Difficult Road to Mars

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The Difficult Road to Mars

A Br ief History of Mars Explorat ion in the Sov iet Union

By V.G. Perminov

Monographs in Aerospace History

Number 15


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National Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationHeadquarters

Washington, DC 20546

The Difficult Road to Mars

A Br ief History of Mars Explorat ion in the Sov iet Union

By V.G. Perminov

A Jo in t Pub l ica t ion o f theNASA H is tory D iv i s ion

Of f ice o f Po l icy and P lansand Of f ice o f Space Sc ience

MONOGRAPHS IN AEROSPACE HISTORYNumber 15Ju l y 1999

NP-1999-06-251-HQ


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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 1 Pioneers of Space Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7G"G %'+F&90 G6 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " U

G"R %'+F&90 R6L " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " W

Chapter 2 Space Marathon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11R"G [+'+2&,^ D')7(81 .*3 D'.4&3? " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GG

R"R C1.22&*4&/ &* _+70& 0+ 6.'/ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GZR"V D1& =&9+*3 #&*&'.0)+* +5 01& =8.9&9'.50 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GO

Chapter 3 Project M-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19V"G D1& `)'/0 !&'/)+* +5 01& %'&2)()*.'? J&/)4*" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " GH

V"R D1& =&9+*3 !&'/)+* +5 01& %'&2)()*.'? J&/)4* " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " RG

V"V D1& #+,&'*(&*0 J&9)/)+* =1+723 L& T99+(82)/1&3 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " RV

V"Z D1& N*


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Chapter 5 The Last Thrust to Mars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Chapter 6 How to Deliver Martian Soil? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67O"G %'+F&90 IQ6" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " OUO"R %'+F&90 I6 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " UG

O"V D1& C+*0)*7.0)+* .*3 01& X*3 +5 01& I6 %'+F&90" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " UV

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Monographs in Aerospace History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4 The Difficult Road to Mars


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Chapter 2: Space Marathon 15

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Chapter 3: Project M-69 21

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NP-1999-06-251-HQ

Difficult Road to Mars

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