Dictionary of Business Collocations-libre

8/10/2019 Dictionary of Business Collocations-libre

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TEODORA POPESCU MARIANA TOMA

DICTION RY

OF

BUSINESS COLLOC TIONS

with Romanian translationand

practice section


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TEODORA POPESCU MARIANA TOMA

DICTION RY

OF

BUSINESS COLLOC TIONS

with Romanian translationand

practice section

ALBA IULIA2009


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Reproducerea integralsau pariala textului crii, prin orice mijloace, fracordul autorilor i al editurii este interzis.

Coperta: Teodora PopescuTehnoredactare: Teodora Popescu

Tiparul a fost executat la Tipografia Universitii 1 Decembrie 1918 dinAlba Iulia.

Copyright Teodora Popescu, Mariana Toma, 2009

Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918Editura AeternitasStr. Nicolae Iorga, nr. 13RO 510009 Alba IuliaTel: 004-1058-811412/122Fax: 004-0258-812630E-mail: [email protected]

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

POPESCU, TEODORA, TOMA, MARIANA

Dictionary of Business Collocations. With RomanianTranslation and Practice Section/ Teodora Popescu, MarianaToma Ed. rev. Alba Iulia: Aeternitas, 2009388 p.; 24 cm.

Bibliogr.IndexISBN 978-973-1890-54-8

I. Popescu, TeodoraII. Toma, Mariana


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CONTENTS

Preface.......7Prefa.................................................................................................................10

Business Collocations.........................................................................................13

Practice Section.................................................................................................342

Bibliography......................................................................................................355

Word Index........................................................................................................356


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PREFACE

The English-Romanian dictionary of business collocations is intended for studentsof business, experienced business people and learners of English in general, with anintermediate to advanced level of language proficiency, who need to speak, readand write English for business purposes. It will prove an extremely useful tool for

professional translators and interpreters alike.

The present edition, the 3rd in 7 years, and the result of over 10 years oflexicographic research, consists of 1228 headwords, occurring within

approximately 68,000 collocations (254 more headwords and 14,000 morecollocations than in the 2ndedition).

The structure of the present dictionary was decided upon considering the need notonly for definitions and translation of most commonly used words in the businessworld, but also for correct usage in different communication contexts.

Collocationsare understood as the way in which words typically occur with eachother. You shall know a word by the company it keeps (Firth, 1968: 179). A goodknowledge of frequent collocations/word combinations contributes to better

language accuracy and fluency for learners of English.

The choice of collocations was made based on the principle of frequency. Wenevertheless tried to offer as wide as possible a range of collocations, from strong toweak. The sources we used for the compilation of this dictionary were reliablecorpora (The British National Corpus, The Brown Corpus, and a self-made corpusconsisting of business articles from The Economist, published during 2005-2008).Various existing dictionaries of collocations were also used, as well as well-established company sites (all listed in the bibliographical section).

The authors have also included an index, for ease of use. The index lists, inalphabetical order, all entries in the dictionary. An exemplification of the varioususes of this dictionary is given in the form of a practice section, containingexercises for those who want to improve their Business English lexis.

Each dictionary entry consists of a definition in English (several meanings weregiven, starting with the more general one, followed by a more specific, business-related use), morphological categories most commonly used with it, and itsRomanian translation in the right hand column.


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Headwords may be nouns, verbs or adjectives.

The entry for a nouncontains:

headword general meaning business-related meaning translationmorphological category

AGREEMENT n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by twoor more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

verbs which come before the nounverbs which come after the noun

adjectivesphrases which contain the noun

1. (accord)V: abide by, achieve, act in ~ with ~V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is validA: advantageous, amicable, awkward ~P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach of ~ stumbling block to ~

2. (contract)V: abide by, breach, break, by-pass ~

V: ~ comes into force/effect, expiresA: bilateral, binding, commercial ~P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, draft, record, terms of ~

1. nelegere, accord,consens

2.

