Digestion in Animals – Part 1
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Transcript of Digestion in Animals – Part 1
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Digestion in Animals – Part 1
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All Living things get food somehow
• Most unicellular organisms, like bacteria, secrete enzymes and absorb nutrients.
• However, In the Protist Kingdom, unicellular organisms are very specialized to obtain food. – Ingestive heterotrophs or autotrophs
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Amoeba
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Paramecium structure
Oral groove
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euglena
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Fungi Kingdom• Secrete enzymes then absorb nutrients –
decomposers. Absorptive Heterotrophs
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Animal Kingdom
• There is an increasingly complex system that allows animals to obtain nutrients from food.
• Ingestive heterotrophs
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All animals eat; all animals poop (eliminate undigestible
material)!
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Simple animals have simple methods of getting and using
food• Porifera: filter feeder – no digestive system
Water & food
Water & waste
Collar cellEpidermal cell
Collar cell
Spicule
Incurrent pore
amebocyte
flagellum
food
nucleus
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Phylum Cnidaria (formerly called Coelenterata)
• All have stinging cells (cnidocytes)• Two body forms:
– Medusa – like a jelly fish– Polyp – like a hydra
• Radial symmetry• Have tentacles
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Cnidarian Cnidocyte
Have you ever been stung by jellyfish?
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Cnidarian Life Cycle – medusa and polyp alternate
medusa
egg
larva
polyp
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Polyp body form
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Hydra on water plants
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Hydra Anatomymouth
tentacles
bud Gastrovascular
cavity
Basal disc
ovary
testis
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•Digestion in cnidarians Extracellular – occurs In gastrovascular cavity
- enzymes are released from cells lining cavity and food is digested within the cavity.
- Nutrients are absorbed by cells in cavity and waste is expelled out the mouth (yuch!).
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Coral is actually a colony of polyps, most of which are the size of a single hydra – they just make a case around them for their
home.
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Here are a variety of anemones – polyp body form
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Phylum - Platyhelminthes• Have flat bodies• Some are parasitic• Most are free-living
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These are free-living flatworms
Planaria
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Tapeworms – the ultimate parasite – the only highly developed system is its reproductive system – hermaphroditic
Digestion– absorbs host’s already digested food.
Scolex – head with hooks and suckers
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Phylum Nematoda - roundworms
• Body rounded • Tube-within-a-tube body format• Mouth – digestive tube – anus –more efficient –
can have specialized organs along the way• Most free-living • Some parasitic
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Look like threads
in the microscope
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Some are parasitic to humans• Hookworm
– Enters through soles of feet
– Larvae in human feces
– Causes fatigue – may cause physical and mental retardation if children have it
• Trichina– From
undercooked pork
– Causes severe muscle aches when larvae migrate from intestine to muscles
• Filaria•Causes elephantiasis•No treatment •Carried by mosquitoes
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This lesion is caused by a nematode infestation
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-Caused by filaria – the worm blocks the lympatic vessels and the area swells with lymph.
No treatment is available
(except amputation)
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Phylum Annelida
• Segmented worms• Includes earthworms and leeches• Most are free-living• Complex body with organ systems• hermaphroditic
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Leech Earthworm
Eats dirtEats blood
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Earthworm Anatomy
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Earthworm eats dirt • Pathway of food :Mouth pharynx esophagus crop gizzard intestine anus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
12345
6
7
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Earthworm help the environment by:
• Adding nutrients to soil
• Aerating soil
• Helping get rid of dead organic matter
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Phylum Mollusca
• Soft-bodied animals• All have the same kind of larva• Three types
– Gastropods – stomach-footed• Snails and slugs
– Cephalopods – head-footed• Octopus and squid
– Pelecypods – hatchet-footed• Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
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slug
slug
clam
snail
squid
octopus
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Digestion in Mollusks
Clams:Mucus-feedersTrap food in Mucus on gillsThen swallowsBoth food and mucus
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Octopus and squid catch live prey using their tentacles and eat them
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Snails scrape food off surfaces using their radula
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Phylum Echinodermata
• Spiny skinned animal– Starfish– Sand dollar– Sea cucumber
• Turn stomach inside out to eat – stomach gives off digestive juices and the digested mess is swallowed along with the stomach when it is brought back into the body.
• Radial symmetry – no head, tail, front or back• Move using tube feet – part of water vascular system
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Sea urchins, sand dollars, and starfish
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Phylum Arthropoda•Jointed legs
•Chitinous exoskeleton
•Ventral nerve cord
•Must molt to grow
•Some undergo metamorphosis
•Includes insects, crustaceans, spiders, millipedes and centipedes, and horseshoe crabs
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Class Insecta•Six legs
•May have wings
•Undergo metamorphosis
•Varied mouthparts
•Breathe using spiracles
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Some common insects
Some of these are insects, some are not….
Can you tell which is which?
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Class Arachnida – 8 legs, no antennae,
simple eyes, chelicerae,
spiders
scorpion
Dust mites tick
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Class Crustacea – two body regions = cephalothorax
most live in water
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Millipedes and Centipedes
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The endThe end