Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www ...CSIE/ycliaw/DIP/01_Introduction.pdfImage processing...
Transcript of Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www ...CSIE/ycliaw/DIP/01_Introduction.pdfImage processing...
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1 What is digital image processing1.2 The origins of digital image processing1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP1.5 Components of an image processing system
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
ImageImageA 2D function, f(x, y)f(x, y)xx and yy are spatial coordinatesAmplitude of ff is called the intensityintensity or gray levelgray level
x0
y0
f(xf(x0 0 , y, y0 0 ))
x1
y1
f(xf(x1 1 , y, y1 1 ))
1.1 What is digital image processing?
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital imageDigital imagexx, , yy, f(x, y)f(x, y) are all all finitefinite and and discretediscreteis composed of aa finite number of elementsfinite number of elementsThese elements are referred to as
picture elementsimage elementspelspixelspixels - most widely used
1.1 What is digital image processing?
pixel
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital image processingDigital image processingProcessing of digital images on adigital computerNot just limited to the visual band ofthe electromagnetic(EM) spectrum
Entire EM spectrumUltrasoundElectron microscopyComputer generated images
Source: http://www.cwb.gov.tw
1.1 What is digital image processing?
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.1 What is digital image processing?
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Image processing to computer visionImage processing to computer vision
1.1 What is digital image processing?
Low-Level Processingnoise reduction, contrast enhancement,
image sharpening
Low-Level Processingnoise reduction, contrast enhancement,
image sharpening
Mid-Level Processingsegmentationclassification
Mid-Level Processingsegmentationclassification
High-Level ProcessingObject recognition
Artifact Intelligence
High-Level ProcessingObject recognition
Artifact Intelligence
Image Image
Image attributes
attributes making sense
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Newspaper industryNewspaper industryPictures were sent by submarine cable (海底電纜)between London and New York
Bartlane Bartlane cable picture transmission systemcable picture transmission system(1920s)
Transport a picture : a week < 3 hoursFigures 1.1 ~ 1.3
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Reproduced by a telegraph printer with a special typefaceThis printing method was abandoned toward the end of 1921
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
based on photographic reproduction - 19225 levels of graywith better tonal quality and resolution than Figure 1.1
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1929Reproduced with 15 levels of gray
No image processing introducedNo image processing introduced
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Computer AdvancesComputer Advancesthe invention of the transistor by Bell Labs. in 1948the development of the high-level programming languagesthe invention of the IC at Texas Instruments in 1958the development of operation systems in the early 1960sthe development of microprocessor by Intel in the early 1970sintroduction by IBM of the personal computer in 1981Large Scale IC in the late 1970sVLSI in the 1980s, ULSI presentIC Technology, Mass storage and display systems
Computers have powerful processing capability to processimages
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsThe first computers powerful enough to carry outmeaningful image processing tasks appeared in theearly 1960s - Fig. 1.4
Image enhancementImage enhancementImage restorationImage restoration
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsthe late 1960s and early 1970
medical imagingremote Earth resources observationsastronomy(天文學)
Solar System, http://en.wikipedia.orgSource:http://www.barco.com North Pole, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsComputerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
http://training.seer.cancer.gov
Source:http://w3.csmu.edu.tw/~sunday/psychology/93_1/chap02.ppt
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Image processing applicationsImage processing applicationsFrom 1960s to present
image processing are used in a broad range of applicationsContract enhancement or code the intensity into color
X-RAY, Industrial, Medicine, Biological sciencesto study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery
Image enhancement and restorationused to process degraded images of unrecoverable objectsor experimental results too expensive to duplicateArcheology(考古學) - image restorationPhysics - electron microscopy
Astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law enforcement,defense, industrial applications
1.2 The origins of digital image processing
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Principal energy source for imagesPrincipal energy source for imagesElectromagnetic Spectrum - Figure 1.5AcousticUltrasonicElectronic
1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods Source:http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/pictures/emspec.gif
1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP
1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging
modalities are used
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
天鵝座天鵝座 核子反應爐汽閥核子反應爐汽閥Gamma Gamma 放射線放射線
正子放射斷層掃描儀正子放射斷層掃描儀Positron Emission Positron Emission TomographyTomography
ApplicationsApplicationsNuclear MedicineAstronomical
1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
血管造影法血管造影法contract-enhancement contract-enhancement
radiography(Xradiography(X光照像術光照像術))
胸部胸部XX光光
電腦斷層掃描電腦斷層掃描
電路板電路板
天鵝座天鵝座
導管
ApplicationsApplicationsMedicineIndustry
1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
ApplicationsApplicationslithography-平面印刷術industrial inspectionFluorescence microscopy 螢光顯微鏡lasersbiological imagingastronomical observations