contract scris saunelegere verbal

synonyms for eachmeaning

Verbentries comprise:

headword grammatical category definition translation

ASSESSv. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth

objects which follow the verb

a evalua, a estima,a msura

assess chances, the condition of sth, costs, damage, effects, efficiency, the importance of sth,income, insurance, loss, merits, property, quality, situation, usefulness, value, worth

assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, properly

adverbs which follow the verb


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The entry for an adjectiveconsists of:headword grammatical category definition translation

CORPORATEadj. relating to a company or group de firm,organizaionalcorporate advertising, bond, colours, decision, employee, fashion, hospitality, identity, image,

leader, plan, planning, raider, revenue, sector, structure, tax, welfare

nouns which come after the adjective

Abbreviations used in the dictionary:

~ = the headwordV: = verb that comes before the nounV: ~ = verb that comes after the noun

A: = adjectiveP: = phrase that contains the nounn. = noun

adj. = adjective

adv. = adverb

v. = verb

sth = something

sb = somebodyesp. = especiallyetc. = et ceterausu. = usuallysg. = singular

pl. = pluralinfml. = informalcolloq. = colloquialismA.E. = American EnglishBr.E. = British EnglishUSA = United States of America


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Prefa

Dicionarul englez-romn de colocaii utilizate n engleza de afacerise adreseazstudenilor de la facultile de tiine economice, oamenilor de afaceri,traductorilor, i n general celor care doresc s nvee limba englez, la un nivelmediu spre avansat, precum i tuturor celor care doresc s citeasc, s scrie i svorbeascn limba englez, ntr-un mediu economic, de afaceri. Este de asemeneaun instrument extrem de util pentru traductori i interprei.

Ediia de fa, a treia n ultimii apte ani, reprezintrezultatul a peste zece ani decercetri lexicografice i cuprinde 1228 de cuvinte-titlu, utilizate n aproximativ68.000de colocaii (cu 254 de cuvinte titlu i 14.000 de colocaii mai multe dect nediia anterioar).

Structura dicionarului de faa fost aleasinnd cont nu numai de nevoia definiriii traducerii cuvintelor cel mai des utilizate n vocabularul de afaceri n limbaenglez, dar i de necesitatea cunoaterii utilizrii corecte a acestora n diversecontexte lexicale.

Prin colocaii nelegem modul n care cuvintele sunt asociate pentru a forma unitilexicale i semantice. O buncunoatere a celor mai frecvente expresii frazeologice/asociaii semantico-lexicale contribuie nemijlocit la o mai bun stpnire inelegere a modului de funcionare a limbii engleze.

Autoarele au inclus, de asemenea, un index alfabetic al tuturor cuvintelor titlu nlimba englez. La sfritul dicionarului, cititorii vor gsi un set de exerciii pentruexersarea utilizrii corecte a colocaiilor de afaceri n limba englez.

Fiecare articol este structurat pe doucoloane, dupcum urmeaz:- Coloana din stnga conine text n limba englezi cuprinde cuvntul-titlu (cucaractere aldine), categoria morfologic (vezi lista abrevierilor), definiia(pentru cuvintele polisemantice, sunt incluse mai multe sensuri, ncepnd cu celde baz, urmat de sensurile specifice utilizate n limbajul de afaceri) i claselemorfologice cu care cuvntul-titlu formeaz uniti lexicale i semantice (cucaractere cursive); din nou, n cazul cuvintelor polisemantice se folosetediferenierea acestora pe sensuri, utiliznd cifre arabe i, n cazul substantivelor,sunt date sinonimele aferente fiecrui sens n parte.

-

Coloana din dreapta conine traducerea n limba romna sensurilor cuvintelor-titlu, separate cu ajutorul cifrelor arabe.


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Cuvintele-titlu aparin urmtoarelor clase morfologice: substantiv, verb, adjectivsau adverb (mai rar).

