Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading Channels
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Transcript of Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading Channels
Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying inTime-Varying Rayleigh Fading Channels
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen
Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringUniversity of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK, Canada, [email protected], [email protected]
April, 2013
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 1 / 18
Motivation
Demand for high date rate and better quality are increasing
Main obstacle to achieve better performance is channel fading
Solution is to use diversity techniques
Spatial diversity using multiple antennas gives better spectralefficiency
Multiple antennas cannot be implemented in many applications suchas mobile units due to lack of space
Proposed solution is cooperative diversity [1]
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 2 / 18
Cooperative Communications
Cooperative communication utilizes other users to construct a virtualantenna array
Relay protocols [2]– Decode-and-Forward: Decodes the received signal from Source andre-transmits to Destination– Amplify-and-Forward (AF): Amplifies the received signal fromSource and forwards to Destination
Source Destination
Relay
Direct channel
Cascaded channel
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 3 / 18
Amplify-and-Forward (AF) Relaying
Simplicity of relay function in AF relaying makes it attractive
Coherent detection: requires channel state information of all links
Channel estimation is a challenge specially in time-varyingenvironment
Differential modulation and non-coherent detection can be used toavoid channel estimation [3, 4]
In slow-fading channels, 3 dB performance loss exists betweencoherent and non-coherent detection
For fast-fading channels there would be higher loss that needs to beexamined!
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 4 / 18
System Model: Differential AF (D-AF) Relay Network
All links are Rayleigh flat-fading denoted by hij[k] ∼ CN (0, 1),ij ∈ {sd, sr, rd} at time index k
Auto-correlation between two channel coefficients, n symbols apart,E{hij[k]h∗ij[k + n]} = J0(2πfijn)
Transmission process is divided into two phases
hsr[k] hrd[k]
hsd[k]Source
Relay
Destination
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 5 / 18
System Model: Phase I
Information bits convert to M-PSK symbols: v [k] ∈ V,V = {e j2π(m−1)/M , m = 1, . . . ,M}.Differential encoding: s[k] = v [k]s[k − 1], s[0] = 1
Received signal at Relay:ysd [k] =
√P0hsds[k] + wsd[k], wsd[k] ∼ CN (0, 1)
Received signal at Destination:ysr[k] =
√P0hsr[k]s[k] + wsr[k], wsr[k] ∼ CN (0, 1)
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 6 / 18
System Model: Phase II
Relay amplifies the received signal with A and forwards
Received signal at Destination: yrd[k] = A√P0h[k]s[k] + w [k]
– Cascaded channel: h[k] = hsr[k]hrd[k]– Equivalent noise: w [k] = Ahrd[k]wsr[k] + wrd[k]
Given hrd[k], w [k] ∼ CN (0, σ2), σ2 = 1 + A2|hrd[k]|2Received SNR: ρ = A2P0|hrd[k]|2/(1 + A2|hrd[k]|2)
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 7 / 18
Time-Series Models
Slow-fading: hsd[k] ≈ hsd[k − 1], h[k] ≈ h[k − 1]
Time-varying channels:
Rayleigh channels: hij[k ] = αijhij[k − 1] +√
1− α2ijeij[k ]
ij ∈ {sd, sr, rd}αij = J0(2πfijn) auto-correlationeij ∼ CN (0, 1) independent of hij[k − 1]
Cascaded channel: h[k ] = αh[k − 1] +√1− α2hrd[k − 1]esr[k ]
α = αsrαrd is the auto-correlation of the cascaded channel andobtained by multiplying the auto-correlations of SR and RD channels.
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 8 / 18
Detection
ysd[k] = αsdv [k]ysd[k − 1] + nsd[k]
nsd[k] = wsd[k]− αsdv [k]wsd[k − 1] +√
1− α2sd
√P0s[k]esd[k],
nsd[k] ∼ CN (0, σ2nsd
), σ2nsd
= 1 + α2sd + (1− α2
sd)P0
yrd[k] = αv [k]yrd[k − 1] + nrd[k]
nrd[k] = w [k]− αv [k]w [k − 1] +√
1− α2A√
P0hrd[k − 1]s[k]esr[k]
– Given hrd[k]: nrd[k] ∼ CN (0, σ2nrd
),σ2nrd
= σ2(1 + α2 + (1− α2)ρ)
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 9 / 18
Combining
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) method
ζ = b0y∗sd[k − 1]ysd[k] + b1y
∗rd[k − 1]yrd[k]
Optimum weights: bopt0 = αsd/σ2nsd
, bopt1 = α/σ2nrd
Conventional (CDD) weights: bcdd0 = 1/2, bcdd1 = 1/2(1 + A2)
Proposed weights:
b0 = αsd/[1 + α2sd + (1− α2
sd)P0]
b1 = α/[(1 + α2)(1 + A2) + (1− α2)A2P0]
The output of the combiner can be used for non-coherent detectionby minimizing below over all M-PSK symbolsv̂ [k] = arg min
v [k]∈V|ζ − v [k]|2.
