Diet and Disease

What is a balanced diet?A balanced diet is one that contains all the

nutrients required for health in appropriate proportions

There are seven components in a balanced diet: •Carbohydrates

•Proteins

•Fats

•Vitamins

•Minerals

•Water

•Fibre or roughage

How much of each component do we need?

Nutrient Mass/g per day Energy in food/Kj

Carbohydrates 250 4000

Fats 80 2960

Proteins 60 1020

Minerals 9.2 0

Fibre 12 0

Vitamins Traces 0

Water Variable 0

Table Typical mass of each component required per day by a 17-year-old-girl

One important aspect of nutrition is energy intake.

This is different for everyone as it depends on the level of activity

Energy should come from carbohydrates (57%), Dairy (30%) and protein (13%)

A good guide to whether your diet contains enough energy is change in mass or weight.

Malnutrition a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to

absorb foods

Malnutrition is caused by an unbalanced diet. Most people think of malnutrition as

deficiency. However the biggest form of malnutrition in the developed world is obesity

Malnutrition

ObesityObesity is caused by consuming too much energy.

Excess energy is deposited as fat in the Adiopse tissues

Obesity is the condition in which excessive fat disposition impairs health.

Usually indicated by a Body mass index (BMI) of 30 or over. This indicates a body weight of 20% above weight for your height.

Obesity and Disease

Coronary heart Disease and ObesityObesity can be linked to a disease known as Coronary

heart disease.

Coronary heart disease is the term that describes what happens when your heart's blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries.

If your coronary arteries become narrow due to a build up of Atheroma, the blood supply to your heart will be restricted. This can cause angina (chest pains).If a coronary artery becomes completely blocked, it can cause a heart attack.

Diet and blood pressureHigh Blood is mostly linked to poor diet.

Excess salt in your diet decreases water potential in your cell, as a result more water is held in the cells, increasing blood pressure particularly the pressure in a resting heart.

This is called hypertension and can Damage the inner lining of the arteries.Causing atherosclerosis

AtherosclerosisWhen a tear occurs in the endothelium chemicals

signals are sent out.

These are picked up by a form of phagocytes called macrophages, they enter the damage tissue through the endothelium through a process known as leukocyte extravasation

The macrophages encourage the growth of smooth muscle and the disposition of fatty substances (Low density lipoproteins).

AtherosclerosisThe macrophages can also turn them selves into foam cells to help repair the cells.

The end result of this process is an Atheroma. This formation is strong enough to last for the persons life.

Low-density liproprotein (LDL) and atherosclerosis

High cholesterol with an excess of LDL can cause the Atheroma to grow in size. This is due to the excess cholesterol in the blood ,

the macrophages continue to build up the Atheroma and will eventually form a bulge in the endothelium called a plaque

This will continue to grow and will decrease the lumen of the artery, therefore increasing blood pressure further.

Why is this bad? And how can it be stopped?

This reduced lumen size increases the chance of a blood clot (thrombosis) dramatically. this can lead to Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

The risk can be reduced by eating foods high in High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and keeping the ration of HDLs to LDLs High.

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)Unsaturated fats. This substance helps to

reduce blood cholesterol levels

They help to stop Atherosclerosis and also may remove some of the disposition already there.

How To Improve Your DietBy reducing the chances of contracting Coronary Heart Disease

Eat Less Saturated Fat • fatty cuts of meat and meat products such as

sausages

• butter, ghee and lard

• Cream, soured cream, crème fraîche and ice cream

• cheese, particularly hard cheese

• pastries

• cakes and biscuits

• coconut oil, coconut cream and palm oil

These foods all contain high amount of LDLs:

Loose WeightResearch hints that losing

even a small amount of weight (5% to 10%) may help lower LDL levels.

Exercise Aerobic exercises, such as

running, cycling, jogging, and swimming, appear to

benefit cholesterol the most by lowering LDL by

5% to 10%. Other forms of exercise, such as yoga,

walking and weight-bearing exercises, have

also been shown to decrease LDL levels.

Drink AlcoholAlthough moderate

consumption of alcohol can significantly raise HDL levels, it can also lower LDL by about 4%

to 8%Stop Smoking

Increases LDL, Lowers HDL

Other things to try...

THANKS FOR WATCHING By Lewis Arthurton