Digital signal processing
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Transcript of Digital signal processing
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Digital Signal Processing
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Welcome to this webinar with Dr Steve Mackay
There are at least 3 ways to interact with your presenter today.1. Use the Text tab, near bottom left of your screen. Type the
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This 45 minute session will commence shortly!
RH
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Steve Mackay
• Dean of Engineering• Worked for 30 years in Industrial Automation• 30 years experience in mining, oil and gas,
electrical and manufacturing industries
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DSP
• Digital - finite set of distinct values.• Analog - continuous range of values.
• DSP Processing means processing of signals which are:
– Discrete in time.– Discrete in amplitude.
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Two sources of discrete signals
•Ones that are discrete in nature.
•Sampled version of a continuous-time signal.
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Why Process Signals Digitally?
• The signals are inherently discrete in nature.
• Consistency -- compared with analog methods.
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Definition of Terms
• Signals: A quantity that can be measured over time.
• Frequency: A signal is said to have a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.
• Spectrum: Some signals have a combination of frequencies.
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• Low Pass Filter: This lets through the low pass component.
• Bandpass Filter: Only a range of frequencies is passed through intact.
• High-pass Filter: Allows frequencies above a certain frequency to pass through intact.
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Some Application Areas
• Speech and Audio Processing.
– Coding.
– Synthesis.
– Recognition.
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Companding Process
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Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulator
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Linear Predictive Coding
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Image and Video Processing
• Image Enhancement.
• Image Restoration.
• Image Compression and Coding.
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Adaptive Filtering
• Noise Cancellation.
• Echo Cancellation.
• Channel Equalisation.
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Adaptive Noise Cancellation System
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Adaptive Echo Cancellation System
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Adaptive Equalizer in Training Mode
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Control Applications
• Controlling closed-loop feedback systems.
• Controller implements algebraic algorithms such as filters and compensators.
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Digital Closed Loop Control System
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Sensor or Antenna Array Processing
• Spatially distributed sensors are used for receiving signals from some sources.
• Coherent summing of outputs from these sensors referred to as beamforming.
• One can “listen” preferentially to wavefronts originating from one direction over another.
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Digital Communication
• New Architecture called software radio.
• Use of wideband A/D and D/A converters to convert RF or IF signals directly.
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Software Radio Architecture
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Converting Analog to DigitalSignals and Vice Versa
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A Typical DSP System• Three stages:
– The analog signal is digitized. This involves• sampling• quantization
– Digital signal processed by DSP algorithms. – Outputs converted back into analog signals.
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Analog-Digital-Analog
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Temperature Variation in a Day
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The Sampling Process
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Uniform Sampling Theorem
• If a continuous time signal contains no frequency components higher than W Hz, then it can be completely determined by uniform samples taken at a rate fs samples per second where
• or, in terms of the sampling period
f Ws 2
TW
1
2
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Two Bandlimited Spectra
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Replication of Spectrum through Sampling
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Replicated Spectrum
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Aliasing
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Sampling at Different Rates
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Effect of Aliasing
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Anti-aliasing Filters
• Process the signal before it is sampled so they are always analog filters.
• Usually low-pass filters unless bandpass sampling techniques are used.
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Analog-to-Digital Conversion with Anti-alias Filtering
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Implications of Non-ideal Anti-alias Filters
• Sample at higher than Nyquist rate.
• If sampling rate cannot be changed, then a filter with sharper cut-off (implying a higher order filter) has to be used.
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Limits on Sampling Rates• Practical choice of sampling rate is
determined by two factors:– Sampling theorem places lower bound on
the allowed values of sampling frequency.
– Economics of hardware imposes upper bound on sampling frequency.
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Thank You For Your Interest
If you are interested in further training, please visit:http://www.idc-online.com/slideshare