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News Media & TechnologyWikibook ITEC30011

ContentsArticles

News media 1Broadcasting 6Convergence (telecommunications) 10Technological convergence 12Online newspaper 17Future of newspapers 20

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 31Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 32

Article LicensesLicense 33

News media 1

News media

Electronic News Gathering trucks and photojournalists gathered outside thePrudential Financial headquarters in Newark, United States in August 2004

following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildingsin New York City.

The news media are those elements of themass media that focus on delivering news tothe general public or a target public. Theseinclude print media (newspapers,newsmagazines), broadcast news (radio andtelevision), and more recently the Internet(online newspapers, news blogs, etc.).

Etymology

A medium (plural media) is a carrier ofsomething. Common things carried bymedia include information, art, or physicalobjects. A medium may providetransmission or storage of information orboth. The industries which produce newsand entertainment content for the massmedia are often called "the media" (in muchthe same way the newspaper industry iscalled "the press"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("Themedia is...") rather than as the traditional plural.

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or"viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience withinthe public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in (forexample) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range.

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. Bycoding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels andpay-per-view services.A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels(frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channeland each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexedprogramming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble.When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used.Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media.Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

News media 2

TelevisionIn a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that hasbeen shot alongside their research, and in working on the visual narrative of the story. Broadcast journalists oftenmake an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip.In television or broadcast journalism, news analysts (also called news-casters or news anchors) examine, interpret,and broadcast news received from various sources of information. Anchors present this as news, either videotaped orlive, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).News films ("clips") can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit inall the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to hostspecial documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue ingreater detail.The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formatsinclude AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.• The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script

visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the durationof an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and,after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.

• The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soonas the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.

• The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor readsthe anchor or anchor intro part.

NewscastersNewscasters function at large stations and networks that usually specialize in a particular type of news, such assports or weather. Weathercasters, also called weather reporters, report current and forecast weather conditions. Theygather information from national satellite weather services, wire services, and local and regional weather bureaus.Some weathercasters are trained meteorologists and develop their own weather forecasts. Sportscasters select, write,and deliver sports news. This may include interviews with sports personalities and coverage of games and othersporting events.

Newsmagazines

News media 3

Cover of 2512, a monthlynewsmagazine published in Réunion.

A newsmagazine, sometimes called news magazine, is a usually weeklymagazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go alittle more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader anunderstanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just thefacts.

Newspapers

Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens inPawleys Island, South Carolina.

A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (morespecifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper callednewsprint. It may be general or special interest, and may be publisheddaily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on avariety of topics. Those can include political events, crime, business,sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons).Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapersincreasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also ofteninclude comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords.

News media 4

Print journalism

Journalists at work in Montreal in the 1940s

A story is a single article, news item orfeature, usually concerning a single event,issue, theme, or profile of a person.Correspondents report news occurring in themain, locally, from their own country, orfrom foreign cities where they are stationed.

Most reporters file information or write theirstories electronically from remote locations.In many cases, breaking stories are writtenby staff members, through informationcollected and submitted by other reporterswho are out on the field gatheringinformation for an event that has justoccurred and needs to be broadcastinstantly. Radio and television reportersoften compose stories and report "live" from

the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. Inthis role, they are called commentators or columnists.

Reporters take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own, or through a photographer orcamera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg),and finally write their stories. The story is then edited by news or copy-editors (US style) or sub-editors in Europe,who function from the news desk. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by thereporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of thefirst draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for thenewspaper or magazine edition, are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the chief editor has approved thecontent, style and language in the material, it is sent for publishing. The writer is given a byline for the piece that ispublished; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of thepublication. News can be published in a variety of formats (broadsheet, tabloid, magazine and periodicalpublications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).

NewsreelsA newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a publicpresentation place containing filmed news stories.Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, British, andCommonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and throughout European cinemaprogramming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplantedits role.Pathé would eventually merge with RKO...An example of a newsreel story is in the film Citizen Kane (which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff),which includes a fictional newsreel that summarizes the life of the title character.

News media 5

Online journalismOnline journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet.An early leader was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online. How much they take advantage of themedium varies. Some news organizations, such as the Gongwer News Service, use the Web only or primarily.The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. They may be losing classified ads to Websites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. The advertising on news Web sites is sometimesinsufficient to support the investment.Even before the Internet, technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people's attention, leading to more butnarrower media outlets.Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as openDemocracy and the UK,Wikinews as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience, such as mediastrike.

News coverage and new mediaBy covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominantcultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolvedto report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has takenreporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.An exponentially growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press andTV networks. Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-word Rolling Stone article [1] apropos of the 2004United States presidential election, published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of thedocumented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a SeattlePost-Intelligencer article. [2]

Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networkingtools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage wasoften ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in theirreports.[3] However, several outlets were criticised as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of theinformation.[4]

Other journalism

Internet

Newspaper "gone to the Web" in California

The Internet has allowed the formal and informalpublication of news stories through mainstream mediaoutlets as well as blogs and other self-published newsstories. Journalists working on the Internet have beenreferred to as J-Bloggers, a term coined by AustralianMedia Academic Dr Nicola Goc to describe journalistswho [blog] and [blog]gers who produce journalism."J-Bloggers: Internet bloggers acting in the role ofjournalists disseminating newsworthy information, who subscribe to the journalistic ideals of an obligation to thetruth and the public's right to know" (Media and Journalism: Theory to Practice (2008) Melbourne: OUP, p45) . The

World Wide Web has also seen the development of Online Newspapers and Online magazine. E-zines is a result of the new magazine templates used by literature Broadcasting a .com Media, is one example incorporated within its

News media 6

Internet eZine "The Reviewer" not found on magazine racks to keep up with the economy and stay solvent in 2009say Journalist Perry Campanella editor for Literature Broadcasting with Video Book Presentations Filmography,produced by Richard Levine a Worldwide Publishing Corporation incorporating multilinguale features not found onmagazine rack placements, at the touch of a button in the 21 Century a News Wire headline.

NewscastersNewscasters function at large stations and networks that usually specialize in a particular type of news, such assports or weather. Weathercasters, also called weather reporters, report current and forecast weather conditions. Theygather information from national satellite weather services, wire services, and local and regional weather bureaus.Some weathercasters are trained meteorologists and develop their own weather forecasts. Sportscasters select, write,and deliver sports news. This may include interviews with sports personalities and coverage of games and othersporting events.

References[1] http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ views06/ 0601-34. htm[2] Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream Media (http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ views06/ 0609-29. htm), June 9,

2006.[3] As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 7752003. stm), BBC News, November 27, 2008.[4] Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks (http:/ / www. informationweek. com/ blog/ main/ archives/ 2008/ 11/

twitter_in_cont. html), Information Week, November 29, 2008.

BroadcastingBroadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via radio, television, or other.Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof.

Broadcasting antenna in Stuttgart

The original term broadcast referred to the literal sowing of seeds onfarms by scattering them over a wide field.[1] It was first adopted byearly radio engineers from the Midwestern United States to refer to theanalogous dissemination of radio signals. Broadcasting forms a verylarge segment of the mass media. Broadcasting to a very narrow rangeof audience is called narrowcasting.

Forms of electronic broadcasting

Historically, there have been several different types of electronicbroadcasting media:

• Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data servicesoffered by stock telegraph companies from 1867, if ticker-tapes are excluded from the definition). Telephonebroadcasting began with the advent of Théâtrophone ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-baseddistribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines,created by French inventor Clément Ader in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephonenewspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarilylocated in large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples ofelectrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming .

• Radio broadcasting (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920): radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and, thus, to a

Broadcasting 7

receiving device. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either insyndication or simulcast or both.

• Television broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, commercially from the 1930s: thisvideo-programming medium was long-awaited by the general public and rapidly rose to compete with its olderradio-broadcasting sibling.

• Cable radio (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television (from 1932): both via coaxial cable, servingprincipally as transmission mediums for programming produced at either radio or television stations, with limitedproduction of cable-dedicated programming.

• Satellite television (from circa 1974) and satellite radio (from circa 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcastprogramming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix of traditional radio ortelevision broadcast programming, or both, with satellite-dedicated programming.

• Webcasting of video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams: offers a mix oftraditional radio and television station broadcast programming with internet-dedicated webcast programming.

Economic modelsEconomically there are a few ways in which stations are able to broadcast continually. Each differs in the method bywhich stations are funded:• in-kind donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community broadcasters)• direct government payments or operation of public broadcasters• indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses• grants from foundations or business entities• selling advertising or sponsorships• public subscription or membershipBroadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models. For example, National Public Radio, anon-commercial network within the U.S., receives grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (which, inturn, receives funding from the U.S. government), by public membership and by selling "extended credits" tocorporations.

Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts

A television studio control room in Olympia, Washington, August 2008.

The first regular television broadcastsbegan in 1937. Broadcasts can beclassified as "recorded" or "live". Theformer allows correcting errors, andremoving superfluous or undesiredmaterial, rearranging it, applyingslow-motion and repetitions, and othertechniques to enhance the program.However, some live events like sportstelecasts can include some of theaspects including slow-motion clips ofimportant goals/hits, etc., in betweenthe live telecast.

Broadcasting 8

American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiringradio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific timezone. This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburgdisaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondentswere allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed ForcesRadio stations around the world.A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, whichmay be a "spoiler". In addition, prerecording prevents live announcers from deviating from an officially approvedscript, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s.Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "live-to-tape").This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concertperformance. Similar situations have occurred in television ("The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live studioaudience") and news broadcasting.A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the studio at a single radioor television station, it is simply sent through the air chain to the transmitter and thence from the antenna on thetower out to the world. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live orrecorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time,originally via microwave link, now usually by satellite.Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as analog or digital videotape,compact disc, DVD, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as whenelectronic news gathering returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme.The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air aswith a radio station or television station to an antenna and receiver, or may come through cable television [2] orcable radio (or "wireless cable") via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either radioor television to the recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared.The term "broadcast network" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signalthat can be received using a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable or satellitetelevision. The term "broadcast television" can refer to the programming of such networks.

Legal definitions

United KingdomThe Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 defines a broadcast as "a transmission by wireless telegraphy ofvisual images, sounds, or other information which is capable of lawful reception by the public or which is made forpresentation to the public". Thus, it covers radio, television, teletext and telephones.

Social impact

Broadcasting 9

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.As with all technological endeavours, a number of technicalterms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can befound at List of broadcasting terms. Television and radioprograms are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable,often both simultaneously. By coding signals and havingdecoding equipment in homes, the latter also enablessubscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.

In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication isa tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, “Disseminationis a lens- sometimes a usefully distorting one- that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, andspace and time…on the agenda of any future communication theory in general” (Durham, 211). Disseminationfocuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialoguein between. There’s chance for the message to be tweaked or corrupted once the main source releases it. There isreally no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose tolisten, analyze, or simply ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting.

Broadcasting focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it.Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination (Durham, 212). There are manyforms of broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasting canarrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213).In terms of media broadcasting, a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day tospecifically listen to that specific disc jockey. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and justtalks into the microphone. He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message isbroadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately,especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time.

Notes[1] Definition: Broadcast (http:/ / www. thefreedictionary. com/ broadcast), American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000,

updated 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.[2] http:/ / www. diwaxx. ru/

Bibliography• Carey, James (1989) Communication as Culture, Routledge, New York and London, pp. 201–30• Kahn, Frank J., ed. Documents of American Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).• Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of

Radio and Television (Hastings House, 1975).• Meyrowitz, Joshua., Mediating Communication: What Happens? in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and

Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., (eds) Questioning The Media (Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995) pp. 39–53• Peters, John Durham. "Communication as Dissemination." Communication as…Perspectives on Theory.

Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage, 2006. 211-22.• Thompson, J., The Media and Modernity, in Mackay, H and O'Sullivan , T (eds) The Media Reader: Continuity

and Transformation., (Sage, London, 1999) pp. 12–27

Broadcasting 10

Further reading• Gilbert, Sean; Nelson, John; Jacobs, George, World Radio TV Handbook 2007 (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=IBu8NHvC4fMC& printsec=frontcover), Watson-Guptill, 2006. ISBN 0953586499. The 2007 editionof the World Radio TV Handbook.

• Wells, Alan, World Broadcasting: A Comparative View (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=3zpeKLHPVBQC& printsec=frontcover), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1567502458

External links• Radio Locator (http:/ / www. radio-locator. com), for American radio station with format, power, and coverage

information.• Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page (http:/ / www. hawkins. pair. com/ radio. html) – History of

broadcast transmitter technology

Convergence (telecommunications)Telecommunications convergence, network convergence or simply convergence are broad terms used to describeemerging telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to migrate multiple communicationsservices into a single network.[1] Specifically this involves the converging of previously distinct media such astelephony and data communications into common interfaces on single devices. It is a concept dating to AT&T in1928, but has evolved in the 21st century to dominate the market positioning of telecoms operators.Telecommunication convergence is a disruptive technology.Communication media including data communications, telecommunications and broadcast originally developed asbusiness operations providing distinct services. Broadcasting, telephony and on-line computer services evolved ondifferent platforms: TV and radio sets, telephones and computer and were managed by different business supportsystems. Different media were each regulated differently by different regulators. Telecom media convergence isabout merging these multiple industries.[2]

HistoryThe historical roots of convergence can be traced back to the emergence of mobile telephony and the Internet,although the term properly applies only from the point in marketing history when fixed and mobile telephony beganto be offered by operators as joined products. Fixed and mobile operators were, for most of the 1990s, independentcompanies. Even when the same organization marketed both products, these were sold and serviced independently.

BenefitsEnterprises who transition to a converged network often do so to realize savings in information technology (IT)operational costs, and to integrate their business IT systems. Moving voice and data services to a common networkallows enterprises to more readily access to data. Data and statistics in a call center utilizing a converged networkmay now be integrated directly into an enterprise resource planning system.Many service providers now offer turnkey converged network solutions tailored to the small to medium enterprisemarket. Such offerings require far less capital expenditure than a comparable separate, legacy voice and datasolutions. This recent availability of service, low capital expenditure, and relative easy transition has driven manyenterprises to adapt converged network solutions.

Convergence (telecommunications) 11

Technology implicationsConvergent solutions include both fixed-line and mobile technologies. Recent examples of new, convergent servicesinclude:• Using the Internet for voice telephony• Video on demand• Fixed-mobile convergence• Mobile-to-mobile convergence• Location-based services• Integrated products and bundlesConvergent technologies can integrate the fixed-line with mobile to deliver convergent solutions. Convergenttechnologies include:• IP Multimedia Subsystem• Session Initiation Protocol• IPTV• Voice over IP• Voice call continuity• Digital video broadcasting - handheld

Single view of customerConvergent solutions integrate with marketing and customer relationship management in order to target bundledofferings at specific user groups. The integration of multiple services as convergent solutions requires the networkoperator to examine the interests and the value adding opportunities of extending base products. As convergentsolutions involve multiple billing and provisioning systems so too must convergent solutions provide unified andenhanced customer support[3]

Usability and quality of serviceThe maturity of convergent solutions beyond early adoption models depends upon the usability and quality ofservice provided by convergent solutions. PacketCable Multimedia is an example of an application-independentQuality of Service architecture for real-time IP based services.[4]

Policy based security and authorizationBoth fixed-line and mobile operators use policy servers as part of a policy-based network that provides authorizationservices and control of network systems. As part of a convergent single view of customer network policy, serversmust control access to content and services delivered by multiple providers.

Convergence (telecommunications) 12

Convergence regulationConvergence has also raised several debates about classification of certain telecommunications services. As the linesbetween data transmission, and voice and media transmission are eroded, regulators are faced with the task of howbest to classify the converging segments of the telecommunication sector.

References[1] Network convergence definition (http:/ / searchnetworkingchannel. techtarget. com/ sDefinition/ 0,,sid100_gci1310061,00. html)[2] "TR136, Telecom Media Convergence, Release 1.0" (http:/ / www. tmforum. org/ TechnicalReports/ TR136TelecomMedia/ 33016/ article.

html). TMForum. 2007-05-07. . Retrieved 2011-03-29.[3] "O2 goes IT" (http:/ / management. silicon. com/ itdirector/ 0,39024673,39160234,00. htm). . Retrieved 2011-05-03.[4] "Packetcable Primer" (http:/ / www. packetcable. com/ primer/ ). . Retrieved 2011-05-03.

External links• http:/ / www. televerge. com• http:/ / www. arissoftware. com

Technological convergenceTechnological convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performingsimilar tasks. Convergence can refer to previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data(and productivity applications), and video that now share resources and interact with each other synergistically.The rise of digital communication in the late 20th century has made it possible for media organizations (orindividuals) to deliver text, audio, and video material over the same wired, wireless, or fiber-optic connections. Atthe same time, it inspired some media organizations to explore multimedia delivery of information. This digitalconvergence of news media, in particular, was called "Mediamorphosis" by researcher Roger Fidler[1], in his 1997book by that name. Today, we are surrounded by a multi-level convergent media world where all modes ofcommunication and information are continually reforming to adapt to the enduring demands of technologies,"changing the way we create, consume, learn and interact with each other".[2]

Convergence in this instance is defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, mediacontent, and communication networks that has arisen as the result of the evolution and popularization of the Internetas well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space. Many experts view thisas simply being the tip of the iceberg, as all facets of institutional activity and social life such as business,government, art, journalism, health, and education are increasingly being carried out in these digital media spacesacross a growing network of information and communication technology devices.Also included in this topic is the basis of computer networks, wherein many different operating systems are able tocommunicate via different protocols. This could be a prelude to artificial intelligence networks on the Interneteventually leading to a powerful superintelligence[3] via a technological singularity.

Technological convergence 13

AppliancesSome expect we will eventually access all media content through one device, or "black box". As such, mediabusiness practice has been to identify the next "black box" to invest in and provide media for. This has caused anumber of problems.Firstly, as "black boxes" are invented and abandoned, the individual is left with numerous devices that can performthe same task, rather than one dedicated for each task. For example, one may own both a computer and a videogames console, subsequently owning two DVD players. This is contrary to the streamlined goal of the "black box"theory, and instead creates clutter.[4]

Secondly, technological convergence tends to be experimental in nature. This has led to consumers owningtechnologies with additional functions that are harder, if not impractical, to use rather than one specific device. Forexample, Intel has created a surfboard with an in-built laptop.[5] Additionally, LG has created a microwave with atelevision screen.[6] Many people would only watch the TV for the duration of the meal's cooking time, or whilst inthe kitchen, but would not use the microwave as the household TV. These examples show that in many casestechnological convergence is unnecessary or unneeded.Furthermore, although consumers primarily use a specialized media device for their needs, other "black box" devicesthat perform the same task can be used to suit their current situation. As a 2002 Cheskin Research report explained:

...Your email needs and expectations are different whether you're at home, work, school, commuting, theairport, etc., and these different devices are designed to suit your needs for accessing content dependingon where you are- your situated context.

Despite the creation of "black boxes", intended to perform all of one's tasks, the trend is to use devices that can suitthe consumer's physical position.[7]

Due to the variable utility of portable technology, convergence occurs in high end mobile devices. They incorporatemultimedia services, GPS, Internet access, and mobile telephony into a single device, heralding the rise of what hasbeen termed the "smart phone," a device designed to remove the need to carry multiple devices.Convergence of media occurs when multiple products come together to form one product with the advantages of allof them, also known as the black box. This idea of one technology, concocted by Henry Jenkins, has become knownmore as a fallacy because of the inability to actually put all technical pieces into one. For example, while people canhave e-mail and Internet on their phone, they still want full computers with Internet and e-mail in addition.For example, the Wii is not only a games console, but also a web browser and social networking tool. Mobile phonesare another good example, in that they increasingly incorporate digital cameras, mp3 players, camcorders, voicerecorders, and other devices. This type of convergence is popular. For the consumer, it means more features in lessspace; for media conglomerates it means remaining competitive.However, convergence has a downside. Particularly in initial forms, converged devices are frequently less functionaland reliable than their component parts (e.g., a DVD may perform better on a traditional DVD player than on agames console). As the number of functions in a single device escalates, the ability of that device to serve its originalfunction decreases.[8] For example, the iPhone (which by its name implies that its primary function is that of amobile phone) can perform many different tasks, but does not feature a traditional numerical pad to make phonecalls. Instead, the phone features a touchpad, which some users find more troublesome.[9] As Rheingold asserts,technological convergence holds immense potential for the "improvement of life and liberty in some ways and(could) degrade it in others" [10] He believes the same technology has the potential to be "used as both a weapon ofsocial control and a means of resistance"[10]

Since technology has evolved in the past ten years or so, companies are beginning to converge technologies to createdemand for new products. This would include phone companies integrating 3G on their phones. In the mid 20thcentury, television converged the technologies of movies and radio, and television is now being converged with themobile phone industry and the Internet. Phone calls are also being made with the use of personal computers.

Technological convergence 14

Converging technologies combine multiple technologies into one. Newer mobile phones feature cameras, and canhold images, videos, music, and other media. Manufacturers now integrate more advanced features, such as videorecording, GPS receivers, data storage, and security mechanisms into the traditional cellphone.

InternetThe Internet is a globalized network and was officially launched in 1969. Since then, its role has changed rapidlyfrom its original use as a communication tool to provide easier and faster access to information for universities andvarious other educational institutions. In today's world, it is an important tool used to reach various audiences aroundthe world. Its users have strived to create more uses for the Internet than the mere sharing of academic information.The television, radio and newspapers are the world's main mediums for accessing news and entertainment. Now, allthree mediums have converged into one, and people all over the world now can read news on the Internet. They canalso watch videos, television shows, listen to music, and download and upload pictures, music and videos. Onedoesn't have to wait until the next day to hear the latest in news, fashion, and music. The Internet is so easy to accessthat should anything happen, it would be displayed to the whole world within minutes.[11]

MediaConvergence generally means the intersection of old and new media. Jenkins states that convergence is,

"the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple mediaindustries, and the migratory behaviour of media audiences." [12]

Media convergence is not just a technological shift or a technological process, it also includes shifts within theindustrial, cultural, and social paradigms that encourage the consumer to seek out new information. Convergence,simply put, is how individual consumers interact with others on a social level and use various media platforms tocreate new experiences, new forms of media and content that connect us socially, and not just to other consumers,but to the corporate producers of media in ways that have not been as readily accessible in the past.Advances in technology bring the ability for technological convergence that Rheingold believes can alter the"social-side effects," in that "the virtual, social and physical world are colliding, merging and coordinating."[10]

It was predicted in the 1990s that a digital revolution would take place, and that old media would be pushed to oneside by new media. Broadcasting is increasingly being replaced by the Internet, enabling consumers all over theworld the freedom to access their preferred media content more easily and at a more available rate than ever before.However, when the dot com bubble of the 1990s suddenly popped, that poured cold water over the talk of such adigital revolution. In today's society, the idea of media convergence has once again emerged as a key point ofreference as newer as well as established media companies attempt to visualize the future of the entertainmentindustry. If this revolutionary digital paradigm shift presumed that old media would be increasingly replaced by newmedia, the convergence paradigm that is currently emerging suggests that new and old media would interact in morecomplex ways than previously predicted. The paradigm shift that followed the digital revolution assumed that newmedia was going to change everything. When the dot com market crashed, there was a tendency to imagine thatnothing had changed. The real truth lay somewhere in between as there were so many aspects of the current mediaenvironment to take into consideration. Many industry leaders are increasingly reverting to media convergence as away of making sense in an era of disorientating change. In that respect, media convergence in theory is essentially anold concept taking on a new meaning.Media convergence, in reality, is more than just a shift in technology. It alters relationships between industries,technologies, audiences, genres and markets. Media convergence changes the rationality media industries operate in,and the way that media consumers process news and entertainment. Media convergence is essentially a process andnot an outcome, so no single black box controls the flow of media. With proliferation of different media channelsand increasing portability of new telecommunications and computing technologies, we have entered into an era

Technological convergence 15

where media constantly surrounds us.Media convergence requires that media companies rethink existing assumptions about media from the consumer'spoint of view, as these affect marketing and programming decisions. Media producers must respond to newlyempowered consumers.Conversely, it would seem that hardware is instead diverging whilst media content is converging. Media hasdeveloped into brands that can offer content in a number of forms. Two examples of this are Star Wars and TheMatrix. Both are films, but are also books, video games, cartoons, and action figures. Branding encouragesexpansion of one concept, rather than the creation of new ideas.[13] In contrast, hardware has diversified toaccommodate media convergence. Hardware must be specific to each function.