Articolele coninnd substantivesunt constituite astfel:cuvnt-titlu sens general sens de afaceri traducere

categorie morfologic

AGREEMENT n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by twoor more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceable by law

verbe care precedsubstantivulverbe care urmeazdupsubstantiv

adjective

expresii care conin substantivul

1. (accord)V: abide by, achieve, act in ~ with ~V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is validA: advantageous, amicable, awkward ~P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach of ~ stumbling block to ~

2. (contract)V: abide by, breach, break, by-pass ~V: ~ comes into force/effect, expiresA: bilateral, binding, commercial ~P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, draft, record, terms of ~

3.

nelegere, acord,consens

4.

contract scris saunelegere verbal

sinonime pentru fiecaresens

Articolele coninndverbesunt organizate astfel:

cuvnt-titlu categorie gramatical definiie traducere

ASSESSv. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth

substantive care uremazdupverb

assess chances, the condition of sth, costs, damage, effects,efficiency, the importance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits,property, quality, situation, usefulness, value, worth

assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, properly

a evalua, a estima,a msura

adverbe care urmeazdupverb


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Articolele coninnd adjectiveau urmtoarea structur:

cuvnt-titlu categorie gramatical definiie traducere

CORPORATEadj. relating to a company or group

corporate advertising, bond, colours, decision, employee, fashion,hospitality, identity, image, leader, plan, planning, raider, revenue,sector, structure, tax, welfare

de firm, organizaional

substantive care urmeazdupadjectiv

Lista abrevierilor:

~ = cuvnt-titluV: = verbV: ~ = verb care precede substantivul titlu

A: = adjectivP: = locuiuni/expresii care conin substantivul titlun. = noun (substantiv)adj. = adjectivadv. = adverbv. = verb

sth = something (ceva)sb = somebody (cineva)esp. = especially (n special)etc. = et caeterausu. = usually (de obicei)sg. = singular

pl. = pluralinfml. = informalcolloq. = colloquialism (expresie colocvial)

A.E. = American English (englezamerican)Br.E. = British English (englezbritanic)USA = United States of America (Statele Unite ale Americii)


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A

ABILITYn. the skill or talent to do or perform sth successfully abilitate, talent,aptitudine

V: acquire, affect, appraise, appreciate, assess, demonstrate, doubt, develop, encourage,

evaluate, foster, hamper, have, hinder, impair, impede, lack, limit, lose, lower, measure,over/underrate, possess, question, recognise, reduce, retain, show, underestimate,undermine, use ~

A: academic, administrative, apparent, artistic, average, competitive, creative, decision-making, earning, entrepreneurial, exceptional, executive, fund-raising, great, inferior,inherent, innate, innovative, language, latent, leadership, learning, legal, managerial,marked, mental, moderate, natural, outstanding, physical, proven, remarkable, striking,superior, uncanny, unique, working ~

P: ~ to assert oneself, to communicate well, to invest, to lead, to manage change, to meetfinancial obligations, to (re)pay, to perform tasks, to trade freely, to work under pressure,to work in a team; test of ~ies

ABSENTEE n. a person who is not at a place where they wereexpected to be

persoanabsent

A: conspicuous, notable ~P: ~ boss, employee, landlord, level, MP, procedure, rate, record, vote

ABSENTEEISM n. frequent absence from work or some otherplace, esp. without good reason

absenteism, lipsnejustificatde laserviciu

V: avoid, bring ~ under control, combat, curb, cut, deal with, estimate, halve, measure,prevent, reduce ~

V: ~ came down, decreased, diminished, dropped, fell, increased, is attributable/due to, is onthe increase, remained steady, rose, went up

A: alarming, decreased, employee, excessive, high, increasing, low, persistent, reduced,reported, sickness, unnecessary, work ~

P: ~ policy, procedure; ~ at work; ~ in the workplace; ~ from work; amount, case, cause,control, costs, high/low degree, level, rate of ~

ACCEPTv. 1. to take, or agree to receive, sth offered 2. to agreeto, to say yes to an offer, proposal, suggestion, invitation,

price, etc.