http://www.monos.leidenuniv.nl
1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
天鵝座天鵝座
患病的玉米患病的玉米Fluorescence microscopy
正常的玉米正常的玉米Fluorescence microscopy
1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
ApplicationsApplicationsLight microscopyAstronomyRemote sensingIndustryLaw enforcement
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Light microscopyLight microscopy抗癌藥物
膽固醇
Microprocessor鎳氧化物
Audio CD表面有機超導體
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Infrared imagesInfrared images10-13.4um
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Visual SpectrumVisual SpectrumAutomatic visual inspection
PCBPackaged pillsBottlesBubbles in plastic productsCereal人造眼部水晶
structed light
deformations
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Visual SpectrumVisual SpectrumThumb printPaper currencyTraffic monitoring
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
ApplicationsApplicationsradar image
Southeast of Tibet(西藏)5800m above sea level
1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
ApplicationsApplicationsMedicine
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -磁共振影像
1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band
膝蓋膝蓋 脊椎脊椎
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
ApplicationsApplicationsAstronomy
Crab Pulsar蟹脈沖星
高速旋轉之中子星
一秒可自轉30次
1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Acoustic imagingAcoustic imagingHundreds of Hertz
Geological exploration
Millions of Hertz - ultrasoundIndustryMedicine
Electron microscopyElectron microscopySynthetic (computer generated) imagingSynthetic (computer generated) imaging
1.3.7 Examples in which other imagingmodalities are used
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
UltrasoundUltrasoundMineral or Oil exploration
1.3.7 Examples in which other imagingmodalities are used
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
UltrasoundUltrasoundMedicine
甲狀腺
1.3.7 Examples in which other imagingmodalities are used
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Electron Microscopy (EM)Electron Microscopy (EM)TEM - Transmission EMSEM - Scanning EM
1.3.7 Examples in which other imagingmodalities are used
鎢絲鎢絲 damaged ICdamaged IC
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Synthetic imagingSynthetic imaging
FractalsFractals
33D objectsD objects
1.3.7 Examples in which other imagingmodalities are used
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods preprocessinginvolved
makes images betterhuman preferencesvery subjective
restoration of degraded images
color modelcolor processing
for reducingthe storage required
tools for extracting image components
partition an image into objects
Image Displaycan take place at the output of any stage
1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
1.5 Components of an image processing system
PrintersFilm camerasDigital Units
MoniterLCDDisplay Card
Short-Term-MemoryOn-Line-HD, CD-ROMsArchival-Tapes, CD-ROMs
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• ID Card 製作系統
Example for an image processing system
ID Card製作系統
ID Card製作系統
大頭照
本人
CCDCCD
ScannerScanner
PrinterPrinter
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Example for an image processing system
Card ImageGeneration
printercorrection
CCD
Scanner
imageacquisition
Printing
ID CardEditing
printerparametergeneration
input devicecorrection
input deviceparametergeneration
SaveImage
MemberDatabase
ImageProcessingand Editing
backgroundprocessing
.Image Acquisition
.Input Device Calibration
.Image Processing and Editing
.Employee/Client Database
.ID Card Designer & Generator
.Printer Calibration
.Printer Controller
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Image Acquisition– Scanner
• Scanner控制介面
– CCD• CCD&影像擷取卡• CCD控制介面
CCD
Scanner
imageacquisition bitmap file
固定大小
Example for an image processing system
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Input Device Parameter Generation
CCD
Scanner
imageacquisition
Target
Target
CorrectionParametersGeneration
Reference File
CorrectionParameters
input devicecorrection
input deviceparametergeneration
Example for an image processing system
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Input Device Correctioncorrection parameters
input devicecorrectioninput image corrected image
parametersanalysis
Input Device RGB sRGB
input devicecorrection
input deviceparametergeneration
Example for an image processing system
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Background Processing– 去背與加背(背景)
• Image Processing and Editing– Image Editing Interface
• 提供去雜點,修補影像,影像強化(明暗,對比,色相調整,色調曲線)等功能
• 提供存取影像調整參數及自動調整影像功能
ImageEditing
backgroundprocessing
Example for an image processing system
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Member Database– 儲存成員編號, 姓名, 照片, 及其它相關資料
• Save Image– 將影像存入Member Database
SaveImage
EmployeeDatabase
Example for an image processing system
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• ID Card Editing– 供編輯及儲存卡片模版
• 底圖• 人像位置大小• 成員基本資料(link to employee/client database)• 其它圖示及說明文字
• Card Image Generation– 結合人像,成員資料,及卡片模版產生ID Card影像
Card ImageGeneration
ID CardEditing
Example for an image processing system
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Printer Parameter Generation
Printer
imageacquisitionTarget
CorrectionParametersGeneration
Reference File
CorrectionParameters
Scanneror
CCD
printercorrection
printerparametergeneration
Example for an image processing system
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
• Printer Correction
• Printer Controller
correctionparameters
Printercorrection
input image corrected image
parametersanalysis
sRGB Printer RGB
printercorrection
printerparametergeneration
Example for an image processing system
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
TGA File Format
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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
TGA File Format