Dietary supplement as minerals

Dietary supplement

• Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen present in common organic molecules.

Classifications of Dietary Supplements

• Herbs and BotanicalsExample: Cranberry, Grape Seed, Green tea and St.

John's Wort• Vitamins• Amino acids - the building blocks of proteinsExample: Tryptophan and Hydroxy-methyl-butyrate• Minerals

Who needs dietary supplements:

•Dietary supplement may be appropriate if you:-Don't eat well or consume less than 1,600 calorie a

day. -Are a vegetarian and don't substitute or complement

your diet appropriately. -Are pregnant, trying to get pregnant or breast-feeding .-Are a woman who experiences heavy bleeding during

your menstrual period .-Are a postmenopausal woman .

• Appropriate intake levels of each dietary mineral must be sustained to maintain physical health.

• Excessive intake of a dietary mineral may either lead to illness directly or indirectly because of the competitive nature between mineral levels in the body.

• A deficiency in dietary minerals may results in all kinds of health problems. For more details, please refer to each individual mineral.

calcium

• Calcium is the most common mineral in the body.

• Approximately 99% of calcium is found in the teeth and skeleton while only 1% is in the blood and soft tissues.

• It also builds strong bones and teeth and maintains bone density and strength and promotes normal activity of nervous, muscular and skeletal system.

Benefit of Calcium • It is very important to bone health and preventing fractures and

osteoporosis• These supplements are used to treat severe muscle spasms

caused by sensitivity reactions, cardiac arrest and lead poisoning.

• It is also used medically as an antidote to magnesium poisoning. • Coral calcium can help prevent muscle and leg cramps in some

people.• It also buffers acid in the stomach and acts as an antacid. • Calcium is also used to regulate the heartbeat, blood clotting

and muscle contraction.• It also helps reduce blood pressure in certain people, aids in

treating insomnia and is important in reducing high cholesterol levels.

Normal range of calciumAge Calcium (mg/day)

0–6 months 210

7–12 months 270

1–3 years 500

4–8 years 800

9–18 years 1300

19–50 years 1000

51+ years 1200

Symptoms of Calcium Deficiency

• There are serious symptoms that show a deficiency of calcium in the body. These include muscle cramps, muscle contractions, and frequent fractures.

• Osteoporosis is another example of the body being lacking in calcium. It involves frequent fractures in the spine, deformed spinal column and loss of height.

• A dietary calcium deficit is also associated with increased risk of hypertension, tooth decay and colon cancer. It is also shown to be related to depression.

Dietary sources

• In the United States (U.S.), milk, yogurt and cheese are the major contributors of calcium in the typical diet

• Milk is an excellent source of dietary calcium because it has a high concentration of calcium and the calcium in milk is excellently absorbed.

Dietary calcium supplements

• The two main forms of calcium found in supplements are carbonate and citrate. Calcium carbonate is the most common because it is inexpensive and convenient. The absorption of calcium citrate is similar to calcium carbonate. For instance, a calcium carbonate supplement contains 40% calcium while a calcium citrate supplement only contains 21% calcium.

Dietary calcium supplements

• Calcium supplements are used to prevent and to treat calcium deficiencies.

• Most experts recommend that supplements be taken with food and that no more than 600 mg should be taken at a time because the percent of calcium absorbed decreases as the amount of calcium in the supplement increases

• It is recommended to spread doses throughout the day. Recommended daily calcium intake for adults ranges from 1000 to 1500 mg. It is recommended to take supplements with food to aid in absorption.

• Vitamin D is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted to a hormone in the body which then induces the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption

• Too much calcium can cause constipation or headaches. More seriously, you can have muscle or bone pain or confusion.

• Adverse conditions associated with high calcium intakes are hypercalcemia , impaired kidney function and decreased absorption of other minerals

Iodine

• Promotes normal function of thyroid gland and can help shrink the thyroid before thyroid surgery. Keeps skin, hair, and nails healthy.

Normal range of iodine

• Adults need about 150 mcg per day.• Pregnant females needs 220 mcg per day.• Infants birth to 6 months make 110 mcg

perday. • Since the introduction of iodized salt, iodine

supplements are unnecessary and not recommended for most people.