1. accepta2. a fi de acord

1. (take/receive)eagerly, gladly, graciously, gratefully, reluctantly, willingly accept


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be glad to, be happy to, be reluctant to, be unable to, be unwilling to acceptaccept sth from sb2. (agree/admit)blindly, happily, fully, grudgingly, readily, uncritically, unquestioningly acceptbe forced to, be happy to, be prepared to, be ready to, be reluctant to, be unable to, be

unwilling to, be willing to acceptlearn to, refuse to have no choice but to acceptcan/cannot, will/will not acceptit is commonly/generally/universally/widely acceptedaccept sth at face valueaccept advice, amendment, apology, application, appointment, argument, arrangement,

assertion, assignment, assurance, authority, award, bet, bid, blame, booking, bribe,(credit) card, challenge, charity, cheque, claim, commission, compensation, compromise,condition, congratulations, consequence, counsel, criticism, cut, deal, defeat, definition,delivery, diploma, doctrine, dogma, donation, employment, excuse, existence,explanation, fact, fate, fault, favour, gift, guideline, help, honour, hospitality, idea,immigrant, implication, importance, inevitability, input, instruction, invitation, job,liability, lift, limit, limitation, logic, manuscript, mediation, money, motion, need,nomination, notion, offer, offering, package, payment, penalty, petition, plea, point ofview, position, possibility, prize, proposal, proposition, punishment, quotation, quote,reality, reasoning, rebuke, recommendation, reduction, redundancy, reform, refugee,refusal, registration, report, request, reservation, resignation, responsibility, restriction,risk, role, rule, settlement, situation, submission, suggestion, surrender, teaching, tender,term, thanks, theory, thesis, treatment, treaty, truth, ultimatum, validity, verdict, view,wage, wisdom

ACCEPTANCE n. 1. willingness to receive; written or verbalagreement of conditions, a deal, delivery, price, proposal, etc.2. a formal agreement by a debtor to pay a draft or bill ofexchange when it becomes payable

1. acceptare (a unorcondiii, livrare, pre,etc.)2. acceptul trasului de aplti suma nscrispe otrat

1. (agreement)V: achieve, advise against, announce, confirm, encourage, exhibit, find, forbid, gain, give,

guarantee, increase, indicate, meet with, reach, receive, recommend, refuse, require,resign, seek, signify, struggle for, win ~

A: apparent, blind, broad, (un)conditional, consumer, cultural, customer, consumer, definite,

early, enthusiastic, eventual, formal, full, general, gradual, grateful, greater, growing,grudging, guaranteed, immediate, implicit, increasing, mainstream, market, official,

partial, passive, plucky, prompt, public, ready, reluctant, social, societal, stoic(al), tacit,total, uncomplaining, uncritical, universal, unquestioning, unwilling, user, virtual,wholehearted, wide, widespread ~

P: ~ of sth; degree, level, message, pinnacle, record of ~; ~ address, letter, speech; ~ among2. (formal agreement)

V: acknowledge, advise of, confirm, give, present for, receive, refuse ~A: bank, blank, clean, collateral, (un)covered, general, guaranteed, (un)qualified, special,

trade ~


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P: ~ account, bill, certificate, check, credit, creditor, deadline, declaration, house, letter, liability, line; 3 days after ~; delivery on ~; documents against ~1; conditions, letter of ~

ACCESSn. entry or approach; opportunity for use acces, intrare; drept deutilizare

V: acquire, allow, authorise, bar, be entitled to, block, claim, control,demand, deny, ensure, facilitate, force, gain, get, give, grant, guarantee, have,improve, insure, limit, lose, make arrangements for, obstruct, obtain, offer,

pay for, permit, prevent, provide, reduce, refuse, retain, secure, seek, widen,win ~

A: arbitrary, (un)authorised, centralised, complete, computer, difficult, (in)direct, dynamic,early, easy, equal, fast, free, full, greater, (un)limited, immediate, improved, indirect,instant, Internet, (un)limited, market, network, online, open, poor, privileged, public,random, ready, reduced, (un)restricted, secure, speedy, swift, unfettered, universal,unprecedented, vehicle ~

