Different strains of Microalgae suitable for biodiesel production.

Different strains of Microalgae suitable for biodiesel production.

6/18/20151

Presented by-Velentina DasResearch ScholarDepartment of Energy

1.Botryoccocus brauniiScientific classificationKingdom:PlantaeDivision:ChlorophytaClass:TrebouxiophyceeOrder:incertae sedisFamily:BotryococcaceaeGenus:BotryococcusSpecies:B. brauniiBinomial nameBotryococcus braunii

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Biofuel applications ofBotryococcusoils

The practice of farming cultivating is known asalgaculture. Botryococcus braunii has great potential for algaculture because of the hydrocarbons it produces, which can be chemically converted into fuels. Up to 86% of the dry weight ofBotryococcus brauniican be long chain hydrocarbons. The vast majority of these hydrocarbons are botryocuccus oils: botryococcenes, alkadienes and alkatrienes.

Transesterification can NOT be used to makebiodieselfromBotryococcusoils. This is because these oils are notvegetable oils in the common meaning, in which they arefatty acidtriglycerides.

WhileBotryococcusoils are oils of vegetable origin, they are inedible and chemically very different, being triterpenes, and lack the free oxygen atom needed for transesterification.Botryococcusoils can be used as feedstock forhydrocrackingin anoil refineryto produce octane (gasoline, a.k.a. petrol),kerosene, anddiesel. Botryococcenes are preferred over alkadienes and alkatrienes for hydrocracking as botryococcenes will likely be transformed into a fuel with a higheroctane rating.

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2.Chlorella speciesScientific classificationDomain:EukaryotaKingdom:ViridiplantaeDivision:ChlorophytaClass:TrebouxiophyceaeOrder:ChlorellalesFamily:ChlorellaceaeGenus:ChlorellaSpeciesChlorella autotrophicaChlorella minutissimaChlorella pyrenoidosaChlorella sorokinianaChlorella variabilisChlorella vulgaris

Fig: Chlorella pyrenoidosa6/18/20154

Biofuel applications of Chlorella pyrenoidosaMicroalgae can accumulate considerable amounts of lipids under different nutrient-deficient conditions, making them as one of the most promising sustainable sources for biofuel production. These inducible processes provide a powerful experimental basis for fully understanding the mechanisms of physiological acclimation, lipid hyperaccumulation and gene expression in algae. In nutrient-deficiency strategies, viz nitrogen-, phosphorus- and iron-deficiency were applied to trigger the lipid hyperaccumulation in an oleaginousChlorella pyrenoidosa. Regular patterns of growth characteristics, lipid accumulation, physiological parameters, as well as the expression patterns of lipid biosynthesis-related genes were fully analyzed and compared. nutrient stress conditions could enhance the lipid content considerably compared with the control. The total lipid and neutral lipid contents exhibit the most marked increment under nitrogen deficiency, achieving 50.32% and 34.29% of dry cell weight at the end of cultivation, respectively. Both photosynthesis indicators and reactive oxygen species parameters reveal that physiological stress turned up when exposed to nutrient depletions.

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3.Scenedesmus speciesScientific classificationDomain:EukaryotaKingdom:PlantaePhylum:ChlorophytaClass:ChlorophyceaeOrder:SphaeroplealesFamily:ScenedesmaceaeGenus:ScenedesmusType speciesScenedesmus obtususSpeciesS. dimorphusS. acuminatus

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Biofuel application of Scenedesmus sp.Although Scenedesmus is capable of producing many kinds of bio-fuels such as bio-hydrogen, biodiesel, bioethanol and drop-in fuels, most extensive research has been done on the use of Scenedesmus for bio-diesel production. Like all algae systems, the implementation of integrated biofuel production of Scenedesmus from the laboratory findings has challenges in large-scale production. Major challenges include nutrient supply and recycling, gas transfer and exchange, PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) delivery, cultural integrity, environmental control, land and water availability, harvesting, and genetic and metabolic engineering. Scenedesmus is known to have high biomass productivity among green algae, and has been actively researched for its use for bio-diesel production. Its heterotrophic production of biomass and lipid in optimized conditions is reported to have higher efficiency than its autotrophic production .Optimization of biomass productivity as well as lipid content through varying concentration of supplemental nutrients has been done in numerous studies; currently, Scenedesmus lipid yield after optimization has reached ~60% dry cell weight, lower than some other algae .However, Scenedesmus is more efficient at capturing CO2than other algae. Like many algae species, Scenedesmus required nitrate-deficient condition to profoundly increase its lipid yield. A significant improvement (up to six-fold) of feedstock yields was achieved by adding varying concentrations of ethanol under a 12-hr photoperiod and in the Extraction of oils with methanol or ethanol from the Scenedesmus remains a challenge and its lower lipid content adds to the cost of The alga increased significantly in biomass and lipid content with the nitrogen concentration of 0.32g/L of nitrogen. A two-step transesterification was found to be best suited for transesterification, while Folch extraction was best for lipid extraction.

