Dierk Raabe M R S Fall X Lecture The X Files Of Materials Science
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Transcript of Dierk Raabe M R S Fall X Lecture The X Files Of Materials Science
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Sym'po|si|on, Sym'po|si|um <n.; -s, -si·en>
Drinking party of aristocratics in ancient Athens with strict rules. A symposiarch supervised the mixing of the wine with water, insuring a mix that would be conducive to conversation but (theoretically) not strong enough to lead to debauchery. As they drank, guests would give speeches, recite poetry, and sing about subjects proper to the symposium - love, eros, drink, and the like. Hired entertainment might also be present, at the discretion of the host. .....
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The X-files of materials science - unsolved riddles from the dawn of research
The X-files of materials science - unsolved riddles from the dawn of research
Dierk RaabeMax-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, GermanyMRS 2006
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beer can 1820 beer can 2000
metallurgy 2000 B.C. metallurgy 2000 A.C.
Travel through time
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A brief history through some stories and riddles in material science
A brief history through some stories and riddles in material science
CopperCopper
SteelSteel
AluminiumAluminium
TitaniumTitanium
NickelNickel
CarbonCarbon
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Some Mythology and Etymology
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Aldebaranium, Austrium, Cassiopeium, Didymium, Erythronium, Florentinum, Glucinium, Helvetium, Illinium, Klaprothium, Krokoit, Masurium, Menachit, Plumbum-Candidum, Plumbum-Nigrum, Thoron, Unnilpentium
Aldebaranium, Austrium, Cassiopeium, Didymium, Erythronium, Florentinum, Glucinium, Helvetium, Illinium, Klaprothium, Krokoit, Masurium, Menachit, Plumbum-Candidum, Plumbum-Nigrum, Thoron, Unnilpentium
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TitaniumTitanium
GOLD
Alchimist symbol for gold
egypt new empire (18. –20. dynasty): Amenophis I – III, Thutmosis I – IV, Hatschepsut, Echnaton, Ramses I – IX, Tut-ench-Amun
Echnaton replaces Amun by sun god Aton (gold as symbol)
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Gold as a symbol for sun, power, and gods
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Gold helmet (sumer); Amulet (Monte-Alban); Sun-carriage of Trundholm (Denmark)
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Gold, wealth and stupidity : King Midas and God Dionysos (Bachus)
Midas of Phrygien, Satyr, wish, Gold-on-touch, nearly starve,bath in river Paktolos (Phrygien / Lydien), carries gold since then
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El Doradotreasure hunting ( Central America )
priests, gold dust
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treasure islandcoconut island (Costa Rica)4,5 km X 6 kmRobert Luis StevensonEdward Davis, 1702Benito Bonito, 1819
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Mythology after the early empiresMythology after the early empires
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Using metals: big change between man and environment
Good harvest and conditions were imparted from the gods not provided by technology
Using metals introduced strong change in man‘s world view and his view of the gods
Man became a more independent actor; was no longer a mere object of the gods: growth of self-confidence; master of his own luck
See: Euripides, Plinius, Ovid, Horaz, Vergil: Gods become angry because of mining and metallurgy. It was assumed that everything that was meant for man was available on the surface of the earth. The gods hid the minerals by purpose.
“Aurea prima sata est etas… “ the 4 world ages: Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron
Central figure: titan Prometheus
This discussion lasted until Rennaissance (Leonardo; Georg Agricola)
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Prometheus
regenerative medicine in old Greece
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Hephaistos (see also: Vulcan, Wieland, Ikaros and Dedalos myth)son of Zeus and Hera, disabaled person, sea, saved,greek god of mining, metallurgy, engineers (Achilles weapons of Athenes and Achilles, Helios wagon, arrows of Eros), married to Aphrodite
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Copper "cuprum" (name of cyprus in latin)
world largest copper industry
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Copper
what do these species have in common ?
guys from planet vulvan (Spock),
octopus,
snails,
spides,
..
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TitaniumTitanium
Titanium
The titans (Hyperion, Iapetos, Okeanos, Koios, Krios, Rhea, Kronos .... Prometheus)
Children of Gaja and Uranos (greek: earth and sky)
1795, Klaproth
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Titanium in the body20 GPa as opposed to 110 GPa – quo vadis Titan ?
