Digital Expert

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    Points on a path Proofing Fonts (lossary of Terms $hite "apers *ther Sheridan Technologies

    Effective Resolution

    Since raster images have a specific resolution -i.e./ a specific num)er of pixels per inch0/scaling a raster image involves the distri)ution of availa)le pixels across the designated space.Image resolution su)se1uent to scaling is referred to as effective resolution. If an image isenlarged/ unless additional pixels have )een added )y means of interpolation -resampling0/then accordingly the si2e of each pixel must )e increased3conse1uently/ the enlarged image4ill have fe4er pixels per inch -lo4er resolution0. !onversely/ if an image is reduced/ unlessexisting pixels have )een discarded -do4nsampling0/ the si2e of each pixel must )e decreased-higher resolution0. 5lthough scaling reduction generally is less pro)lematic regarding visi)ledefects/ unnecessary resolution can contri)ute to excessive physical file si2e. !ropping thescanned image to the si2e intended for print also 4ill )enefit to4ard the reduction of physicalfile si2e. If an image 4ill re1uire scaling/ scanning resolution should )e ad6usted accordingly.

    $hen placing and scaling images/ you are changing 4hat is no4n as the image effectiveresolution. Effective resolution is a calculation of the actual resolution factored for the scaling

    performed in the page layout application.

    The math 4or s out so that if you reduce the scale of an image in the page layout/ you

    increase the effective resolution. 5s you increase the amount of scaling/ you 4ill decrease theeffective resolution. The e1uation is7

    (Actual Image Resolution) / (scale) = Effective Resolution

    original at 899: ; 9: ; >?< dpi

    Scaled at

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    resolution decreases. @ote theeffect on the image edges and thetext at the )ase of the image.

    Remem)er the effective resolution formula7 Actual Resolution / scale = effective resolution

    5ctual ImageResolution dpi

    "lacement Scale :

    Effective Resolution ; dpi

    Reset

    Image Resolution

    Aector graphics are resolution independent3thus/ their resolution is determined only )y theoutput device. Because vector elements are mathematically defined/ scaling -enlarging orreducing their si2e0 simply re1uires modification of their component mathematicaldescriptions.

    $hereas vector graphics are resolution independent/ raster images are resolution dependent3 the num)er of pixels that occupy a given space must )e defined. !onse1uently/ raster imageresolution is specified in pixels per inch -ppi0. Ho4ever/ although the term is not effective/image resolution commonly is referred to in dots per inch -dpi03dpi more appropriately isattri)uted to device resolution or output resolution/ 4here the num)er of dots an output deviceis a)le to produce 4ithin an inch represents the resolution of the device.

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    By dividing the num)er of pixels in the height and in the4idth of a raster or )itmap )yits resolution 4ill determinethe physical si2e of the image

    3e.g./ a ?99ppi raster imagethat is C99 pixels 4ide and=99 pixels high is ? inches )y< inches in si2e7

    C99 pixels ?99ppi; ? inches 4ide

    =99 pixels ?99ppi; < inches high

    Monochrome (1-bit) image resolution for images intended for lithographic print is C998

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    Because halftone linescreen usually is not no4n at the time of scanning/ ?99ppi is assumedto )e a reasona)le guideline for grayscale or color tone image resolution. Images that have

    )een created or modified for Internet display/ typically

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    Combination tones contain )oth tone and textGline art elements. !onse1uently/ li e tones/com)ination tones are comprised of J )its of data per color channel. Thus/ com)ination tonesare saved as either grayscale or !%&' color mode. Because com)ination tones containtextGline art elements/ ho4ever/ the level of resolution employed must )e compromised toaddress aliasing versus physical file si2e. The suggested minimum resolution for this type of

    image is )et4een >99 and C99 dpi. See the chart )elo4 for details.

    T PE E!"MP#E FO$M"T CO#O$ MO%E $E&O#'T ON

    BK$ Lineart

    Tiff %onochrome8 )it C99 899 C99 dpi

    $e have only covered half of the resolution story on this page. To complicate matters evenfurther/ scaling of art4or must also )e considered in the resolution formula. The result ofscaling is no4n as effective resolution .

    See also !on1uering Inade1uate Image Resolution

    Halftones and Line Screens

    In offset lithography/ the density of !%&' in s can not )e varied in continuous fashionacross an image/ so a range is produced )y means of halftoning. In halftoning/ tiny translucent!%&' in dots of varia)le si2es are printed in overlapping grids. 5s the dots get smaller/ sodoes the shade of color that is reproduced. (rids are placed at different angles for each of thein colors. Smaller halftone dots a)sor) less light thus/ as a result of an increase in theamount of reflected light/ apparent density is decreased and the o)6ect appears lighter.

    halftoning screen angles -8??lpi 9: screen enlarged0

    http://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/effective_resolution.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/effective_resolution.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/effective_resolution.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/guidelines/tsg_preflight_solutions_2.pdfhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/effective_resolution.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/guidelines/tsg_preflight_solutions_2.pdf

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    5 Line Screen is the measure of ho4 many halftone lines are printed in a linear inch. Thevalue is expressed as Lines "er Inch -L"I0. This important measurement related to the 4ay

    printers reproduce photographic images also defines the necessary resolution of an image. TheL"I is dependent on the output device and the type of paper. !ountries using the metricsystem may use lines per centimeter -LGcm0.