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4.Dunaliella sp.Scientific classificationDomain:EukaryotaKingdom:ViridiplantaePhylum:ChlorophytaClass:ChlorophyceaeOrder:ChlamydomonadalesFamily:DunaliellaceaeGenus:Dunaliella

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Biofuel application of Dunaliella tertiolectaThe direct transesterification of microalgae biomass shows good biodiesel yield where Dunaliella sp. yielded 66.6 %.The commercial production of biodiesel from this microalgae practically successful in developed countries. Moreover the microalgae are attractive is that they can assimilate carbon dioxide as the carbon source for growth which contributes to atmospheric CO2 reduction. In addition, microalgal biofuel is similar to those produced by fossil and crops and it can be used directly to run existing diesel engines or as a mixture with crude oil diesel.

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5.Chlamydomonas sp.Scientific classificationDomain:ProtistaKingdom:ViridiplantaeDivision:ChlorophytaClass:ChlorophyceaeOrder:VolvocalesFamily:Green AlgaeGenus:Chlamydomonas

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Biofuel application of Chlamydomonas sp.A wide range of laboratory wild-type and mutant Chlamydomonas strains have been generated and can be used to deconvolute the metabolic pathways involved in biofuel production. Chlamydomonas is therefore a good working model where a range of information is already available on hydrogen, ethanol and lipid production pathways. In Chlamydomonas, the major pathway for the formation of TAG involves de novo fatty acid synthesis (Kennedy pathway) in the stroma of plastids and subsequent incorporation of the fatty acid into the glycerol backbone, leading to TAG via three sequential acyl transfers from acyl-CoA in the endoplasmic reticulum. TAG can then be converted into biodiesel by a transesterification step, to be used as biofuel. Typically, TAG accumulation occurs under stress conditions (nutrient deficiency or high light) that strongly impair the productivity of the system. This implies that a performing system should be producing a high yield of TAG as well as a high biomass; however, our knowledge of carbon partitioning and biosynthesis of TAGs in algae is very limited and does not allow us to accomplish that yet. C. reinhardtii has been a powerful model system to understand the metabolic pathways involved in the production of both biofuels and valuable co-products.

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6.Spirulina sp.Scientific classificationDomain:BacteriaKingdom:EubacteriaPhylum:CyanobacteriaClass:CyanophyceaeOrder:OscillatorialesGenus:Spirulina

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Biofuel application of Spirulina sp.The research investigates the effect of reaction variables that strongly affect the cost of biodiesel production from non-edibleSpirulina-Platensismicroalgae lipids,and usethe acid-catalyzedin situtransesterification process. Experiments were designed to determine how variations in volume of reacting methanol,theconcentration ofanacid catalyst, time, temperature and stirring affected the biodiesel yield.The total lipid content ofSpirulina-Platensismicroalgae was obtained tobe0.1095g/g biomass. The weight of the by-product glycerol obtained was used to predict the percentage yield conversion of microalgae oil biodiesel. Best results (84.7%),ayield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME),wereobtained at 100% (wt./wt.oil) catalyst concentration, 80 ml methanol volumes, 8 h reaction time and 65 reaction temperature with continuous stirring at 650 rpm. Properties of the produced biodiesel were measured according to EN 14214 standards.6/18/201513

7.Selenastrum sp.Scientific classificationDomain:EukaryotaKingdom:ViridiplantaePhylum:ChlorophytaClass:ChlorophyceaeOrder:SphaeroplealesFamily:SelenastraceaeGenus:SelenastrumSpeciesS. capricornutumS. gracile

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Biofuel application of Selenestrum sp.The lipid content extracted by two different methods: Ultrasound and Soxhlet, expressed as % for Selenastrum Capricornutum is presented in Table 1. Based on these experiences, the best technique for extracting lipids was ultrasound-assisted extraction with methanol, achieving 95% of extracted lipids per dried microalgae. On the other hand, ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetone recovered the fewest amount of lipids, around 10%. Chloroform methanol combination showed worse lipid recoveries than using only methanol as solvent. While ultrasonic assisted extraction causes the disruption of cells, Soxhlet extraction process is based on mass transfer. When acetone was used as extracting agent, the results were better in Soxhlet extraction (11.30%) than in ultrasound (9.92%).

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8.Desmodesmus sp.Scientific classificationDomain:EukaryotaKingdom:ViridiplantaePhylum:ChlorophytaClass:ChlorophyceaeOrder:SphaeroplealesFamily:ScenedesmaceaeGenus:Desmodesmus

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Biofuel application of Desmodesmus sp.

Desmodesmus sp. subjected to nitrogen or phosphorus limitation condition shows an increase in lipids as high as 30% and 53%, respectively. Cultivation of microalgae Desmodesmus sp. for biomass production is a promising way to dispose of wastewater and recover nutrients simultaneously. The lipid content of Desmodesmus sp. in dry weight had reached about 32.2%.

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The amount of oil each strain of algae produces varies widely.AnkistrodesmusTR-87Botryococcus brauniiChlorellasp.Chlorella protothecoidesCrypthecodinium cohniiCyclotellaDI- 35Dunaliella tertiolectaHantzschiaDI-160NannochlorisNannochloropsisNeochloris oleoabundansNitzschiaTR-114Phaeodactylum tricornutumScenedesmusTR-84SchizochytriumStichococcusTetraselmis suecicaThalassiosira pseudonana 2840% dw2975% dw29%dw1555% dw20%dw42%dw3642%dw66%dw31(663)%dw46(3168)%dw3554%dw2850%dw31%dw45%dw5077%dw33(959)%dw1532%dw(2131)%dw

Species.% Dry weight6/18/201518

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