Element Iodine Deficiency

• Iodine is very important during pregnancy and early infancy. In rare cases iodine deficiency during this time can result in mental retardation and impaired motor skills.

• . Iodine deficiency is the primary cause of simple goiter and has been linked conclusively to cretinism.

• For adults, low iodine intake or a very high iodine element can cause hypothyroidism, which is an under active thyroid. The symptoms for this include low energy levels, dry, scaly or yellowish skin, tingling and numbness in the extremities and weight gain.

Element Iodine Deficiency

• It can also cause -carpal tunnel syndrome and Raynaud’s

phenomenon.-raise cholesterol levels. When hypothyroidism is

corrected, it can lead to a drop in cholesterol levels from 20-30%

-experience forgetfulness, personality changes, depression and anemia. Women can have prolonged and heavy periods.

Dietary sources

• Foods that are natural sources of iodine and that should be avoided during this time include saltwater fish, lobster, oysters, canned salmon, shrimp, seaweed, milk and salted nuts, seeds, snack foods and table salt.

Too much iodine

• It may cause either hypothyroidism (under active thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (over active thyroid).

• Hyperthyroidism may also occur as a result of a long term iodine deficiency, especially in the elderly.

• Daily intake of 2,000 mcg iodine may be toxic, particularly in people with kidney disease or tuberculosis.

• Excessive iodine intake may be associated with an increased incidence of thyroid papillary cancer. Direct contact with skin can cause lesions so care needs to be taken in handling iodine. Iodine vapor is very irritating to eyes and mucous membranes.

Potasium

Potassium is a mineral that aids in muscle contraction and in maintaining

fluid and electrolyte balance in the body’s cells. It is also important in

releasing energy during metabolism and in sending nerve impulses.

Benefits of Potassium • It is essential for muscles, nerves and helps the heart muscles contract.• Potassium can also keep blood pressure stable.• It also maintains fluid balance and mineral balance of blood. • Potassaium also regulates metabolism of glucose (for energy) and the

synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.• It works with sodium to regulate the body’s waste balance, stimulates

the kidneys to eliminate poisonous body wastes and preserves the proper alkalinity of body fluids.

• Potassium promotes healthy skin and helps send oxygen to the brain which aids in clearer thinking.

• Potassium is helpful in dealing with alcoholism, heart disease and in preventing high blood pressure. It also assists in treating acne, allergies and in healing burns.

• it treats potassium deficiency causesd by an illness or from taking diuretics or cortisone drugs.

• Effects of Low Potassium Hypokalemia is an abnormally low level of potassium in the blood. It can cause weakness and heart abnormalities. It can come from adrenal tumors, diuretics or starvation.

• Low potassium can also cause low blood pressure and an irregular or rapid heartbeat which can lead to cardiac arrest.

• People with an eating disorder such as anorexia and bulimia, that take laxatives or vomit, lose potassium and suffer from a potassium deficiency.

Dietary sorces

• Good sources of potassium include bananas, citrus juices (such as orange juice), avocados, cantaloupes, tomatoes, potatoes, lima beans, flounder, salmon, cod, chicken, and other meats.

Available form

• Several potassium supplements are on the market, including potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, and potassium gluconate.

• Potassium can also be found in multivitamins.

• Too much potassium• Having too much potassium in the blood is called

hyperkalemia• Older people have a greater risk of hyperkalemia

because our kidneys get rid of potassium less efficiently as we age. Older people should be careful when taking medication that may affect potassium levels, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ACE inhibitors.

Iron

• iron is an essential component of proteins involved in oxygen transport. It is also essential for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation .

Source of iron

There are two forms of dietary iron: heme and nonheme. • Heme iron : is derived from hemoglobin, the protein in red blood

cells that delivers oxygen to cells. Heme iron is found in animal foods that originally contained hemoglobin, such as red meats, fish, chicken.

• Nonheme : Iron in plant foods such as lentils and beans and white bread. This is the form of iron added to iron-enriched and iron-fortified foods.

• Dietary sources include red meat, leafy green vegetables, fish (tuna, salmon), eggs, dried fruits, beans, whole grains, and enriched grains.

• Heme iron is absorbed better than nonheme iron, but most dietary iron is nonheme iron.