Fan cultureMedia scholar Henry Jenkins has described the media convergence with participatory culture as:

...a "catalyst" for amateur digital film-making and what this case study suggests about the future directionspopular culture may take. Star Wars fan films represent the intersection of two significant cultural trends—thecorporate movement towards media convergence and the unleashing of significant new tools, which enable thegrassroots archiving, annotation, appropriation, and recirculation of media content. These fan films build onlong-standing practices of the fan community but they also reflect the influence of this changed technologicalenvironment that has dramatically lowered the costs of film production and distribution.[14]

MessagingCombination services include those that integrate SMS with voice, such as voice SMS. Providers include BubbleMotion, Jott, Kirusa, and SpinVox. Several operators have launched services that combine SMS with mobile instantmessaging (MIM) and presence.Text-to-landline services also exist, where subscribers can send text messages to any landline phone and are chargedat standard rates. This service has been popular in America, where fixed and mobile numbers are similar.Inbound SMS has been converging to enable reception of different formats (SMS, voice, MMS, etc.). UKcompanies, including consumer goods companies and media giants, should soon be able to let consumers contactthem via voice, SMS, MMS, IVR, or video using one five-digit number or long number. In April 2008, O2 UKlaunched voice-enabled shortcodes, adding voice functionality to the five-digit codes already used for SMS.This type of convergence is particularly helpful for media companies, broadcasters, enterprises, call centres and helpdesks who need to develop a consistent contact strategy with the consumer. Because SMS is very popular today, itbecame relevant to include text messaging as a contact possibility for consumers. To avoid having multiple numbers(one for voice calls, another one for SMS), a simple way is to merge the reception of both formats under onenumber. This means that a consumer can text or call one number and be sure that the message will be received.

Technological convergence 16

Mobile"Mobile service provisions" refers not only to the ability to purchase mobile phone services, but the ability towirelessly access everything: voice, Internet, audio, and video. Advancements in WiMAX and other leading edgetechnologies provide the ability to transfer information over a wireless link at a variety of speeds, distances, andnon-line-of-sight conditions.

Multi-playMulti-play is a marketing term describing the provision of different telecommunication services, such as BroadbandInternet access, television, telephone, and mobile phone service, by organisations that traditionally only offered oneor two of these services. Multi-play is a catch-all phrase; usually, the terms triple play (voice, video and data) orquadruple play (voice, video, data and wireless) are used to describe a more specific meaning.A dual play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the two services: it can be high-speed Internet(ADSL) and telephone service over a single broadband connection in the case of phone companies, or high-speedInternet (cable modem) and TV service over a single broadband connection in the case of cable TV companies.The convergence can also concern the underlying communication infrastructure. An example of this is a triple playservice, where communication services are packaged allowing consumers to purchase TV, Internet, and telephony inone subscription.A quadruple play service combines the triple play service of broadband Internet access, television, and telephonewith wireless service provisions.[15] This service set is also sometimes humorously referred to as "The FantasticFour" or "Grand Slam".[16]

The broadband cable market is transforming as pay-TV providers move aggressively into what was once consideredthe telco space. Meanwhile, customer expectations have risen as consumer and business customers alike seek richcontent, multi-use devices, networked products and converged services including on-demand video, digital TV, highspeed Internet, VoIP, and wireless applications. It's uncharted territory for most broadband companies.A fundamental aspect of the quadruple play is not only the long awaited broadband convergence but also the playersinvolved. Many of them, from the largest global service providers to whom we connect today via wires and cables tothe smallest of startup service providers are interested. Opportunities are attractive: the big three telecom services -telephony, cable television, and wireless—could combine their industries.In the UK, the recent merger of NTL:Telewest and Virgin Mobile resulted in a company offering a quadruple play ofcable television, broadband Internet, home telephone, and mobile telephone services.

Home networkEarly in the 21st century, home LAN convergence so rapidly integrated home routers, wireless access points, andDSL modems that users were hard put to identify the resulting box they used to connect their computers to theirInternet service. A general term for such a combined device is a residential gateway.

References[1] http:/ / rji. missouri. edu/ staff-and-advisers/ roger-fidler. php[2] (Jenkins, Henry (2006) Convergence Culture, New York University Press, New York.)[3] Nick Bostrom, 2002 Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence (http:/ / www. nickbostrom. com/ ethics/ ai. html)[4] Jenkins 2006, 15[5] (http:/ / www. pocket-lint. co. uk/ news/ news. phtml/ 368/ 1392/ view. phtml)[6] "The Microwave television" (http:/ / www. gizmag. com/ go/ 7947/ ). Gizmag. . Retrieved 2011-05-02.[7] Cheskin Research. "Designing Digital Experiences for Youth", Market Insights Series, Fall 2002 pp. 8-9[8] Jenkins, H. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide New York: New York University Press.[9] http:/ / www. usercentric. com/ about/ news_item. php?m_id=4& s_id=4& id=15

Technological convergence 17

[10] Rheingold, Howard (2000) Smart Mobs: the next social revolution, Perseus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 157-82[11] Cunningham and Graeme Turner (eds) The Media and Communications in Australia (second edition), Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp. 259-78. -

Flew, Terry (2005) New Media: an Introduction (second edition)[12] jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, pg 2[13] Jenkins 2006, p101-112[14] http:/ / web. mit. edu/ cms/ People/ henry3/ starwars. html[15] Integrated Design for VoIP-Enabled Quadruple Play Devices (http:/ / www. d2tech. com/ 4-news/ 2007/ 07-10-29a. htm)[16] Cable consortium mobilizes quad-play with Sprint (http:/ / www. cedmagazine. com/ cable-consortium-mobilizes-quad-play. aspx)

External links• Amdocs MultiPlay Strategy WhitePaper (http:/ / www. amdocs. com/ Offerings/ CES-Portfolio/

Cable-Satellite-TV/ Documents/ AmdocsMultiPlayStrategyWhitePaper. pdf)• Technology Convergence Update with Bob Brown - Video (http:/ / www. youtube. com/

watch?v=aP_ISOIfwLQ)

Online newspaperAn online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the World Wide Web orInternet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical.Going online created more opportunities for newspapers, such as competing with broadcast journalism in presentingbreaking news in a more timely manner. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-establishednewspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers, are also seen by many in the newspaper industryas strengthening their chances of survival.[1] The movement away from the printing process can also help decreasecosts.Professional journalists have some advantages over blogs, as editors are normally aware of the potential for legalproblems.[2]

Online newspapers are much like hard-copy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as laws regardinglibel, privacy and copyright,[3] also apply to online publications in most countries, like in the UK. Also in the UK theData Protection Act applies to online newspapers and news pages.[4] As well as the PCC rules in the UK. But thedistinction was not very clear to the public in the UK as to what was a blog or forum site and what was an onlinenewspaper. In 2007, a ruling was passed to formally regulate UK based online newspapers, news audio, and newsvideo websites covering the responsibilities expected of them and to clear up what is, and what isn't, an onlinepublication.[5]

News reporters are being taught to shoot video[6] and to write in the succinct manner necessary for the Internet newspages. Many are learning how to implement blogs and the ruling by the UK's PCC should help this development ofthe internet.Journalism students in schools around the world are being taught about the "convergence" of all media and the needto have knowledge and skills involving print, broadcast and web.[7]

Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, i.e., reporters writingstories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites thatare more distinct from the printed newspaper. The Newspaper National Network LP is an online advertising salespartnership of the Newspaper Association of America and 25 major newspaper companies.

Online newspaper 18

IntroductionIn the developing world online publishers are drawing large amounts of traffic and reaping the rewards of onlinepublishing. The Guardian also leads the way with online news with a revolutionary website that trumps many otherUK based newspaper websites. The oldest example of an online newspaper or in this case a weekly summary overthe weekend's news is The Weekend City Press Review, set up in 1991 this was a pioneer in the online market.Popular in the city, this subscription based service continues to run today. But they are based on hard copy reportsand papers. See 'Hybrid newspapers' section of this page. Truly 'Online Only' newspapers and magazines startedmuch later, with the exception of "News Report", an online newspaper created by Bruce Parrello in 1974 on thePLATO system at the University of Illinois.

Examples of newspaper onlineIt would be difficult to find a daily newspaper in the UK or United States, in fact in the world, in the 21st century,that does not have or share a website.[8]

Very few newspapers in 2006 will claim to have made money from their websites, which are mostly free to allviewers. Declining profit margins and declining circulation in daily newspapers have forced executives tocontemplate new methods of obtaining revenue from websites, without charging for subscription. This has beendifficult. Newspapers with specialized audiences such as The Wall Street Journal or The Chronicle of HigherEducation, successfully charge subscription fees. Most newspapers now have an online edition, including, The LosAngeles Times, The Washington Post, USA Today, and The New York Times.The Guardian experimented with new media in 2005, offering a free twelve part weekly podcast series by RickyGervais.[9] Another UK daily to go online is The Daily Telegraph.In India, major newspapers went online to provide latest and most updated news from them Times of India,Hindustan Times, The Hindu, Indian Express and The New Indian Express. Some newspapers even provide E-Paperwhich is regarded as the digital replica of the newspaper.In Australia, some newspapers corporations offer an online version to let their readers read the news online, such asThe Australian, Sydney Morning Herald.The Santiago Times operates out of Santiago, Chile and is 100% on line, editions are published in English coveringChilean current events daily Monday through Friday..

Online-only newspapersThe true online only paper is a paper that does not have any hard copy connections. An example of this is anindependent web only newspaper, introduced in the UK in 2000, called the Southport Reporter. It is a weeklyregional newspaper that is not produced or run in any format other than 'soft-copy' on the internet by its publishersPCBT Photography. Unlike blog sites and other news websites it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by mediagroups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the IFJ. Also they fall under the UK's PCC rules. But even print media isturning to online only publication. As of 2009, the collapse of the traditional business model of print newspapers hasled to various attempts to establish local, regional or national online-only newspapers - publications that do originalreporting, rather than just commentary or summaries of reporting from other publications. An early major example inthe U.S. is the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, which stopped publishing after 149 years in March 2009 and went onlineonly. In Scotland in 2010, Caledonian Mercury was set, as Scotland's first online-only newspaper with the same aimsas Southport Reporter, in the UK.In the US, technology news websites such as CNET, TechCrunch, and ZDNet started as web publications and enjoycomparable readership to the conventional newspapers. Also, with the ever-rising popularity of online media, veteranpublications like the US News & World Report are abandoning print and going online-only.