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 10 / 18
Error Performance
Let v1, v2 ∈ V, v1 is sent and v2 is detected
PEP: Ps(E12) = Ps(v1 → v2), dmin = v1 − v2
Ps(E12) =1
π
π/2∫
0
I1(θ)
1 + 12 sin2 θ
γsd|dmin|2dθ
γsd = α2sdP0/(2P0(1− α2
sd) + 4)I1(θ) = ǫ1(θ)
[
1 + (β1 − β2(θ))eβ2(θ)E1(β2(θ))
]
ǫ1(θ) =4(1−α2)A2P0+8A2
1sin2(θ)
α2A2P0|dmin|2+4(1−α2)A2P0+8A2
β1 = 4/[2(1 − α2)A2P0 + 4A2]β2(θ) = 8/[ 1
sin2(θ)α2A2P0|dmin|2 + 4(1− α2)A2P0 + 8A2]
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 11 / 18
Error Floor
Performance is related to the auto-correlations of the channels
For fast-fading channels at high transmit power, effective SNR ineach path hits a wall as: lim
P0→∞γsd = α2
sd/(2(1 − α2sd)) and
limP0→∞
E [γrd] = α2/(2(1 − α2))
Consequently an error floor exists at high transmit power as:
limP0→∞
Ps(E12) =1
2− α2
sd(1− α2)
2(α2sd − α2)
√
α2sd|dmin|2
α2sd|dmin|2 + 4(1− α2
sd)
+α2(1− α2
sd)
2(α2sd − α2)
√
α2|dmin|2α2|dmin|2 + 4(1 − α2)
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 12 / 18
Simulation
Three simulation scenarios:
fsd fsr frd
Scenario I .001 .001 .001
Scenario II .01 .01 .001
Scenario III .05 .05 .01
Amplification factor: A =√
P1/(P0 + 1)
Equal power allocation: P0 = P1 = P/2
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 13 / 18
Simulation Results
BER of D-AF relaying in three scenarios using DBPSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
10−6
10−5
10−4
10−3
10−2
10−1
100
Simulation CDDSimulation TVD
Error Floor Optimum
P (dB)
BER
Scenario I
Scenario II
Scenario III
Lower bound
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 14 / 18
Simulation Results
BER of D-AF relaying in three scenarios using DQPSK
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 5510
−6
10−5
10−4
10−3
10−2
10−1
100
Simulation CDDSimulation TVD
Error Floor Optimum
P (dB)
BER
Scenario I
Scenario II
Scenario III
Lower bound
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 15 / 18
Summary
In this paper:
Differential Amplify-and-Forward (D-AF) relaying for a three-nodenetwork was presented
A new time-series model for the cascaded channel was given
New combining weights for MRC method were proposed
Performance analysis of the system in time-varying channels wasprovided
The existence of an error floor and SNR walls in fast-fading channelswere shown
This work is extended to multi-node relay networks in [5]
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 16 / 18
References I
1- A. Sendonaris and E. Erkip and B. Aazhang“ User cooperation diversity. Part I. System description.”IEEE Trans. on Wireless Comm. Nov. 2003
2- J.N. Laneman and D.N.C. Tse and G.W. Wornell“ Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols andoutage behavior.”IEEE Trans. on Info. Theory Dec. 2004
3-T. Himsoon and W. Su and K.J.R. Liu“Differential Transmission for Amplify-and-Forward CooperativeCommunications.”Signal Processing Letter Sept. 2005
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 17 / 18
References II
4-Z. Fang and L. Li and X. Bao and Z. Wang“ Generalized Differential Modulation for Amplify-and-ForwardWireless Relay Networks.”IEEE Trans. on Vehi. Tech. July. 2009
5-M. R. Avendi and H. H. Nguyen“Performance of Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying inMulti-Node Wireless Communications.”To appear in IEEE Tran. on Vehi. Techno. April 2013
M. R. Avendi and Ha H. Nguyen ( Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Differential Amplify-and-Forward Relaying in Time-Varying Rayleigh Fading ChannelsApril, 2013 18 / 18