Normal range of intake Age Males mg/day Females mg /day

7 – 12 month 11 11

1 -3 years 7 7

4 -8 years 10 10

9 – 13 years 8 8

14 - 18 years 11 15

19 – 50 years 8 18

50 + years 8 8

Disease that cause by iron deficiency:

Iron deficiency anemia : is an advanced stage of iron depletion. It

occurs when storage sites of iron are deficient and blood levels of iron cannot meet daily needs and can be associated with low dietary intake of iron, inadequate absorption of iron, or excessive blood loss.

• Blood hemoglobin levels are below normal with iron deficiency anemia .

People who need extra iron are:• Three groups of people are most likely to benefit from iron

supplements: people with a greater need for iron, individuals who tend to lose

more iron, and people who do not absorb iron normally. These individuals include: - pregnant women .- preterm and low birth weight infants. - older infants and toddlers. - teenage girls .- women of childbearing age, especially those with heavy menstrual

losses .- people with renal failure, especially those undergoing routine dialysis .- people with gastrointestinal disorders who do not absorb iron

normally.

Iron overload disorder:

• Iron overload disorders are diseases caused by the accumulation of iron in the body.

• Iron deficiency is uncommon among adult men and postmenopausal women. These individuals should only take iron supplements when prescribed by a physician because of their greater risk of iron overload.

Iron supplement

• Iron supplementation is indicated when diet alone cannot restore deficient iron levels to normal within an acceptable timeframe.

• Supplements are especially important when an individual is experiencing clinical symptoms of iron deficiency anemia.

• The goals of providing oral iron supplements are to supply sufficient iron to restore normal storage levels of iron and to replenish hemoglobin deficits.

• Supplemental iron is available in two forms: ferrous and ferric.

• Ferrous iron salts (ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, and ferrous gluconate) are the best absorbed forms of iron supplements . Elemental iron is the amount of iron in a supplement that is available for absorption.

Figure 2 lists the percent elemental iron in these supplements.

• The amount of iron absorbed decreases with increasing doses. For this reason, it is recommended that most people take their prescribed daily iron supplement in two or three equally spaced doses.

• For adults who are not pregnant, the CDC recommends taking 50 mg to 60 mg of oral elemental iron (the approximate amount of elemental iron in one 300 mg tablet of ferrous sulfate) twice daily for three months for the therapeutic treatment of iron deficiency anemia

• Therapeutic doses of iron supplements, which are prescribed for iron deficiency anemia, may cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, dark colored stools, and/or abdominal distress

• Starting with half the recommended dose and gradually increasing to the full dose will help minimize these side effects.

• Taking the supplement in divided doses and with food also may help limit these symptoms

• Iron from enteric coated or delayed-release preparations may have fewer side effects, but is not as well absorbed and not usually recommended

Chloride

• Chloride is a chemical the human body needs for metabolism and keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys

source

• The main source of chloride is table salt (refined salt).

Chloride works best with • Vitamin B6• Potassium • Sodium

Normal intakeAge Amounts mg

0 -6 months 180

7 – 12 months 5701 -3 years 15004 – 8 years 19009 -18 years 2300

19 – 50 years 230051 -70 years 200071 + years 1800

Pregnancy and lactation 2300

• Hypochloremia: • is an electrolyte disturbance whereby there is

an abnormally depleted level of the chloride ion in the blood. It rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities. If it occurs together with metabolic alkalosis (decreased blood acidity) it is often due to vomiting.

• Hyperchloemia:• is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is

an abnormally elevated level of the chloride ion in the blood.

• It is associated with kidney disease and overactivity of parathyroid glands.

Zinc

• Zinc is an essential mineral, necessary for sustaining all life. It is required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase and it is required for many proteins as hemoglobin.