Online newspaper 19

Hybrid newspapersThere are some newspapers which are predominantly an online newspaper, but also provide limited hard copypublishing[10] An example is annarbor.com, which replaced the Ann Arbor News in the summer of 2009. It isprimarily an online newspaper, but publishes a hardcopy twice a week.[11] ager

Soft-copy news sheetsA news sheet is a paper that is on one or two pages only. Soft-copy sheets are like online newspapers, in that theyhave to be predominantly news, not advert or gossip based. These sheets can be updated periodically or regularly,unlike a newspaper. They must also like a newspaper be regarded as a news outlet by media groups andgovernments.[12]

FutureThe development of electronic newspapers, will very soon be supplementing hard-copy printed papers via electronicpaper. In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd of Antwerp announced plans to distribute an electronic-inkversion of the paper to selected subscribers. This would have been the first such application of electronic ink tonewspaper publishing.Companies like EzyMedia [13] piece together opensource software like Joomla and Wordpress, enabling anyone tobecome an online newspaper or magazine publisher.

Fair useIn a question and answer session, suggestions that Google and the Internet was eroding the intellectual propertyrights of newspapers was downplayed.[14]

References[1] "Newspapers Recreate Their Medium" eJournal USA, March 2006 LINK (http:/ / usinfo. state. gov/ journals/ itgic/ 0306/ ijge/ steffens. htm)[2] Report on AOP site (http:/ / www. ukaop. org. uk/ cgi-bin/ go. pl/ news/ article. html?uid=1320)[3] UK Copyright Law (http:/ / www. copyrightservice. co. uk/ copyright/ p01_uk_copyright_law) info. website[4] Data Protection Act 1998 (http:/ / www. opsi. gov. uk/ ACTS/ acts1998/ 19980029. htm)[5] See Journalism Mag. (http:/ / www. journalism. co. uk/ news/ story3152. shtml) and also the PCC website (http:/ / www. pcc. org. uk/ news/

index. html?article=NDMyMQ==) AOP (UK Association of Online Publishers)[6] New York Magazine Holdings LLC (http:/ / nymag. com/ news/ imperialcity/ 28152/ index. html) also see Interactive Features of Online

Newspapers (http:/ / www. firstmonday. org/ issues/ issue5_1/ kenney/ ) by Keith Kenney, Alexander Gorelik and Sam Mwangi First Monday,volume 5, number 1 (January 2000) and also UK's PCC website press release. (http:/ / www. pcc. org. uk/ news/ index.html?article=NDMyMQ==)

[7] Journalism Magazine (http:/ / www. journalism. co. uk/ news/ story3152. shtml) - "The UK PCC (Press Complaints Commission) before2007 already regulated online editions of UK newspapers"

[8] "Newspapers Recreate Their Medium" eJournal USA, March 2006 LINK (http:/ / usinfo. state. gov/ journals/ itgic/ 0306/ ijge/ steffens. htm)[9] Jason Deans, 2005-12-08. " Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show (http:/ / media. guardian. co. uk/ broadcast/ story/ 0,,1662771,00. html)."

The Guardian.[10] AnnArbor.com (http:/ / www. annarbor. com/ news/ geoff-larcom/ ) AnnArbor.com - Geoff Larcom. (retrieved 24 Aug. 2009).[11] AnnArbor.com (http:/ / www. annarbor. com/ about/ welcome-to-annarborcom-watch-our-tutorial-on-how-to-use-the-site/ ) AnnArbor.com -

About Us section. (retrieved 24 Aug. 2009).[12] "newsletter." (http:/ / www. m-w. com/ dictionary/ newsletter) Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. (retrieved 5 Feb. 2007).[13] http:/ / ezymedia. com[14] Google addresses newspaper woes (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ technology/ 7988561. stm)

Online newspaper 20

Further reading• Herre van Oostendorp and Christof van Nimwegen (September 1998). "Locating Information in an Online

Newspaper" (http:/ / jcmc. indiana. edu/ vol4/ issue1/ oostendorp. html). Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication 4 (1).

• McAdams, Melinda (July 1995). "Inventing an Online Newspaper" (http:/ / www. eric. ed. gov/ sitemap/html_0900000b8001fe35. html) (– Scholar search (http:/ / scholar. google. co. uk/ scholar?hl=en& lr=& q=author:+intitle:Inventing+ an+ Online+ Newspaper& as_publication=Interpersonal+ Computing+ and+ Technology&as_ylo=& as_yhi=& btnG=Search)). Interpersonal Computing and Technology 3 (3): 64–90.

• Hsiang Iris Chyi and George Sylvie (1998). "Competing With Whom? Where? And How? A Structural Analysisof the Electronic Newspaper Market". Journal of Media Economics 11 (2): 1–18.doi:10.1207/s15327736me1102_1.

• CARINA IHLSTRÖM, MARIA ÅKESSON, an STIG NORDQVIST (2004-07-07) (PDF). FROM PRINT TOWEB TO E-PAPER — THE CHALLENGE OF DESIGNING THE E-NEWSPAPER (http:/ / diginews. se/ files/040627_elpub_carina_maria_stig. pdf).

• Hanluain, D. O. (2004-02-13). "Free content becoming thing of the past for UK's online newspaper sites" (http:/ /www. ojr. org/ ojr/ business/ 1067472919. php). Online Journalism Review.

• Hsiang Iris Chyi and Dominic L. Lasorsa (2002). "An Explorative Study on the Market Relation Between Onlineand Print Newspapers". Journal of Media Economics 15 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1207/S15327736ME1502_2.

External links• List of most important online newspapers by country (http:/ / www. newspaperindex. com)• Online newspaper and magazine database with RSS feeds (http:/ / www. easynewspapers. com)

Future of newspapers

Newspapers: a global industry in transition

The future of newspapers has been widely debated as theindustry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping adsales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous dropsin circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated forclosure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in theUnited States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalistssince 2001.[1] Revenue has plunged while competition frominternet media has squeezed older print publishers.[1] [2] Thedebate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recessionhas cut profits,[3] and as once-explosive growth in newspaper webrevenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hopedwould become an important source of revenue.[4] One issue iswhether the newspaper industry is being hit by a cyclical trough,or whether new technology has rendered newspapers obsolete intheir traditional format. To survive, newspapers are consideringcombining and other options,[5] although the outcome of suchpartnerships has been criticised.[6]

Recent events in the newspaper market

Future of newspapers 21

In the United StatesSince the beginning of 2009, the United States has seen a number of major metropolitan dailies shuttered ordrastically pruned after no buyers emerged, including The Rocky Mountain News, closed in February, and TheSeattle Post-Intelligencer, reduced to a bare-bones internet operation.[7] The San Francisco Chronicle narrowlyaverted closure when employees made steep concessions.[8] In Detroit, both newspapers, The Detroit Free Press andThe Detroit News, slashed home delivery to three days–a–week, while prodding readers to visit the newspapers'internet sites on other days.[9] In Tucson, Arizona, the state's oldest newspaper, the Tucson Citizen, said it wouldcease publishing on March 21, 2009, when parent Gannett Company failed to find a buyer.[10]

A number of other large, financially troubled newspapers are seeking buyers.[11] One of the few large dailies findinga buyer is The San Diego Union-Tribune, which agreed to be sold to a private equity firm for what The Wall StreetJournal called "a rock-bottom price" of less than $50 million – essentially a real estate purchase.[12] (The newspaperwas estimated to have been worth roughly $1 billion as recently as 2004.)[13] The Sun Times Media Group, publisherof the eponymous bankrupt newspaper, fielded a meager $5 million cash bid, plus assumption of debt, for assets lastclaimed worth $310 million.Large newspaper chains filing bankruptcy since December 2008 include the Tribune Company, the Journal RegisterCompany, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Philadelphia Newspapers LLC, Sun-Times Media Group and FreedomCommunications.[14]

Some newspaper chains that have purchased other papers have seen stock values plummet.[15] The McClatchyCompany, the nation's third–largest newspaper company, was the only bidder on the Knight-Ridder chain ofnewspapers in 2005. Since its $6.5 billion Knight-Ridder purchase, McClatchy's stock has lost more than 98% of itsvalue.[16] McClatchy subsequently announced large layoffs and executive pay cuts, as its shares fell into penny stockterritory.[17] (Although McClatchy faced delisting from the New York Stock Exchange for having a share pricebelow $1, in September 2009, it was able to overcome this threat.[18] Others have not been so lucky. In 2008 and2009, three other U.S. newspaper chains have seen their shares delisted by the NYSE.[19] )Other newspaper company valuations have been similarly punished: the stocks of Gannett Company, Lee Enterprisesand Media General traded at less than $2–a–share by March 2009, with The Washington Post Company's stockfaring better than most, thanks to diversification into educational training programs – and away from publishing.[20]

Similarly, UK-based Pearson PLC, owner of The Financial Times, increased earnings in 2008 despite a drop innewspaper profits, thanks to diversification away from publishing.[21]

The New York Times Company, hard-pressed for cash as its shares slid below $5–per–share, suspended its dividend,sold and leased back part of its headquarters, and sold preferred shares to Mexican businessman Carlos Slim inreturn for a cash infusion. But the credit rating agencies still cut the rating on Times Company's debt to junk status,and the cash crunch at The Times prompted it to threaten to shutter its Boston Globe unless workers made deepconcessions.[22] Even News Corp., the diversified media holding company overseen by Rupert Murdoch, was hit,forced to write down much of the value of newspaper publisher Dow Jones & Co. that it purchased for $5 billion in2007.[23] [24] Apparently shelved are plans announced by Murdoch at the time of the acquisition to expand The WallStreet Journal's newsroom.The deterioration in the United States newspaper market led one senator to introduce a bill in March 2009 allowingnewspaper companies to restructure as non-profit corporations with an array of tax breaks.[25] The NewspaperRevitalization Act would allow newspapers to operate as nonprofits similar to public broadcasting companies,barring them from making political endorsements.[26] [27]

Future of newspapers 22

In the United KingdomIn the United Kingdom, newspaper publishers have been similarly hit. In late 2008 The Independent announced jobcuts. In January the chain Associated Newspapers sold a controlling stake in the London Evening Standard as itannounced a 24% decline in 2008 ad revenues. In March 2009 parent company Daily Mail and General Trust saidjob cuts would be deeper than expected, spanning its newspapers, which include the Leicester Mercury, the BristolEvening Post and the Derby Telegraph.[28] One industry report predicts that 1 in 10 UK print publications will cut itsfrequency of publication in half, go online only or shut in 2009.[29]

The newspaper market in history

Newsroom of The New York Times, 1942

The newspaper industry has always been cyclical, andthe industry has weathered previous troughs. But whiletelevision's arrival in the 1950s presaged the decline ofnewspapers' importance as most people's source ofdaily news, the explosion of the internet in the 1990sand the first decade of the 21st century increased thepanoply of media choices available to the averagereader while further cutting into newspapers' hegemonyas the source of news.