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the materials science of Terminator IV
very bio-compatible
Hi,some of us made it even into politics
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the world‘s first implant
Tantalos and the meal of the gods
was killedand grilledwas killedand grilled
was angrywas angry
shoulderreplaced by ivory
shoulderreplaced by ivory
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speaking of bone ….endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton
Hi, I am the new California versionHi, I am the new
California versionHi, I am the traditional
version
Hi, I am the traditional
version
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mineral content
speaking of bone ….endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton
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matrix
particle
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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D. Raabe, lecture, MRS Fall, 28. Nov. 2006, texture lobster
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modern exoskeleton
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modernexoskeleton
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STEELSTEEL
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anglo-saxon: irenceltic: isarnonold german: isarn, isenlatin, Fe: ferrum
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Cave-men : Hematite : “Leonardo‘s“ choice First ore reduction: since 3000 b.c. (Anatolia, Turkey, Syria)
From ca. 1000-1500 b.c. : Standard product for weapons
Mid-Europe: Hallstadt (Austria), Latène (Switzerland)
Cave-men : Hematite : “Leonardo‘s“ choice First ore reduction: since 3000 b.c. (Anatolia, Turkey, Syria)
From ca. 1000-1500 b.c. : Standard product for weapons
Mid-Europe: Hallstadt (Austria), Latène (Switzerland)
some history
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Eiffel tower
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hard
softer
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Adolph v Menzel
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UFG SteelsUFG Steels
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TRIP, TWIP and Triplex SteelsTRIP, TWIP and Triplex Steels
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g e a
TWIP
deformation twinning
TRIP
g e a Martensite
transformation
Austenitic FeMn [Al, Si]Steels
Austenitic / Ferritic FeMn [Al, Si] Steels
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0 20 40 60 80 1000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
TRIPLEX-steelX110 MnAl 26 11
TRIP-steelX5 MnAlSi 15 3 3
TWIP-steelX5 MnAlSi 25 3 3
st
ress
[
MPa]
plastic strain pl [%]
characteristic stress-strain-curves of TRIP-, TWIP- and TRIPLEX-steels (strain rate 10-4s-1)
Twinning Induced Plasticity
Transformation Induced Plasticity
Brüx, Frommeyer, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf
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TWIP steel (X5 Mn Al Si 25 3 3)TWIP steel (X5 Mn Al Si 25 3 3)
Undeformed sample Undeformed sample
Sample after twisting by 1080° (T = 20 °C)Sample after twisting by 1080° (T = 20 °C)
Brüx, Frommeyer, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf
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Ductility/Strength combinations of steels for automotive applicationsDuctility/Strength combinations of steels for automotive applications
TRIP(Mn+Al) (Mn+Si) Mn+Si+Nb
TRIP(Mn+Al) (Mn+Si) Mn+Si+Nb
austenitic stainless
Fe-Mn-Al-C
Fe-Mn-Al-SiTWIPFe-Mn-Al-SiTWIP
Fe-Mn-Al-SiTRIPFe-Mn-Al-SiTRIP
Al-alloys
Fe P06
Fe P01-P05HSLA
HSLA BH (P)
Dual Phase (DP)
CPCPMartensiticMartensitic
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0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
2002
1996
1996
since
1990
1990
1990
1985
1985
1981
1978
1975
FeMnAlC TRIPLEX steels
high manganese TWIP steels
high manganes TRIP steels
Conventional TRIP steels
SULC steels
Isotropic streels
highstrength IF steels
Bake-Hardening steels
Dualphase steels
Phosphorus alloyed steels
Microalloyed steels
ultimate tensile strength * total elongation [MPa %]
High Strength SteelsHigh Strength Steels
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weight of truck : 96 t
modern steels carry 800 t
conventional steels carry 140 t
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9 a.c.: Wiehen mountains, Tetoburg Forrest
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Kutub column: 900 B.C., 17 t, 16 m
StraussMaurer
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• water too cold • brittle-to-ductile transition• small cracks around each rivet• crack progagation along
perforated sheets
• water too cold • brittle-to-ductile transition• small cracks around each rivet• crack progagation along
perforated sheets
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Napoleon:
George III
continental barrier against England - Chance for companies like Krupp( .....zum Zweck der Verfertigung des englischen Gußstahls und aller daraus resultierenden Fabrikate…..)
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Napoleon and the Can
food supply to troops
La revolution:Nicolas Appert of Paris
jokes about british bajonetts
received can food on St. Helena
1858: Ezra J.Warner ?
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Nickel
1751, Cronstedt
Ni in Cu ores (red Nickel stone, Nickelarsenide)
Cu devil (St. Nicholaus-Cu)
Mountain Nickel:
“dwarf, hobbit“
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35% Ni, no thermal expansion, memory-effectInvar, Guillaume, 1920 Nobel price
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1808, Iglau (Austrian Empire), meteorite shower, investigate by Karl von Schreibers (Vienna Mineral Collection, Alois von Widmmannstätten (Porcelain manufacturer); more than 100 metorites (some weighed 12 pounds); Widmmannstätten discovered the characteristic microstructure:
• stone (Aerolithe) • iron (Siderithe)• iron and stone (Siderolithe)• glas (Tektite)
Siderithe: ca. 6% of all, polycrystals, Fe and Ni (natural stainless steel)since 4000 b.c. (Amundsen)
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Thanks