    To simulate shades of gray using only )lac in a printer prints varying si2es and patterns ofhalftone spots -spots are made up of many dots of in Gtoner0. Small halftone spots -fe4erdots0 create the visual illusion of a light gray 4hile larger halftone spots -more dots0 appeardar er/ )lac er.

    The lo4er the L"I the more o)vious the halftone dots are in the printed image. Loo at thesetypical halftone ranges7

    • 5 ?99 =99 D"I laser printer can usually only print at an L"I of >9 =>/ resulting incoarse images

    • Because of the a)sor)ency of ne4sprint/ ne4spapers typically use J> L"I -you can seethis 4ith your na ed eye 0

    • Imagesetters and platesetters print at much higher resolutions and can print up to

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    8>9 lpi re1uires images at ?99dpi -8>9 lpi x < ; ?99dpi0

    File Formats

    For preparing digital art intended for print/ The Sheridan (roup recommends using

    professional graphics applications -e.g./ 5do)e "hotoshop andGor Illustrator0/ and saving filesas TIFF or E"S .

    $ord processors and spreadsheet or presentation applications/ although suita)le for creatingfiles for office or Internet use/ are not recommended for creating digital art for print.%icrosoft *ffice applications are included in this group. In some cases/ ho4ever/ such filesmay )e converted so as to ena)le use.

    Aector (raphics typically aregenerated using dra4ing orillustration programs -e.g./ 5do)eIllustrator0 and are composed ofmathematically defined geometricshapes3lines/ o)6ects and fills.Since vectors entail )othmagnitude and direction/ vectorelements thus are comprised ofline segments 4hose lengthrepresents magnitude and 4hoseorientation in space representsdirection.

    Aector graphics usually are easilymodified 4ithin the creatingapplication and generally are notaffected detrimentally )y scaling-enlarging or reducing their si2e0.Because vector elements aremathematically defined/ scalingsimply re1uires modification oftheir mathematical locations.Ho4ever/ vector files do notsupport photographic imagery4ell and often can )e pro)lematicfor cross platform exchange.Aector graphics typically aresaved as E"S format.

    Lists and detailed explanations ofdifferent file formats.

    http://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.htmlhttp://dx.sheridan.com/advisor/supported_files.html

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    Raster Images are produced )ydigital image capture devices7digital scanners or digital cameras/or )y pixel editing programs -e.g./5do)e "hotoshop0. Raster images

    are composed of a matrix -grid0 or )itmap of digital picture elements-pixels0. "ixels are s1uares orrectangles descri)ed as )lac /4hite/ gray or color. Rasterimages typically are saved asTIFF format/ )ut can )e saved asE"S as 4ell. $hereas conversionfrom vector to raster is easilyaccomplished/ raster conversion tovector is much more difficult -andoften is not possi)le0. Rasterimages typically are easily sharedacross various platforms/ )ut can

    )e more difficult than vectorgraphics to modify. 5s 4ell/ raster graphics are impacted )y scaling.

    Lists and detailed explanations ofdifferent file formats.

    Images scanned from screened original art -i.e./ scanned from halftone film/ or scanned froma previously printed pu)lication or from art produced using a device that employs halftoningor another pattern method of applying tonerGdyes to a su)strate0 can )e reproduced )y eithercopydot scan or descreen scan methods. The o)6ective of copydot scanning is to preserveexisting halftone dots/ 4hereas the o)6ective of descreen scanning is to remove dots or otherstructure and su)se1uently apply halftone screens prior to print.

    Bitmap File -.)mp0 "I!T -.pct0 D!S -.eps/ .c/ .m/ .y/ . 0 "ixel E"S -.eps0 (IF -.gif0 "@( -.png0 ,"E( -.6pg0 Scitex !T -.sct0 "!N -.pcx0 TIFF file -.tif0 "hotoshop File -.psd0 $%F -.4mf0

    ?B< )y 5dvent

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    DeBa)ali2er )y E1uili)rium Oser %anual

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    Excel )y %icrosoft

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    $ord )y %icrosoft

    NyAision )y NyEnterprise

    %ulti tone Images

    5 duotone is the generic name for multitone printing/ 4hich can )e done 4ith t4o/ three orfour in s . This process re1uires that the press )e set up 4ith special in s/ usually "5@T*@Edesignated colors/ instead of the standard !%&' in s used for process color printing. Osuallythe images are printed 4ith a dar )ase color and a lighter second color/ overprinted to fill in/tint and tone the photo or graphic.

    ra*scale mage %uotone mage

    The original grayscale image.

    The original image as a Duotone using"rocess Blac and "5@T*@E !A-)ro4n0.

    Because duotones re1uire the use of a Spot color/ they are generally not accepted as suppliedart. To ma e the images accepta)le for print production/ use 5do)e "hotoshop and convert theimages to the !%&' color space. !lic here for the procedure to accomplish this.

    There are types of multitone images in all. Each one contains the num)er of in s as thename implies7

    %onotone grayscale images printed 4ith a single in

    Duotone grayscale images printed 4ith t4o in s

    Tritone grayscale images printed 4ith three in s

    +uadtone grayscale images printed 4ith four in

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    File Formats

    Bitmap File -.)mp0 "I!T -.pct0 D!S -.eps/ .c/ .m/ .y/ . 0 "ixel E"S -.eps0 (IF -.gif0 "@( -.png0 ,"E( -.6pg0 Scitex !T -.sct0 "!N -.pcx0 TIFF file -.tif0 "hotoshop File -.psd0 $%F -.4mf0

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