Both television and the Internet bring news to theconsumer faster and in a more visual style thannewspapers, which are constrained by their physicalform and the need to be physically manufactured anddistributed. The competing mediums also offer

advertisers the opportunity to use moving images and sound. And the internet's search function allows advertisers totailor their pitch to readers who have revealed what information they're seeking – an enormous advantage.[30]

The Internet has also gone a step further than television in eroding the advertising income of newspapers, as – unlikebroadcast media – it proves a convenient vehicle for classified advertising, particularly in categories such as jobs,vehicles, and real estate. Free services like Craigslist have decimated the classified advertising departments of manynewspapers, some of which depended on classifieds for 70% of their ad revenue.[31] At the same time, newspapershave been pinched by consolidation of large department stores, which once accounted for substantial advertisingsums.Press baron Rupert Murdoch once described the profits flowing from his stable of newspapers as "rivers of gold."But, said Murdoch several years later, "sometimes rivers dry up."[32] "Simply put," wrote Buffalo News ownerWarren Buffett, "if cable and satellite broadcasting, as well as the internet, had come along first, newspapers as weknow them probably would never have existed."[33]

As their revenues have been squeezed, newspapers have also been increasingly assailed by other media taking awaynot only their readers, but their principal sources of profit. Many of these 'new media' are not saddled with expensiveunion contracts, printing presses, delivery fleets and overhead built over decades. Many of these competitors aresimply 'aggregators' of news, often derived from print sources, but without print media's capital-intensiveoverhead.[34] Some estimates put the percentage of online news derived from newspapers at 80%.[35]

"Newspapers are doing the reporting in this country," observed John S. Carroll, editor of The Los Angeles Times forfive years. "Google and Yahoo aren't those people putting reporters on the street in any number. Blogs cannot affordit."[36] (Editor Carroll resigned from The Times in 2005 in the face of parent Tribune Company's demands that heslash newsroom staff.[37] )

Future of newspapers 23

Many newspapers also suffer from the broad trend toward “fragmentation” of all media – in which small numbers oflarge media outlets attempting to serve substantial portions of the population are replaced by an abundance ofsmaller and more specialized organizations, often aiming only to serve specific interest groups. So-callednarrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller slivers. But newspapers have not been alone in this:the rise of cable television and satellite television at the expense of network television in countries such as the UnitedStates and United Kingdom is another example of this fragmentation.

Technological change comes to newspapersThe increasing use of the internet's search function, primarily through large engines such as Google, has alsochanged the habits of readers.[38] Instead of perusing general interest publications, such as newspapers, readers aremore likely to seek particular writers, blogs or sources of information through targeted searches, rendering theagglomeration of newspapers increasingly irrelevant. "Power is shifting to the individual journalist from the newsoutlet with more people seeking out names through search, e-mail, blogs and social media," the industry publicationEditor & Publisher noted in summarizing a recent study from the Project for Excellence in Journalism foundation.[1]

"When we go online," writes columnist Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times, "each of us is our own editor, ourown gatekeeper."[39]

Where once the ability to disseminate information was restricted to those with printing presses or broadcastmechanisms, the internet has enabled thousands of individual commentators to communicate directly with othersthrough blogs or instant message services.[40] Even open journalism projects like wikipedia have contributed to thereordering of the media landscape, as readers are no longer restricted to established print organs for information.[41]

But the search engine experience has left some newspaper proprietors cold. "The aggregators and plagiarists willsoon have to pay a price for the co-opting of our content," Rupert Murdoch told the World Media Summit in Beijing,China. "If we do not take advantage of the current movement toward paid content, it will be the content creators –the people in this hall – who will pay the ultimate price and the content kleptomaniacs who triumph."[42]

Critics of the newspaper as a medium also argue that while today's newspapers may appear visually different fromtheir predecessors a century ago, in many respects they have changed little and have failed to keep pace with changesin society. The technology revolution has meant that readers accustomed to waiting for a daily newspaper can nowreceive up-to-the-minute updates from web portals, bloggers and new services such as Twitter.[43] The expandingreach of broadband internet access means such updates have become commonplace for many users, especially themore affluent, an audience cultivated by advertisers.[44]

The gloomy outlook is not universal. In some countries, such as India, the newspaper remains more popular thaninternet and broadcast media. Even where the problems are felt most keenly, in North America and Europe, therehave been recent success stories, such as the dramatic rise of free daily newspapers, like those of Sweden's MetroInternational,[45] as well as papers targeted towards the Hispanic market, local weekly shoppers,[46] and so-calledhyperlocal news.[47]

But these new revenue streams, such as that from newspapers' proprietary web sites, are often a fraction of the sumsgenerated by the previous advertisement- and circulation-driven revenue streams, and so newspapers have beenforced to curtail their overhead while simultaneously trying to entice new users.[48] With revenues plummeting,many newspapers have slashed news bureaus and journalists, while still attempting to publish compelling content –much of it more interactive,[49] more lifestyle-driven and more celebrity-conscious.In response to falling ad revenues and plunging circulation, many newspapers have cut staff as well as editorialcontent, and in a vicious cycle, those cuts often spur more and deeper circulation declines—triggering more loss ofad revenues. "No industry can cut its way to future success," says industry analyst John Morton. "At some point thebusiness must improve."[33]

Future of newspapers 24

Overall, in the United States, average operating profit margins for newspapers remain at 11%.[50] But that figure isfalling rapidly, and in many cases is inadequate to service the debt that some newspaper companies took on duringbetter times.[1] And while circulation has dropped 2% annually for years, that decline has accelerated.[51]

The circulation decline, coupled with a 23% drop in 2008 newspaper ad revenues, have proven a double whammyfor some newspaper chains.[31] Combined with the current recession, the cloudy outlook for future profits has meantthat many newspapers put on the block have been unable to find buyers, who remain concerned with increasingcompetition, dwindling profits and a business model that seems increasingly antiquated.[52]

"As succeeding generations grow up with the Web and lose the habit of reading print," noted The ColumbiaJournalism Review in 2007, "it seems improbable that newspapers can survive with a cost structure at least 50%higher than their nimbler and cheaper Internet competitors."[53] The problem facing newspapers is generational:while in 2005 an estimated 70% of older Americans read a newspaper daily, fewer than 20% of younger Americansdid.[54]

"It is the fundamental problem facing the industry," writes newspaper analyst Morton. "It's probably not going away.And no one has figured a way out."[54]

Financial strategies for an industryWhile newspaper companies continue to produce much of the award-winning journalism, consumers of thatjournalism are less willing to pay for it in a world where information on the web is plentiful and free. Plans forweb-based subscription services have largely faltered, with the exception of financial outlets like The Wall StreetJournal, which have been able to generate substantial revenues from subscribers whose subscriptions are oftenunderwritten by corporate employers. (Subscriptions to the Journal's paid website were up 7% in 2008.) Somegeneral-interest newspapers, even high-profile papers like The New York Times, have been forced to drop paidinternet subscription services. Times Select, the Times's pay service, lasted for exactly two years before the companyabandoned it.[55]

Within the industry, there is little consensus on the best strategy for survival. Some pin their hopes on newtechnologies such as e-paper or radical revisions of the newspaper such as the Daily Me;[56] others, like a recentcover story in Time magazine, have advocated a system that includes both subscriptions as well as micro-paymentsfor individual stories.[57] [58]

In crafting a strategy in the era of burgeoning sources of information, some newspaper analysts believe the wisestmove is embracing the Internet, and exploiting the considerable brand value and consumer trust that newspapershave built over decades. But revenues from online editions have come nowhere near matching previous print incomefrom circulation and advertising sales, and many newspapers struggle to maintain their previous levels of reportingamidst eroding profits[59] (Newspapers get only about one-tenth to one-twentieth the revenue for a web reader thatthey do for a print reader).[60] )With profits falling, many newspapers have cut back on their most expensive reporting projects – overseas bureausand investigative journalism.[61] Some investigative projects often take months, with their payoff uncertain. In thepast, larger newspapers often devoted a portion of their editorial budget to such efforts, but with ad dollars drying up,many papers are looking closer at the productivity of individual reporters, and judging speculative investments ininvestigative reports as non-essential.[62]

Some advocates have suggested that instead of investigative reports funded by newspapers, that non-profit foundations pick up the slack. The new non-profit ProPublica, a $10–million–a–year foundation devoted solely to investigative reporting and overseen by former Wall Street Journal editor Paul Steiger, for instance, hopes that its 18 reporters will be able to release their investigative reports free, courtesy of partnerships with such outlets as The New York Times, The Atlantic and 60 Minutes. The Huffington Post also announced that it would set aside funds for investigative reporting.[63] Other industry observers are now clamoring for government subsidies to the newspaper

Future of newspapers 25

industry.[64]

But investigative reports aside, what troubles some observers is that the reliability and accountability of newspapersis being replaced by a sea of anonymous bloggers, many with uncertain credentials and points of view. Where oncethe reader of a daily newspaper might consume reporting, for instance, by an established Cairo bureau chief for amajor newspaper, today that same reader might be directed by a search engine to an anonymous blogger with cloudyallegiances, training or ability.[65]

An industry in crisisIronically, these dilemmas facing the newspaper industry come as its product has never been more sought-after. "Thepeculiar fact about the current crisis," writes The New Yorker's economics writer James Surowiecki, "is that even asbig papers have become less profitable they've arguably become more popular."[66]

As the demand for news has exploded, so have consumers of the output of newspapers. (Both nytimes.com andwashingtonpost.com, for instance, rank among the top 20 global news sites.[54] But those consumers are now readingnewspapers online for free, and although newspapers have been able to convert some of that viewership into addollars, it is a trickle compared to previous sources. At most newspapers, web advertising accounts for only 10–15%of revenues.[31]

Some observers have compared the dilemma to that faced by the music industry. "What's going on in the newsbusiness is a lot like what's happening with music," said editor Paul Steiger, a 43–year journalism veteran. Freedistribution of content through the internet has caused "a total collapse of the business model."[62]

The revenue streams that newspapers counted on to subsidize their product have changed irrevocably: in 2008,according to a study by the Pew Research Center, more people in the United States got their news for free on theinternet than paid for it by buying a newspaper or magazine. "With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as theiraudience grows, the threat is not just to the companies that own them, but also the news itself," observed writerDavid Carr of The New York Times in a January 2009 column.[67]

Newspaper markets across the worldThe challenges facing the industry are not limited to the United States, or even English-speaking markets.Newspapers in Switzerland and the Netherlands, for instance, have lost half of their classified advertising to theinternet.[68] At its annual convention[69] slated for May, 2009, in Barcelona, Spain, the World Association ofNewspapers has titled the convention's subject "Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenues in DifficultTimes."[70]

In September 2008, the World Association of Newspapers called for regulators to block a proposed Google–Yahooadvertising partnership, calling it a threat to newspaper industry revenues worldwide.[71] The WAN painted a starkpicture of the threat posed to newspapers by the search engine giants. "Perhaps never in the history of newspaperpublishing has a single, commercial entity threatened to exert this much control over the destiny of the press," saidthe Paris-based global newspaper organization of the proposed pact.[72]

But there are bright spots in the world market for newspapers. At its 2008 convention, held in Gothenburg, Sweden,the World Association of Newspapers released figures showing newspaper circulations and advertising had actuallyclimbed in the previous year. Newspaper sales were up nearly 2.6% the previous year, and up 9.4% over the past fiveyears. Free daily newspapers, noted the WAN, accounted for nearly 7% of all global newspaper circulation – and awhopping 23% of European newspaper circulation.[73] Of the world's 100 best–selling daily newspapers, 74 arepublished in Asia – with China, Japan and India accounting for 62 of those.Sales of newspapers rose in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East, but fell in other regions of the world, including Western Europe, where the proliferation of free dailies helped bolster overall circulation figures. While internet revenues are rising for the industry, the bulk of its web revenues come from a few areas, with most revenue

Future of newspapers 26

generated in the United States, western Europe and Asia–Pacific region.[73]

Outlook for the futureUltimately, the newspaper of the future may bear little resemblance to the newsprint edition familiar to olderreaders.[74] It may become a hybrid, part-print and part-internet, or perhaps eventually, as has happened with severalnewspapers, including the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Christian Science Monitor and the Ann Arbor News,internet only.[75] [76] In the meantime, the transition from the printed page to whatever comes next will likely befraught with challenges, both for the newspaper industry and for its consumers."My expectation," wrote executive editor Bill Keller of The New York Times in January 2009, "is that for theforeseeable future our business will continue to be a mix of print and online journalism, with the growth onlineoffsetting the (gradual, we hope) decline of print."[77] The paper in newspaper may go away, insist industry stalwarts,but the news will remain. "Paper is dying," said Nick Bilton, a technologist for The Times, "but it's just a device.Replacing it with pixels is a better experience."[78] On September 8, 2010, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., Chairman andPublisher of The New York Times, told an International Newsroom Summit in London that "We will stop printingthe New York Times sometime in the future, date TBD."[79]