• A variety of zinc compounds find use industrially, such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Sources of zinc• Dietary sources include red meat, leafy green vegetables, fish eggs and

beans.• Food

A wide variety of foods contain zinc . Oysters contain more zinc per serving than any other food, but red meat and poultry provide the majority of zinc in the American diet. Other good food sources include beans, nuts, certain types of seafood (such as crab and lobster), whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy products

• Phytates—which are present in whole-grain breads, cereals, legumes, and other foods—bind zinc and inhibit its absorption . Thus, the bioavailability of zinc from grains and plant foods is lower than that from animal foods, although many grain- and plant-based foods are still good sources of zinc

Normal intakeAge Amounts mg

0 -6 months 2

7 months to 3 years 3

4 -8 years 5

9 -13 years 8

14- 18 years 11 in male and 9 in female

19 + years 11 in male and 8 in female

Pregnancy and lactation 11 to 14

Zinc deficiency

• It is occurs where insfficient zinc is available for metabolic needs.

• Symptoms:-malabsorption, acromermatitis, enteropathica.-chronic liver disease, renal disease.-sickle cell disease.-diabetes, malignancy and other chronic

illnesses

Dietary supplement

• Supplements contain several forms of zinc, including zinc gluconate, zinc sulfate, and zinc acetate. The percentage of elemental zinc varies by form. For example, approximately 23% of zinc sulfate consists of elemental zinc; thus, 220 mg of zinc sulfate contains 50 mg of elemental zinc. The elemental zinc content appears in the Supplement Facts panel on the supplement container. Research has not determined whether differences exist among forms of zinc in absorption, bioavailability, or tolerability.

• In addition to standard tablets and capsules, some zinc-containing cold lozenges are labeled as dietary supplements.

Zinc toxicity

Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, but excess zinc can be harmful.

• Excessive absorption of zinc can be lead to:- suppresses copper and iron absorption.-lethargy.-ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements).-hemolytic anemia.-liver or kidney damage.-vomiting and diarrhea.

sodium

• Sodium is a key component of your body.• It's an electrolyte and helps carry nerve

impulses between cells. • It helps maintain normal blood pressure as

well as the volume of the blood itself .• It's essential for nervous system to

accomplish muscle movement, and it regulates the fluids in and around the cells.

• Sodium is a part of everyone's diet• the minimum sodium requirement is about 1,500

milligrams (mg) of sodium each day. This is les than 1 teaspoon of table salt.

• The maximum recommended level of sodium intake is 2,300 mg per day

• Table salt is 40 percent sodium and 60 percent chloride

• Food sources of sodium: canned asparagus, beef, bread, canned corn,

cheese, egg, frankfurters, ham, milk, peanut butter, canned salmon, sardines, sauerkraut, Swiss chard, tomato juice, tuna.

Hyponatremia

• is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium concentration in the plasma is lower than normal(below 135 mmol/L).

Risk factors:• Age. Low blood sodium is more common in older adults.• Sex. Hyponatremia is more common in women than in men. • Diet. You may be at an increased risk of hyponatremia if you

are following a low-sodium diet, especially if combined with diuretic intake.

• Intensive physical activities• Conditions that impair your body's water excretion

Supplement uses• Dehydration:

Sodium chloride can be used to treat dehydration due to excessive salt loss or salt deficiency. It can also help reduce decreases in blood volumes in fasting patients.

• Excessive perspiration:Sodium chloride supplementation can help alleviate excessive perspiration that occurs regularly.

• Low weight or premature infants:Sodium supplements can reduce excessive urinary excretion often seen in low weight or premature infants.

• Sodium deficiency:Sodium can benefit such symptoms as weakness, muscle Cramps, and aches.

Magnesium

• Magnesium is one of the most abundant mineral in the body and is essential to good health.

• It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a healthy immune system, and keeps bones strong.

• Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and is known to be involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis.

Source of magnesium

• Excellent sources of magnesium include Swiss chard and spinach.

• Very good sources of magnesium include mustard greens, summer squash, broccoli, blackstrap molasses, halibut, turnip greens, pumpkin seeds and peppermint.

• There are numerous good sources of magnesium including cucumber, green beans, celery, kale and a variety of seeds, including sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, and flax seeds.

• Recommended Daily Allowance = 300mg

Deficiency may be caused by:• Reduced dietary intake as in poor diet,

malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, or high raw bran intake.

• Reduced or impaired absorption caused by malabsorption conditions such as: chronic Diarrhoea, gastro-intestinal Infections or allergies.

