Digestion Review - Weeblysalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/digestion_review.pdf ·...

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Digestion review

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Digestion review

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Figure 23.1

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Salivary Glands• Produce and secrete saliva ‐ Function: 

– Cleanses the mouth– Moistens and dissolves food chemicals – Chemical digestion ‐ contains enzymes that break down starch –AMYLASES

– Defense against bacteriaComposition:‐ Mostly water‐ Salivary amylase (breaks down starch)‐ Antibodies (IgA) and lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)

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Salivary Glands ‐ Know the names of the three major glands

Figure 23.9a

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• Four layers of alimentary canal – These 4 basic layers are present throughout the tube!

• Mucosa• Submucosa• Muscularis externa• Serosa

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Mucosa• Moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal

• Three major functions:– Secretion of mucus(protect lining and ease food along)

– Absorption of end products of digestion– Protection against infectious disease (lymphatic tissue here – contains white blood cells which will react against foreign materials)

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• Submucosa – dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

• Muscularis externa – at least 2 muscle layers (circular and longitudinal)

• responsible for segmentation and peristalsis• Serosa – the protective visceral peritoneum (outer lining)

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Peristalsis

• What?• Where? (between mouth and stomach)

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Mouth through esophagus

• Mechanical? Where?

• Chemical? Where?• Enzymes?

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Figure 23.14a

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Stomach• Sphincters?

• Rugae?

THREE Muscle layers?function?

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Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

Figure 23.15b

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Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

Figure 23.15c

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Glandular cells of the Stomach– Chief cells – produce pepsinogen

• Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by HCl• Pepsin‐ digests proteins to amino acids

– Parietal cells‐ produce HCl• HCl kills bacteria• Activates pepsin

‐Enteroendocrine cells – secrete gastrinstimulates digestive activity in stomach and small intestine

‐Mucous secreting cells ‐

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Stomach• Mechanical digestion?

• Chemical digestion?

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Small Intestine: Gross Anatomy

• Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecalvalve 

• Has three subdivisions: duodenum jejunumileum

Most digestion and absorption is completed by the ileum

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Small Intestine• Functions?• Digestion of all nutrients• Absorption of all nutrients

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Small Intestine: Microscopic Anatomy

Figure 23.21

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Small Intestine: Microscopic Anatomy

• Structural modifications of the small intestine wall increase surface area– Plicae circulares: deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa

– Villi – fingerlike extensions of the mucosa– Microvilli – tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes

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Small Intestine: Microscopic Anatomy

Figure 23.21

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Small Intestine‐cell types• Simple columnar cells‐

Secretion (specialized cells)‐enzymes Absorption‐ digested nutrients

• Goblet cells – mucous Function?

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Small Intestine‐Absorption• Lacteals?

• Capillary network?

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Small intestine ‐ enzymes• Brush border enzymes

– Amylases:  Carbs to sugars– Peptidases:  Proteins to amino acids– Nucleases:  Nucleic acids to sugars, phosphates and N‐bases

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Figure 23.34

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Hormones from small intestine

• Secretin and Cholecystokin (CCK) – stimulate pancreatic and bile secretion

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Small Intestine ‐Movement• Segmentation

• Pertistalsis

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Duodenum and Accessory Organs

Figure 23.20

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Liver:Functions

• Hepatocytes’ (liver cells) functions include:– Production of bile – this is the digestive function– Processing bloodborne nutrients– Storage of fat‐soluble vitamins– Detoxification– Production of blood proteins

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Composition of Bile• A yellow‐green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

• Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that:– Emulsify fat– Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption

• The chief bile pigment is bilirubin, a waste product of heme

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The Gallbladder

• Thin‐walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver

• Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions

• Releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct –which flows into the duodenum

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Pancreas

• Exocrine function (in digestion)–Secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes for the breakdown of all types of food

• The pancreas also has an endocrine function –release of insulin and glucagon –to regulate blood sugar levels

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Composition and Function of Pancreatic Juice

• Bicarbonate solution of enzymes and electrolytes – Neutralizes acid chyme– Provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes

• Enzymes catalyze breakdown of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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Large Intestine

Figure 23.29a

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Large Intestine

• Functions:– Some chemical digestion by bacterial flora– Absorption of water and salts– Vitamin synthesis‐ K and B vitamins by bacterial flora

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Bacterial Flora• The bacterial flora of the large intestine consist of:– Bacteria surviving the small intestine that enter the cecum and 

– Those entering via the anus• These bacteria: 

– Colonize the colon– Ferment indigestible carbohydrates– Release irritating acids and gases (flatus)– Synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K