But even as pixels replace print, and as newspapers undergo wrenching surgery, necessitating deep cutbacks,reallocation of remaining reporters, and the slashing of decades-old overhead, some observers remain optimistic.[80]

What emerges may be 'newspapers' unrecognizable to older readers, but which may be more timely, more topical andmore flexible."Journalistic outlets will discover," wrote Michael Hirschorn in The Atlantic, "that the Web allows (okay, forces)them to concentrate on developing expertise in a narrower set of issues and interests, while helping journalists fromother places and publications find new audiences."[59] The 'newspaper' of the future, say Hirschorn and others, mayresemble The Huffington Post more than anything flung at today's stoops and driveways.[81] [82]

Much of that experimentation may happen in the world's fastest-growing newspaper markets. "The number ofnewspapers and their circulation has declined the world over except in India and China," according to former CEOOlivier Fleurot of The Financial Times. "The world is becoming more digital but technology has helped newspapersas much as the Internet."[83] Making those technological changes work for them, instead of against them, will decidewhether newspapers remain vital – or roadkill on the information superhighway.[84]

Journalism schools in the USThe US journalism schools are also pressured to adapt to the changing landscape. At the Walter Cronkite School ofJournalism and Mass Communication, part of Arizona State University, a course on “The Business of Journalism”was retitled "“The Business and Future of Journalism” [85] Introductory level courses at the Medill School ofJournalism at Northwestern University include “Multimedia Storytelling” and “Introduction to 21st-CenturyMedia.”[85] As print journalism wanes, journalism schools are focusing on the internet as a distribution medium, andare recalibrating courses to hone skills needed for jobs in the 21st century. Schools now include classes on computerprogramming as well as entrepreneurship. Rich Beckman, a professor at the University of Miami, said “There weredeans all over the country saying, ‘We’re never going to teach computer programming in J-school.’ Well, now theyare.”[85] Centers for teaching new media innovation are being created at Columbia University and the City Universityof New York.[85]

Although newspapers are struggling, and journalism jobs being eliminated, applications at the nation's journalismschools are increasing. The Columbia Journalism School reports a 44% jump from 2008, and the Annenberg Schoolfor Communication reports a 20% increase. Other schools report similar increases.[86]

Future of newspapers 27

References[1] Saba, Jennifer (March 16, 2009). "Specifics on Newspapers from 'State of News Media' Report" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/

eandp/ news/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003951616). Editor & Publisher. . Retrieved 2009-03-17.[2] "Newspaper Overview" (http:/ / platform. idiomag. com/ use-cases/ newspapers/ ). idio. June 28, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.[3] Newspapers' ad revenue for 2008 fell 23%, according to the Newspaper Association of America. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/

eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561)[4] Clifford, Stephanie (October 12, 2008). "Newspapers' Web Revenue is Stalling" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 10/ 13/ business/ media/

13adco. html?src=linkedin). The New York Times. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.[5] "Newspaper Execs Treading Carefully on Anti-trust Laws" (http:/ / www. niemanlab. org/ 2009/ 05/

newspaper-execs-treading-carefully-on-antitrust-laws/ ). Nieman Labs. May 28, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.[6] "The Newspaper Economic Action Plan: A sense check" (http:/ / platform. idiomag. com/ 2009/ 06/

the-newspaper-economic-action-plan-a-sense-check/ ). idio. June 4, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.[7] "Seattle Post-Intelligencer to Go Online Only" (http:/ / newsblogs. chicagotribune. com/ towerticker/ 2009/ 03/

seattle-postintelligencer-to-go-online-only-rocky-mountain-news-alumni-seek-to-launch-own-denver-sit. html). The Chicago Tribune. March16, 2009. .

[8] Rogers, Paul (March 14, 2009). "Workers OK Deal in Effort to Save San Francisco Chronicle" (http:/ / www. mercurynews. com/ topstories/ci_11914475). Silicon Valley MercuryNews.com. .

[9] Lieberman, David (March 17, 2009). "Newspaper Closings Raise Fears About Industry" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ money/ media/2009-03-17-newspapers-downturn_N. htm). USA Today. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[10] Rotstein, Arthur H. (March 16, 2009). "Tucson Citizen to Close March 21" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 29720824/ ). AssociatedPress, MSNBC. .

[11] Some estimate that of the 50 largest daily newspaper in America, 19 are operating in the red. (http:/ / venturebeat. com/ 2008/ 06/ 26/slow-death-of-newspapers-continues-19-of-top-50-us-newspapers-in-the-red/ )

[12] But despite the purchase of the San Diego newspaper, the deal is unlikely to stoke much private equity interest in the industry, according toThe Wall Street Journal, "as the downward trends the industry faces are too challenging for most firms to want to take on." While there are alarge number of newspapers for sale, "most of them have more liabilities – union contracts, for instance – than worthwhile assets," notes TheJournal. (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ privateequity/ 2009/ 03/ 19/ platinums-newspaper-deal-not-a-trend/ )

[13] Ovide, Shira; Adams, Russell (March 19, 2009). "San Diego Paper Lands Fire-Sale Buyer" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/SB123740304667774721. html). The Wall Street Journal. .

[14] "More Newspaper Shake-ups Loom with Chapter 11" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ ap/ article/ALeqM5i-ngA_SO-9eGzrcFJmJEV0fUA8mwD96HM8AO0). Associated Press. February 23, 2009. . "Freedom Communications Files forBankruptcy Protection" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 09/ 02/ business/ media/ 02freedom. html). The New York Times. September 9,2009. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[15] While newspapers earnings have suffered, the value of newspaper franchises has suffered more. Because the equity markets attempt to pricefuture earnings, newspaper share values have swooned because of the uncertainty of their future revenue streams.

[16] Alterman, Eric (March 31, 2008). "Out of Print" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2008/ 03/ 31/080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=all). The New Yorker. .

[17] Hennelly, William. "Newspaper Winners and Losers: McClatchy" (http:/ / www. thestreet. com/ story/ 10469372/ 1/newspaper-winners-and-losers-mcclatchy. html?cm_ven=GOOGLEFI). TheStreet.com. .

[18] "McClatchy Receives Compliance Notice From NYSE" (http:/ / www. mcclatchy. com/ pressreleases/ story/ 2279. html). McClatchy pressrelease. September 4, 2009. .

[19] With three large newspaper chains having been booted out of the New York Stock Exchange, the figure would be higher except that theExchange eased its listing requirements temporarily because of the global financial crisis. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561)

[20] Financial returns on newspaper stocks have been dismal for a decade. An investor who put $100 into the Standard and Poor's 500 Indexwould have had $89 by December 2008 – a similar investment of $100 in group of the largest newspaper company stocks would have yieldedjust $18 by year end 2008. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561)

[21] "Pearson 2008 Profit Up – No Thanks to 'Financial Times'" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ news/ article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003946613). Editor & Publisher. March 2, 2009. .

[22] "Times Co. Threatens to Shut Down Globe" (http:/ / www. boston. com/ business/ ticker/ 2009/ 04/ times_co_threat. html). The BostonGlobe. April 3, 2009. .

[23] Arango, Tim (February 5, 2009). "News Corp. Loss Shows Trouble at Dow Jones" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 02/ 06/ business/media/ 06news. html). The New York Times. .

[24] Lemann, Nicholas (April 13, 2009). "Paper Tigers: What media moguls make" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ arts/ critics/ books/ 2009/ 04/13/ 090413crbo_books_lemann?currentPage=4). The New Yorker. .

[25] Fitzgerald, Mark (March 24, 2009). "Senate Bill Would Allow Tax-Exempt Status for Newspapers" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/eandp/ news/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003954802). Editor & Publisher. .

Future of newspapers 28

[26] The bill would exempt from taxes newspapers income from advertising and subscriptions. and money spent on news gathering would be taxdeductible. So far the bill has only Senator Ben Cardin as sponsor. (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ politicsNews/idUSTRE52N67F20090324)

[27] Edmonds, Rick. "A Morning-After Take on the Nonprofit Newspaper Bill" (http:/ / www. poynter. org/ column. asp?id=123& aid=160721).PoynterOnline. The Poynter Institute. .

[28] "Daily Mail Group to Cut 1,000 Jobs" (http:/ / www. breitbart. com/ article. php?id=CNG. 382ffc23908206338768812be3b3f99e. 7e1&show_article=1). Agence France Presse, Breitbart. March 23, 2009. .

[29] "Journalism Job Losses: Tracking Cuts Across the Industry" (http:/ / www. journalism. co. uk/ 5/ articles/ 533044. php). journalism.co.uk. .[30] Walker, Leslie (October 30, 2003). "To Place Ads, Google Searches for Best Bidders" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ articles/

A38472-2003Oct29. html). The Washington Post. .[31] Fitzgerald, Mark (March 18, 2009). "How Did Newspapers Get In This Pickle?" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/

newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561). Editor & Publisher. .[32] Plunkett, John (November 24, 2005). "Murdoch Predicts Gloomy Future for Press" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ media/ 2005/ nov/ 24/

pressandpublishing. business1). London: The Guardian. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.[33] Morton, John (October–November, 2007). "Buffeted: Newspapers Are Paying the Price for Shortsighted Thinking" (http:/ / www. ajr. org/

Article. asp?id=4416). American Journalism Review. .[34] Alterman, Eric (March 31, 2008). "Out of Print: The Death and Life of the American Newspaper" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/

2008/ 03/ 31/ 080331fa_fact_alterman). The New Yorker. .[35] Baker, Russell (August 16, 2007). "Goodbye to Newspapers?" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 20471). The New York Review of

Books. .[36] Media and Culture with 2009 Update (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Qg_RyIDuQuwC& pg=PA307& lpg=PA307& dq="what+

will+ become+ of+ newspapers"+ john+ carroll& source=bl& ots=Bvt4X013GA& sig=anc0VLOJCdLdgt7woGSa9SWXG-Q& hl=en&ei=mjvDSfbiLomMsAPAtOHlBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=6& ct=result). Macmillan. 2008. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-312-47824-7. .Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[37] "Editor at Los Angeles Times Steps Down After 5 Years, Katharine Q. Seelye" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 07/ 21/ business/ media/21paper. html). The New York Times. July 21, 2005. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[38] Google's CEO Eric Schmidt recently revealed that the company had considered, but then abandoned, the thought of purchasing a newspaperitself or using its charitable arm to support news businesses seeking non-profit status. (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/2252e92c-4569-11de-b6c8-00144feabdc0. html?nclick_check=1)

[39] "The Daily Me, Nicholas Kristof" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 19/ opinion/ 19kristof. html?ref=opinion). The New York Times.March 18, 2009. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[40] "Not Just Another Column About Blogging: What Newspaper History Says About Newspaper Future, Jack Shafer, Salon, January 26, 2006,salon.com" (http:/ / www. slate. com/ id/ 2134918/ ). .

[41] Ratner, Andrew (March 17, 2009). "'Wikipedia Revolution' United Users on Internet" (http:/ / www. baltimoresun. com/ entertainment/bal-to. ratner17mar17,0,1115467. column). The Baltimore Sun. .

