the bibliographies appended atthe end of each chapter. The reader may refer to these impeccable sources for more details on atopic.

Finally, I am thankful to my daughter and wife for their unfailing and unstinted support whichprovided me with confidence to venture into this project. They tolerated my preoccupation withthis work which absorbed a considerable proportion of my time at home spanning over the last twoyears and detracted me from paying them their well-deserved attention.

Once again, my sincere thanks to all of the above.

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CONTENTS

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS AND UNIT PREFIXES xSELECTED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS ANDNUMERICAL CONSTANTS xi

1. Signals and Systems 1–431.1 Signal Preliminaries 11.2 System Ideas 171.3 Digital Signal Processing 281.4 Aims, Scope and Organizational Plan of the Book 321.5 Conclusions 33

Illustrative Problems 33Review Questions 42References and Further Reading 43

2. Fourier Analytical Techniques 44–1102.1 Fourier and z-Transform Methods 442.2 Fourier Series for Continuous-Time Periodic Signal Analysis 462.3 Fourier Transform for Continuous-Time Aperiodic Signal Analysis 502.4 Discrete Fourier Series (DFS) for Discrete-Time Signal Analysis 642.5 Fourier Transforms for Frequency Analysis of Discrete-Time Aperiodic Signals:

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 682.6 Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) for Efficient DFT Computation 782.7 Application of Fourier Transforms to Time-Domain Sampling of Analog Signals: The

Sampling Theorem 96Illustrative Problems 101Review Questions 109References and Further Reading 110

3. z-Transforms 111–1293.1 Direct and Inverse z-Transforms 1113.2 Properties of z-Transforms 1163.3 Methods for Inverse z-Transform Evaluation 1203.4 Unilateral z-Transforms 122

Illustrative Problems 124Review Questions 128References and Further Reading 129

4. Digital Filters 130–1884.1 Filtering Fundamentals 1304.2 Standard Approaches for Designing FIR filters 1434.3 Design Methodology of IIR filters from Analog Filters 1594.4 Domain Transformations 1654.5 Digital Filter Structures and Realization 169

Illustrative Problems 175Review Questions 187References and Further Reading 188

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5. Multirate and Random Signal Processing 189–2005.1 Multirate Signal Processing 1895.2 Analysis and Modelling of Random Signals 1965.3 Conclusions 199

Illustrative Problems 199Review Questions 200References and Further Reading 200

6. Speech and Audio Signal Processing 201–2396.1 The Speech Signal 2016.2 Speech Coding 2056.3 Speech Enhancement 2146.4 Speech Analysis 2166.5 Speech Synthesis 2216.6 Speech and Speaker Recognition 2256.7 Digital Processing of Audio Signals 2286.8 Audio Coding Standards 2316.9 Processing of Acoustic Signals for Multimedia 233

6.10 Concluding Remarks 236Illustrative Problems 236Review Questions 238References and Further Reading 238

7. Image and Video Signal Processing 240–3067.1 Components of an Image Processing System 2417.2 Image Acquisition 2427.3 Image Transforms 2447.4 Image Models 2497.5 Image Enhancement 2537.6 Image Restoration 2597.7 Image Analysis and Recognition 2687.8 Image Reconstruction from Projections 2737.9 Image Compression 283

7.10 Motion Estimation 2897.11 Video Signal Processing 2907.12 Image Processing Software and Hardware 2937.13 Processing of Optical Signals for Multimedia 2937.14 Processing of Audio-Visual Signals for Multimedia 2957.15 Multimedia Signal Processor and Memory Microelectronic Chips 2977.16 Summary and Conclusions 298

Illustrative Problems 298Review Questions 305References and Further Reading 306

Appendix A Common Acronyms and Abbreviations 307Appendix B Guide to Symbols and Notation 308Index 316

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS AND UNIT PREFIXES

Base SI Units

Sl. No. Physical Quantity Name of the Unit Symbol1. Length metre m2. Mass kilogram kg3. Time second s4. Electric current ampere A5. Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K6. Luminous intensity candela cd7. Amount of substance mole mol

Supplmentary Units

8. Plane angle radian rad9. Solid angle steradian sr

Unit Prefixes

Sl. No. Submultiple Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol

1. 10–1 deci d 10 deca da2. 10–2 centi c 102 hecto h3. 10–3 milli m 103 kilo k4. 10–6 micro 106 mega M5. 10–9 nano n 109 giga G6. 10–12 pico p 1012 tera T7. 10–15 femto f 1015 peta P8. 10–18 atto a 1018 exa E

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Digital Signal Processing

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121930956 Author : V. K. Khanna

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