P: ~ arrangements, authorisation, card, charge, code, control, denial, devices, failure,group, level, list, method, network, number, panel, path, period, permission, point, policy,

privileges, protocol, providers, right, road; ~ to data, companys books, information;convenience, equality, lack, rights of ~; control, dispute over ~

ACCIDENT n. 1. an unexpected and undesirable event, esp. oneresulting in damage or harm 2.lack of intention; chance

1. accident2. ntmplare

1. (unfortunate mishap)V: avert, avoid, be involved in, be no ~ that, cause, have, meet with, precipitate, prevent,

recover from, suffer, survive, witness ~V: ~ happened, occurred, took place

A: bad, bizarre, car, deadly, dreadful, fatal, freak, happy, hit-and-run, horrible, horrific,industrial, major, minor, motor-vehicle, nasty, nuclear, road, serious, slight, small,terrible, traffic, tragic, unfortunate ~

P: ~ black spot, investigation, prevention, rate, report, statistics, victim; cause, scene, victimof ~; spate of, toll of ~s

2. (chance)

A: happy, historical, mere, pure, sheer ~P: by ~; ~ of birth, history

ACCOMMODATION n. 1. a place to live, work or stay 2.money

lent for a short time, esp. to meet urgent needs

1. cazare, gzduire

2.

mprumut pe termenscurt

1. (housing)V: arrange for, assign sb to, book, find, get, have, hunt for, let, look for, offer, pay for,

provide, rent, request, reserve, search for, secure, seek, supply, take ~A: (in)adequate, affordable, available, basic, bed-and-breakfast, booked, cheap, clean,

comfortable, cosy, day-to-day, decent, excellent, (in)expensive, first/high/second-class,free, furnished, good, half/full-board, holiday, hospital, hotel, long/short-term, living,luxury, luxurious, office, overnight, permanent, poor, private, quality, rented, residential,satisfactory, secure, self-catering, shabby, sheltered, sleeping, spacious, staff,

1D/A Documents against acceptance n.pl.instructions from a shipper to his bank that the documents are attached toa time draft for collection and deliverable to the drawee against his/her acceptance of the draft


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(sub)standard, student, suitable, superior, support, temporary, tourist, travel, vacation ~P: ~ allowance, bureau, costs, expenses, package; cost, possibility, provision, scarcity,

shortage, size of ~2. (short-term loan)

A: bank, short-term ~

P: ~ bill, broker, endorsement, paper, party

ACCOUNT n. 1. a story, report, description, explanation 2. adetailed record of business dealings between parties who aredebtor and creditor, and of the manner in which money isreceived, held, or spent 3.pl. a set of accounting records thatreflect how much a business owes or it is owed; and after

periodical balancing, how much profit has been made 4. anarrangement with a bank or firm that allows credit for financialand commercial payments 5.a bill, an invoice

1. relatare, descriere,explicaie, raport, referat2. evidena tranzaciilorntre parteneri,nregistrate ca debit icredit3. nregistrri contabile4. cont al unei firmedeschis la o banc

5. factur, notde plat1. (report)V: check, circulate, corroborate, give, obtain, offer, produce, provide, publish, receive, send

in, submit, verify, write ~V: ~ appeared, is consistent with, circulated, has come in, tallies with

A: (in)accurate, authentic, (un)biased, brief, clear, (in)coherent, comprehensive,(un)convincing, detailed, distorted, dramatic, elaborate, exciting, false, fascinating,

fictitious, first-hand, frightening, funny, general, impartial, informative, knowledgeable,persuasive, precise, (un)reliable, succinct, true, truthful, vague, verbatim, vivid ~

2. (transactions record)

V: balance, charge to sbs ~, check, close, do, file, go through, keep, keep a record of,manage, open, put on sbs ~, settle, square, verify ~