[42] "Murdoch Blasts Search Engine 'Kleptomaniacs', Alistair Dawber, The Independent, October 10, 2009, independent.co.uk" (http:/ / www.independent. co. uk/ news/ media/ online/ murdoch-blasts-search-engine-kleptomaniacs-1800569. html). London. October 10, 2009. .Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[43] Terdiman, Daniel (March 13, 2009). "News Has a Bright Future, Author Says" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-1023_3-10196386-93. html).CNET News, cnet.com. .

[44] "Abandoning the News, Carnegie Reporter, Carnegie Corporation of New York, carnegie.org" (http:/ / www. carnegie. org/ reporter/ 10/news/ ). .

[45] "Net to Newspapers: Drop Dead" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ magazine/ content/ 05_27/ b3941024. htm). Business Week. July 4,2005. .

[46] Myers, Jack (October 27, 2008). "Is There a Future for Newspapers?" (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ jack-myers/is-there-a-future-for-new_b_138043. html). The Huffington Post. .

[47] Mullaney, Tim (March 10, 2009). "Google Executive, N.Y. Times Wrestle in New Jersey for Local Ads" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/apps/ news?pid=20601109& refer=home& sid=a0Pd70fy5qXE). Bloomberg.com. .

[48] "Economy 'Threatens' News Accuracy" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ 7878090. stm). BBC News. February 9, 2009. .[49] Ahrens, Frank (December 4, 2006). "A Newspaper Chain Sees Its Future, And It's Online and Hyper-Local" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost.

com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 12/ 03/ AR2006120301037. html). The Washington Post. .[50] The troubles in the U.S. newspaper market, while acute, aren't universal. Large newspapers are suffering more than small. "The great

majority of America's 1200 daily newspapers are doing pretty well," notes Editor & Publisher editor Mark Fitzgerald. "Even some of the bigpapers in the most troubled chains are still churning out profit margins in the high teens. That's three or four times the margins of ExxonMobil. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561)

[51] Perez-Pena, Richard (October 27, 2008). "Newspaper Circulation Continues to Decline Rapidly" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 10/ 28/business/ media/ 28circ. html). The New York Times. .

[52] Gunther, Marc (July 26, 2007). "Can the Washington Post Survive?" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ magazines/ fortune/ fortune_archive/ 2007/08/ 06/ 100141340/ ). Fortune Magazine, money.cnn.com. .

Future of newspapers 29

[53] Kuttner, Robert (March–April, 2007). "The Race" (http:/ / www. cjr. org/ cover_story/ the_race. php). Columbia Journalism Review. .[54] Massing, Michael (December 1, 2005). "The End of News?" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 18516). The New York Review of

Books. .[55] Perez-Pena, Richard (September 18, 2007). "Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 09/ 18/

business/ media/ 18times. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-03-18.[56] Kristof, Nicholas D. (March 18, 2009). "The Daily Me" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 19/ opinion/ 19kristof. html?_r=1). The New

York Times. .[57] Isaacson, Walter (February 5, 2009). "How to Save Your Newspaper" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/ 0,8599,1877191,00.

html). Time. . Retrieved 2009-03-18.[58] Thomas, Owen (February 5, 2009). "How Not to Save Newspapers" (http:/ / gawker. com/ 5147184/ how-not-to-save-newspapers).

ValleyWag, Gawker.com. .[59] Hirschorn, Michael (January–February, 2009). "End Times" (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ doc/ 200901/ new-york-times). The Atlantic. .[60] Shafer, Jack (November 30, 2006). "Chronicle of the Newspaper Death Foretold" (http:/ / www. slate. com/ id/ 2154678/ ). Slate. .[61] Hunt, Albert R. (March 22, 2009). "Letter from Washington: A Vibrant Democracy Requires Newspapers" (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/

2009/ 03/ 22/ america/ letter. php). Bloomberg News, The International Herald Tribune. .[62] Cruz, Gilbert (July 9, 2008). "The Nightly News, Not for Profit" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/ 0,8599,1821376,00. html).

Time magazine. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.[63] Huffington Plans Investigative Journalism Venture, David Bauder, The Washington Post, March 29, 2009 (http:/ / www. washingtonpost.

com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 03/ 29/ AR2009032901097. html?hpid=moreheadlines)[64] Nichols, John; Robert W. McChensey (March 18, 2009). "The Death and Life of Great American Newspapers" (http:/ / www. thenation.

com/ doc/ 20090406/ nichols_mcchesney/ 4). The Nation. .[65] In response to charges of lack of credentials or unverified reporting, bloggers often point to their role in examining the reporting of New

York Times reporter Judith Miller, whose early reporting on the events leading to the war in Iraq went largely unchallenged in mainstreammedia. "In the run up to the Iraq war," says Arianna Huffington of the eponymous The Huffington Post, "many in the mainstream media ,including The New York Times, lost their veneer of unassailable trustworthiness for many readers and viewers, and it became clear that newmedia sources could be trusted – and indeed are often much quicker a correcting mistakes than old media sources." (http:/ / www. newyorker.com/ reporting/ 2008/ 03/ 31/ 080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=all)

[66] Surowiecki, James (December 22, 2008). "News You Can Lose" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ talk/ financial/ 2008/ 12/ 22/081222ta_talk_surowiecki). The New Yorker. .

[67] Isaacson, Walter (February 5, 2009). "How to Save Your Newspaper" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/0,8599,1877191-4,00. html). Time magazine. .

[68] "Who Killed the Newspaper?" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ opinion/ displayStory. cfm?Story_ID=7830218). The Economist. April 24,2006. .

[69] In the United States in February 2009, the annual American Society of Newspaper Editors announced they were cancelling their annualconvention due to the industry meltdown. In making the announcement, ASNE President Charlotte Hall, editor of The Orlando Sentinel said,"this is an industry in crisis." The only previous cancellation of an ASNE annual convention since the group's creation in 1923 was in 1945.Since 1945 the industry has weathered 10 national economic recessions. (http:/ / www. asne. org/ index. cfm?id=7268) (http:/ / www.newsweek. com/ id/ 186885)

[70] "Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenue in Difficult Times" (http:/ / www. wan-press. org/ print. php3?id_article=18041). Paris,France: World Association of Newspapers. February 2009. .

[71] In an interesting twist, the Newspaper Association of America, a member of the World Association of Newspapers but representing 90% ofAmerican newspaper publishers, declined to endorse the WAN objections to the Google-Yahoo pact.

[72] Helft, Miguel (September 15, 2008). "Newspapers Worldwide (Minus U.S.) Oppose Google-Yahoo Deal" (http:/ / bits. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/ 09/ 15/ newspapers-worldwide-minus-us-oppose-google-yahoo-deal/ ). The New York Times. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[73] "Newspapers see sales and ad revenue climb" (http:/ / www. thelocal. se/ 12180/ 20080602/ ). The Local, Sweden's News in English. June 2,2008. .

[74] Nordenson, Bree (November–December, 2008). "Overload!, Journalism's Battle for Relevance in an Age of Too Much Information" (http:/ /www. cjr. org/ feature/ overload_1. php?page=all). Columbia Journalism Review. .

[75] "Seattle P-I to Publish Last Edition Tuesday" (http:/ / www. seattlepi. com/ business/ 403793_piclosure17. html). Seattle Post-Intelligencer.March 17, 2009. .

[76] Perez-Pena, Richard (March 23, 2009). "4 Michigan Markets Will Lose Daily Newspapers, As Ailing Industry Tries to Cope" (http:/ / www.nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 24/ business/ media/ 24paper. html?ref=business). The New York Times. .

[77] "Talk to the Newsroom: Executive Editor" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 01/ 30/ business/ media/ 02askthetimes. html?hp=&pagewanted=all). The New York Times. January 28, 2009. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[78] "Times Techie Envisions The Future of News" (http:/ / blog. wired. com/ business/ 2009/ 03/ the-future-of-n. html). Wired Magazine,blog.wired.com. .

[79] "Arthur Sulzberger: 'We Will Stop Printing The New York Times Sometime In The Future'" (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ 2010/ 09/09/ arthur-sulzberger-we-will_n_710251. html). Huffington Post. September 10, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-09-10.

Future of newspapers 30

[80] Even as large newspapers for sale in the United States have been unable to find buyers, the market for smaller community newspapers,which have faced less online competition, has held up better. (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2008/ 04/ 07/newspapers-advertising-biz-media-cx_lh_0407papers. html) In general, smaller newspapers are worth more in relative terms than large papers."A newspaper in small– to medium– market tends to be worth more on a relative basis than a big–city paper," notes longtime newspaperanalyst John Morton. "Big cities tend to have more media outlets competing for advertising, and big–city newspapers are more likely to haveonerous union contracts." (http:/ / www. ajr. org/ Article. asp?id=128)

[81] "Minnpost.com" (http:/ / www. minnpost. com/ ). .[82] Jensen, Elizabeth (March 22, 2009). "A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 23/

business/ media/ 23global. html?hp). The New York Times. .[83] "'Newspapers have bright future'" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1061803. cms). The Times of India. March 24, 2005. .[84] Kamiya, Gary (February 17, 2009). "The Death of the News" (http:/ / www. salon. com/ opinion/ kamiya/ 2009/ 02/ 17/ newspapers/ ).

Salon. .[85] Stelter, Brian (April 19, 2009). "J-Schools Play Catchup" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 04/ 19/ education/ edlife/ journ-t. html). The

New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-04-19.[86] Rainey, James (April 17, 2009). "As newspapers decline, journalism schools thrive" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ local/

la-et-onthemedia17-2009apr17,0,7925317. column). LA Times. . Retrieved 2009-04-19.

External links• Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew (May 17, 2009). "Media's Want to Break Free" (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/

d0960f18-4303-11de-b793-00144feabdc0. html). The Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-05-17.• Perez-Pena, Richard (March 12, 2009). "As Cities Go From Two Papers to One, Talk of Zero" (http:/ / www.

nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 12/ business/ media/ 12papers. html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-17.• Kamiya, Gary (February 17, 2009). "The death of the news" (http:/ / www. salon. com/ opinion/ kamiya/ 2009/

02/ 17/ newspapers/ ). Salon.com. Retrieved 2009-03-17.• Alterman, Eric (February 11, 2009). "Save the News, Not the Newspaper" (http:/ / www. thenation. com/ doc/

20090302/ alterman). The Nation. Retrieved 2009-03-17.• Future of Newspapers, Walter Isaacson, Mort Zuckerman, Robert Thomson, Charlie Rose Show, charlierose.com

(http:/ / www. charlierose. com/ view/ interview/ 10075)• A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News, The New York Times, March 22, 2009 (http:/ / www. nytimes.

com/ 2009/ 03/ 23/ business/ media/ 23global. html?hp)• Dynamic World of Print Media (http:/ / acgmedia. blogspot. com/ ) Tracks newspaper closings, openings,

mergers, format changes• Newspaper Death Watch, newspaperdeathwatch.com (http:/ / www. newspaperdeathwatch. com/ )• Pfanner, Eric (August 16, 2009). "The Paper that doesn't want to be free" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 08/

17/ business/ media/ 17ft. html?_r=1& hpw). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-19.• Evans, Sir Harold (August 20, 2009). "The Daily Show" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 08/ 23/ books/

review/ Evans-t. html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-21.• Paper Cuts (http:/ / graphicdesignr. net/ papercuts/ ), tracks layoffs and buyouts at U.S. newspapers

Further reading• Ken Auletta. Googled: The End of the World As We Know It, (2009) ISBN 1594202354• Alex Jones. Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy, Oxford University Press, New

York, 2009• Giles Robert H. "New economic models for U.S. journalism" Daedalus Spring 2010, Vol. 139, No. 2, Pages

26-38; funding from foundations,government grants, individual donations, and corporate contributions. Ganter emphasizes the rigor of Circle online(http:/ / www. mitpressjournals. org/ doi/ pdf/ 10. 1162/ daed. 2010. 139. 2. 26)