Supplement usesThe following are known to deplete magnesium levels:• Long term use of diuretics • Diarrhea • Alcohol • Excessive sweating • Magnesium is also often taken by women to ease Pre-menstrual

syndrome, especially stomach cramps and sugar cravings. • Other conditions that people sometimes find magnesium helps

with are involuntary muscle twitches (e.g. of the eyelid) and combined with calcium> for muscle cramps.

• Asthma:Magnesium has been shown to reduce wheezing and may be an important factor in Asthma and chronic-obstructive airways disease.

Copper

• Copper is located throughout the body, incorporated into organic complexes, such as enzymes involved in brain function and the Circulatory System.

• Source:Oyster ,Whelks ,Lambs liver 6.0, Crab ,Brewers yeast ,Olives ,Hazelnuts ,Shrimps ,Cod ,Bread, wholemeal, Peas

• Copper deficiency can cause a syndrome of anemia or pancytopenia and a neurodegeneration in humans or other mammals.

Supplement uses

• A copper supplement may be necessary when high dose Zinc is being taken, as this may deplete copper.

• Copper is also necessary in Menke?s syndrome (a rare genetic disease characterized by the inability to absorb copper) . However in this condition, copper injections are often prescribed.

• Copper may be useful in combating inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid Arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Phosphorus • Phosphorus makes up 0.8% to 1.1% of total body weight. It is

primarily found in the skeleton and teeth in the compound Calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate gives soft organic portions of bone and teeth structural rigidity.

• Aside from providing structure for bone and teeth.• phosphorus has an important function in nearly all cell

metabolic activities. • As the major constituent of phosphate, phosphorus is essential

for energy storage as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.• Phosphorus is also an important constituent of RNA and DNA. • The phosphate group plays an important role in the breakdown

of glucose.

Source

• The following are food sources of phosphorus: Artichokes, beef, broccoli, chicken, egg, ice cream, dried beans, beef liver, cheese, chicken liver, green peas, lamb liver, lentils, lima beans, milk, mushroom, orange sherbet, parsnip, peanut, pork, potatoes, sardines, turkey liver, veal liver, enriched white bread, whole wheat bread, winter squash, and yogurt.

REQUIREMENTS • Age RDA (mg)

Infants/children0-6 months 3006-12 months 5001-10 years 800

• males11-24 years 120025+ years 800

• females11-24 years 120025+ years 800

• Pregnancy 1200lactation 1200

deficincy

• Phosphorus deficiency is a concern mostly for people who take phosphate-binding antacids or who experience excessive losses of urine. Otherwise, it is an extremely rare condition. Symptoms include Fatigue, anorexia, bone demineralisation, osteomalacia, convulsions, and abnormal or incomplete mineralisation of developing teeth. . It may also result from impaired renal phosphate absorption, a characteristic of Vitamin D-resistant rickets. Symptoms are similar to those of other forms of rickets.

Supplement use

• Bone and Dental health:Supplementation of phosphorus may be important for people with low phosphate to Calcium ratios. Younger people may especially benefit from supplementation for proper bone and tooth mineralisation .

• Hypophosphatemia:For people with hypophosphatemia, phosphorus supplements may be helpful for the treatment of osteomalacia, rickets, bone Pain, and muscle weakness.

selenium

• Selenium is incorporated into proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help prevent cellular damage from free radicals. Free radicals are natural by-products of oxygen metabolism that may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease

• selenium deficiency• Selenium occurs in staple foods such as corn,

wheat, and soybean as selenomethionine• Selenium supplements may also contain sodium

selenite and sodium selenate, two inorganic forms of selenium

• Selenomethionine is generally considered to be the best absorbed and utilized form of selenium.

• Excess selenium cause selenosis

Can you skip your daily servings of fruits and vegetables and take

a vitamin and mineral supplement instead?

• Vitamins and minerals are substances your body needs in small but steady amounts for normal growth, function and health. Together, vitamins and minerals are called micronutrients. Your body can't make most micronutrients, so you must get them from the foods you eat or, in some cases, from dietary supplements.

• So the answer is NO

Done by:

Amal alekresh Hind almoflehFadelh aleailew Maha alsomaly

Refrances

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral• http://www.nutritional-supplements-

guide.com/dietary-mineral-supplements.html• http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/

calcium.asp• http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/

potassium-000320.htm• http://ods.od.nih.gov/FactSheets/