V: ~ is consistent with, tallies withA: appropriation, brokerage, budget, business, capital, centralised, custodial, custody,

expense, financial, income and expenditure, investors, itemised, nominal, offshore,option, profit and loss, revenue, securities, single, suspense, trading ~

P: ~s file, manager; payment on ~; statement of ~3. (ledger entries)V: balance, check, correct, do, endorse, examine, file, go through, inspect, keep a record of,

identify, pay into, settle, square, take an amount of money out of, verify ~A: annual, asset, audited, balanced, bank, blocked, building, business, capital, computerised,

conflicting, consolidated, current, discretionary, doubtful, dubious, end-of-year, expense,final, financial, gold, group, interim, ledger, managerial, monthly, nominal, outstanding,overall, (im)personal, prime, quarterly, real, tax ~

P: ~s clerk, closing, department, file, maintenance, manager, report; ~s payable, receivable;chart, falsification, interpretation, set of ~s

4. (banking arrangement)

V: add sth to, close, charge to, credit, draw on, freeze, have, keep, open, overdraw, pay sthinto, put sth into, run down, settle ~

V: ~ is in the red/black, is overdrawn/in creditA: bank, budget, checking, credit, current, deposit, dead, dormant, healthy, illicit, interest-

bearing/earning/paying, joint, loan, numbered, overdue, public, savings, zero-balance ~P: ~ holder


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5. (bill)V: check, pay, prepare, question, receive, render, send in, settle, square ~

A: itemised, overdue ~

ACCOUNTABILITYn. responsibility to sb or for sth rspundere,

responsabilitateV: admit, demand, enhance, ensure, expect, ignore, improve, increase, meet the

requirements of, reduce, restore, strengthen, weaken ~V: ~ extends beyond, is enforced by, is strengthened by, requires

A: auditing, contractual, corporate, customer, democratic, direct, educational, financial,full, government, group, greater, increased, individual, limited, local, managerial,maximum, ministerial, moral, party, parliamentary, peer, personal, policy, political,

professional, public, social, strict, supplier, tax ~P: ~ procedures; absence, climate, code, degree, element, exercise, form, lack, mechanism,

principle, problem, transfer, system, type of ~; ~ for quality of work; need for ~;approach, commitment to ~

ACCOUNTANTn. sb whose job is to keep and check the financialrecords of an organisation, or to advise people on income,spending, tax, etc.

contabil

V: become, consult, employ, work as an ~V: ~ audits, deals with, identifies, operates, records, reports

A: asset, assistant, certified public, chartered, chief, company, corporate, cost, elusive, fee-earning, financial, forensic, head, junior, management, public, qualified, self-employed,tax, tour ~

P: ~s certificate

ACCOUNTANCYn.the work or profession of an accountant contabilitate, meseriade contabil

V: study, work in ~A: business, chartered, creative, public~P: ~ articles, body, books, career, course, degree, fees, firm, group, industry, job, office,

practice, profession, rule, services, theory, world; career, degree in ~; principles of ~

ACCOUNTINGn.1.in U.S.A., the same meaning as accountancyin Britain 2.in Britain, a system of recording the money value

of business dealings to enable a concern to see the financialposition at any one time

1. contabilitate,meseria de contabil

2.

sistem decontabilitate1. (accountancy)V: study, work in ~

A: business, creative, false ~P: ~ area, articles, body, books, business, capabilities, career, charges, committee, course,

degree, department, document, fees, file, error, firm, function, group, industry, instructor,irregularities, job, machine, objective, office, practice, profession, profit, rule, scandal,services, team, technicians, theory, tricks, unit, world; career, degree, experience in ~;

principles of ~2. (system of transactions recording)

V: complete, work out ~A: accruals, acquisition, budgetary, cash, commitment, (current/historic(al)/total)cost,


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creative, equity, financial, flexible, inflation, insolvency, inventory, investment,management, managerial, public, revenue, separate, uniform ~

