Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth...
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![Page 1: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of
imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century?
Umar Nawab
![Page 2: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Early development of American trade with Africa
• Trade with Africa existed alongside slavery. Rum, brandy and tobacco were exchanged for African products.
• Traders and whalers from Salem had dominance in East African trade from 1832-1834, twenty-two vessels from America entered the ports, only nine from European nations.
• 1853 was the golden era of whalers, this ended in 1870s.
![Page 3: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
American merchants
• After the revolutionary war trade picked up as merchants searched for new markets.
• The establishment of Sierra Leone began legitimate trade.
• Napoleonic wars increased U.S trade with Africa.• The commercial agreement with Sultan of
Zanzibar undermined British commercial monopoly.
![Page 4: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Colonial powers attempt to restrict American trade
• American trade was restricted which brought a decline in 1862.
• U.S had no colonial claims in the disputed areas and therefore overall commercial interests were jeopardised.
• Frederick Lugard Nigeria’s governor general stated that ‘‘foreign competition was almost essential to preserve a healthy trade and secure to the producer a reasonable value for his produce’’.
![Page 5: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Free trade undermines British dominance
• Governor MacCarthy reported in 1822 that American trade with the Gold coast was 1/3 equivalent to Britain.
• With the introduction of free trade principles by 1849 American trade picked up heavily in West Africa.
• The U.S government did not support annexation of land.
![Page 6: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
American trade provides alternatives to imperialism
• The establishment of consulate in Freetown Sierra Leone promoted commercial trade.
• Trade from 1860-65 was substantial, it accounted for 25% of Sierra Leone’s foreign trade.
• Disgruntled British merchants formed a new group called British Export and Import Association (BEIA), this helped American interests in Sierra Leone.
![Page 7: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
America and Imperial trade similarities
• The trade in Zanzibar was a monopolised by traders of Salem.
• John Taylor a commercial agent was willing to use force if necessary to expand U.S commercial interests.
• British Cotton Growing Association with America supported the cultivation of American ‘Allen’ cotton to help Britain’s colonial exports.
![Page 8: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
American trade with Africa remained relatively small
• African commerce was a small part of U.S commerce as a whole it accounted for only 1% from 1840-1870.
• In 1921, U.S exports and imports to Nigeria were only valued at 7.41% total of Nigerian trade.
• The British dominated shipping with Nigeria during the 1920s. British tonnage landed in 1925 was 355, 242.
![Page 9: Did American trade provide an alternative to the exploitation of imperial trade in the nineteenth and twentieth century? Umar Nawab.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072010/56649db35503460f94aa4068/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Conclusion
• Majority of the trade between America and Africa was through whalers and merchants in the nineteenth century.
• America undercut British dominance through legal and illegal trade.
• Trade was largely restricted due to imperial powers who were able to dictate tariff and customs.
• The U.S government was determined to see that the policy of free trade was adhered to by the colonial powers.