Article Sources and Contributors 31

Article Sources and ContributorsNews media  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=425874143  Contributors: ABF, Adrian, AgnosticPreachersKid, Ahoerstemeier, Alphak, Bananas yes, Bearcat, Beland,Belsabull, Bender235, Bhuston, BobbyLee, Bonadea, Calicocat, Closedmouth, Colonies Chris, Criticism crisis, Deville, Discospinster, Dryguy, E2eamon, Echevil, Eubulides, Extra999,Frappyjohn, Fuzheado, GB fan, George100, Girlmanmedia, Gyrofrog, Hailey C. Shannon, Hemmingsen, Heron, Hornandsoccer, Hu12, Immanuel goldstein, Immunize, Jahiegel, Jorfer, JosephSolis in Australia, Kbdank71, Ksanyi, Kuru, Lamrock, Little guru, Luigi30, MMuzammils, Martin451, Martpol, Maurreen, Mbstone, Midway, N-edits, Nessup, Netsnipe, Oicumayberight,Pascal.Tesson, Pedro Aguiar, PoeticVerse, Pournami, Propaniac, Pseudomonas, Puddupakkam, PureLogic, R'n'B, RalfX, Reedy, Rocketgoat, Ryaninfo, Shawn in Montreal, ShelfSkewed,Soliloquial, Stevertigo, Stopmenow100, SusanLesch, Tdslappy, Tempodivalse, Teryx, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, Themanbehindtheflask, Thomas Blomberg, TimBentley, Tricky Wiki44,Tsuchiya Hikaru, Tysto, WJetChao, Wavelength, Wheel Bound, Zarcadia, ZimZalaBim, 90 anonymous edits

Broadcasting  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=422110107  Contributors: 16@r, A. B., A.Abdel-Rahim, ABF, Adashiel, Alai, Alansohn, Alasdair, Alexv7255, Allyn,Altenmann, Andyjsmith, Angela, Angmering, Anna Lincoln, Anwar saadat, Art LaPella, Ask123, Aunt Entropy, BarkingFish, Bartolomas214, Bdragon, Belovedfreak, BenFrantzDale, Bernelis,Bhuston, Binksternet, Birtitia, Blackwellmas229, Blehfu, Bluedisk, Bob cat, Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Bobby131313, Boffob, BowmanJason, Brian0918, Butler david, Cab88, Cacophony,Caggegi229, CambridgeBayWeather, Capricorn42, Catdude, CatherineMunro, Cavenba, Chamal N, CharlieZeb, Chasingsol, Chotisornmas214, Christian List, Chuenprayothmas214, Cindy141,Ckape, Cocoloco, Coinchon, Colleenthegreat, ComicMasta, CommonsDelinker, Cowpip, Creator-bz, Crispy park, D2s, DDerby, Dailyvoid, Dale Arnett, Darren Jowalsen, David Kernow,Denelson83, Dennis Kussinich 08, Deville, Dnyhagen, DocWatson42, Dp67, Drakes are abound, Dzulkk, Edison, Edwina Storie, Enochlau, Enterpoint, EoGuy, Erpel13, Erzahler, Euchiasmus,Everyking, Fahrenheit451, FrummerThanThou, Funandtrvl, Fyyer, GABaker, Gadfium, GarnetRChaney, Gavin Starks, Gioto, Gladys j cortez, Glenn, Goplat, Grammar conquistador, Gscshoyru,Guaka, Hairy Dude, Hallenrm, HardyMAS229, Harris-Grad, Harryzilber, Harumphy, Hbent, Healy229, Iandstanley, Idleguy, Ilyarmas214, IslandGyrl, Ismailmas214, JHeinonen, Jacobmas229,Jakro64, JamesBWatson, Janneok, JeLuF, Jerryseinfeld, JoaoRicardo, Joseph Solis in Australia, Julianp, Junglecat, KFP, Kallemax, Kashi0341, Kbrose, Keno, Khoikhoi, Kilo-Lima, Klokie,Krwells, Lauramartz, Laycockmas229, Lee M, Leimas229, Levineps, LorenzoB, Luna Santin, MDGx, MGlosenger, MMuzammils, Mange01, Martin-C, Mas214Kapinga, Mattbr, Mattimeeleo,Mayawi, McDonaldmas214, Mclaughlinmas214, MichaelJanich, Mike Russell, Mikeblas, Milenkovic214, Minesweeper, Mintguy, MoarNoir-Mas229, Momet, Monaco Kati, MonstaPro, MrOllie,Mssetiadi, Mulad, Mushroom, Mwanner, Mxn, N24p, Naddy, NawlinWiki, Nedim Ardoğa, Neutralhomer, Nintendude, Noisy, Nommonomanac, Oicumayberight, OlEnglish, Oli Filth, Olisssr,OnBeyondZebrax, Patrick, Pattersonmas229, Paul Barlow, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paul Erik, Pearle, Pelago, Peoplesyak, Picapica, Pichu0102, Pigmingo, Pit-yacker, Prattflora, Pro bug catcher,Qxz, Radiojon, Raja229, Raven4x4x, Reconsider the static, RedWolf, Redvers, Requestion, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Rjensen, Rob.au, Robin Patterson, Rocketgoat, Rror, Rtdixon86, Ryan1walker, S.M.Latif Shahid, SIGURD42, Saforrest, Sagaciousuk, Schneelocke, SebastianBreier, Sfeagles5, Shalom Yechiel, Shoreranger, Sigma 7, Sinblox, Skizzik, Smokizzy, SpLoT, Spangineer,Spliced, SqueakBox, Ssr, Swalker2000, Synergy radio, TFOWR, TMillerCA, TUF-KAT, Taylormas229, Tcooling, TeaDrinker, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, Thomas Blomberg, Thruston, Thue,Tide rolls, Tiwifey1, Tomas e, Tomwalden, Toussaint, Triktrak, Tsomas214, Twas Now, UncivilFire, Vicarious, Vidshow, Violetriga, Walkerma, Wayiran, Wayland, Wcquidditch, Wik, WikiRoxor, Wikiklrsc, Willsmith, Winger84, Wmahan, Woohookitty, Wp, Wysprgr2005, Xtzou, Yanksox, Yansa, Yarnalgo, Zealotgi, Zoicon5, Zondor, 288 ,ملاع بوبحم anonymous edits

Convergence (telecommunications)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=427280126  Contributors: Abesford, DanielDeibler, Edtealdi, IgnominiousJoe, Jevansen, Jim.henderson,Kvng, Loodog, Manuelamsp, Michaelm 22, Mustnotgrumble, Mwarf, Oli Filth, Phlegm Rooster, Piano non troppo, R'n'B, RTG, Robina Fox, Shanedbetz, Skomorokh, TakuyaMurata, The way,the truth, and the light, Wetken, 22 anonymous edits

Technological convergence  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=428992773  Contributors: AIMSzpc, AVand, Abesford, Abu ari, Ahoerstemeier, Andrewpmk, Angelo23,Avicennasis, Ayoub229, Barrink, Benstown, Biggubeaa, Bikenyakr, Bowmanmas229, BrainyBabe, Bryan Derksen, Camilo Sanchez, CardinalDan, Charles Matthews, Chocoforfriends,Chris200088, Christoicon, Correogsk, Crikeymiles, Crowdsourced, Dancter, Denots, Dittaeva, Diza, Djk3, Dmunger, Dwonak, ESkog, Edward, Eleassar, Fgouget, Flod logic, FunkeyMunkey101,Giftlite, GoingBatty, Gomm, Good Olfactory, Grendelkhan, Hairy Dude, Harryzilber, HeiRenXuesheng, Henrik, HereToHelp, Husond, Igoldste, Ilya, JLRedperson, Jagarib, Jasca Ducato,Jhsounds, Jim.henderson, Jmgonzalez, Jordanp, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jusdafax, K3lw3ll, Keallan, Kgfleischmann, Khalid hassani, Kineto ss, Kintetsubuffalo, Kipholbeck, Kozuch, Kvng,Kwiki, Lisatwo, Loremaster, Manuelamsp, Marc Lacoste, Martarius, Mathiastck, Maurreen, Michael Hardy, MichaelStanford, Mlaffs, Mlewis000, Modulatum, MrOllie, Mtevfrog, MugunthKumar, Nbarth, Nelson50, Ninghui48, Nording (usurped), PallasRaven, Paul A, Philip Trueman, R'n'B, RandomStringOfCharacters, Ratmangxa, Reagle, Rexy, Rishimittal, Robertvan1, Rror,Rupert baines, Sepia tone, Sjjupadhyay, Smilesunshinefun, Spin IT, Supadupawannabe, Surat123, Sycamore8, Themfromspace, Titototito, Tommy2010, Trainthh, Vegaswikian, VerticalDrop,Victor falk, Vzbs34, Warren, WatchMaker, Wavelength, Wtmitchell, XP1, Yulu, Zakolantern, 195 anonymous edits

Online newspaper  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=429370247  Contributors: Abeewax, Abune, Abywatson, Adallas, Adean57, Anooj006, Ashsha, Auntof6, Bearcat, Biasoli,Can't sleep, clown will eat me, ChandraV007, Charles.s.pham, Choi229, Cincydude55, Ckatz, Clicketyclack, Cometstyles, DavidWBrooks, DeadEyeArrow, Dean1970, Defencenews, DreamGuy,Fikri RA, Flopsy Mopsy and Cottonmouth, Gkalyan31, Green Squares, Gwernol, Hclim65, Itfc+canes=me, Jasonkkkkk, Jibjibjib, KSTP31, King of Hearts, Kiranswathi111, LeaveSleaves,Lightmouse, MER-C, MVASCO, Maimai009, Martin-jj, Maurreen, Midway, Mikems, Mohdajmal, Mxn, NeilN, Netsnipe, Ohnoitsjamie, Patrick-trollope1976, Prashanthns, PubQuizzer,Pyromancer102, Pythonskynet, Radiant!, Ramillav, Rettetast, Rjwilmsi, RockMFR, Ronz, Sanjasx, Seaphoto, Shortride, Snakizator, SpaceFlight89, Stefanomione, Superdanny303, SusanLesch,T@nn, Tarushikha, The Giant Puffin, Thegrapevine, Thejoftoday, Theniek, TonyBorelli, TreasuryTag, Uncle G, Utcursch, Vamshi 12345, Vicenarian, Vinhtantran, Voyage2mail, Web499,Zzyzx11, 123 anonymous edits

Future of newspapers  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=424675759  Contributors: 122589423KM, B. Fairbairn, Barnabypage, Becksguy, Bender235, By78, Calebmcwilliams,ChildofMidnight, CommonsDelinker, DPdH, Fuhghettaboutit, George100, Gobonobo, GoingBatty, Gracespragge, Jeff G., Joseph Solis in Australia, JulieADriver, Kazari, MarmadukePercy,Mattisse, Maurreen, Mediamanetc, Parhamr, Patrickneil, Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso, Piotrus, R'n'B, Reindeerfive, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Robofish, Scapler, Thedudejessemullen, Two bills,Varlaam, Vedant, Wavelength, YUL89YYZ, 6 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 32

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: User:TystoImage:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Cookie, Diwas, Rjd0060, Thierry CaroImage:Brookgreen reading 9739.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brookgreen_reading_9739.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:User:PollinatorFile:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Conrad PoirierFile:Newspapers-20101122.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newspapers-20101122.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:SusanLeschImage:Broadcasting.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Broadcasting.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: creator-bzImage:TV Station Control Room.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:Bluedisk (talk). Original uploader was Bluedisk at en.wikipediaFile:WTUL Microphone.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WTUL_Microphone.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Tulane Public RelationsFile:IMG 5509.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IMG_5509.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:The New York Times newsroom 1942.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_New_York_Times_newsroom_1942.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Marjory Collins

License 33

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/