P: ~ books, control, cost, cycle, data, deficit, depreciation, entry, equation, expert, exposure,firm, group, information, legislation, manual, method, operation, period, plan, policy,practices, principles, procedure, process, profit, rate of return, ratio, records,

regulations, report, rules, service, software, standards, system, technique, trick, year;method of ~

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE n.pl. (esp. U.S.A.) a record of amountsowed by a company to suppliers of goods and services

conturi (de pasiv) defurnizori, clieni creditori

V: age, bring ~ to zero, generate report on, list as, pay, reduce, settle ~A: actual, (un)paid, total ~P: ~ account, accounting, ageing, analysis, balance, clerk, department, entry, financing,

item, ledger, payment, settlement, voucher; report, record of ~

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEn.pl.(esp. U.S.A.) a record of amountsowed to a company by suppliers of goods and services

conturi (de activ) defurnizori debitori,clieni i conturiasimilate, creane

V: accept, age, buy, collect, dispose of, finance, generate report on, process, tally, value ~A: doubtful, large, overdue, total ~P: ~ account, accounting, ageing, analysis, balance, clerk, department, factoring, financing,

ledger, loan, risk, turnover; report, sale of ~

ACCRUAL n. 1. a gradual and/or automatic increase 2. accrued

charge; expenses attributable to the current financial period butwhose settlement will not be effected until a subsequentfinancial period 3.pl. an adjusting amount added to an accountat the end of an accounting period to record a sum owed to or

by the firm but not yet paid

1. cretere

2.

angajament financiar,obligaie financiarneonorat3. conturi de regularizareutilizate n contabilitateade angajamente

1. (increase)

V: allow for, list as, make ~A: invoice, overall, planned, (pre)tax ~P: ~ of capital, benefits, debt, discount, funds, interest, principle, taxes; ~ for pensions2. (accrued charge)

V: enter in the books as an, list under ~s, prevent ~P:~ basis, bond, concept, date, deadline, information, item, method, month, note, posting,

principle, rate, scale; ~ of customs/storage charges; day, period of ~3.(adjusting amounts)A: receivable ~sP: ~s accounting, accounts

ACCRUEv. to increase gradually with time a crete, a sporiaccrue amount, cost, pointsadvantage, benefits, charges, compensation, debts, dollars, gains, health, income, interest,

knowledge, losses, penalty, profits, revenues, royalties, savings, wealth, well-beingaccrue/s


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public, scant, self-deprecating, special, tacit, unfounded, unjust, unwarranted, usual,worldly ~

P: message, grunt, smile of ~2. (confirmation)

V: ask for, issue, receive, refuse, send, sign ~A: official, unquestionable, written ~P: ~ of acceptance, debt, indebtedness, order, payment, receipt; letter of ~

ACQUISITION n. 1. act of acquiring sth 2. sth obtained, esp. acompany that has been bought or taken over

1. (acquiring)

1. achiziionare,dobndire2. achiziie, cumprare(n special la preluareaunei firme)

V: announce, derive benefits from, finance, fund, look for, negotiate, sustain ~

A: big, data, expensive, knowledge, land, language, large, latest, material goods, major,new, order, original, purchase, recent, significant, splendid, substantial, target, valuable ~

P: ~ commission, cost, data, date, deal, department, effort, expense, fee, field, form, format,list, management, option, period, policy, price, process, reversal, strategy, task, tax; ~ ofcredentials, data, goods, information, knowledge, riches, territory, title, wealth; ~ in good

faith2. (take-over)

V: announce, complete, derive benefits from, finance, fund, negotiate, pursue, support,sustain ~

V: ~ boosts/enhances earnings, goes aheadA: asset, attractive, company, competitive, compulsory, corporate, gradual, horizontal,

illegal, illicit, improper, indirect, joint, permanent, vertical, target, taxable, tax free ~P: ~ accounting, agent, agreement, block, check, cost, criteria, deal, debt, plan, price,

procedure, process, strategy, tax; ~ of (financial) assets, capital, company, ownership,property, shares, stock

ACTIONn. 1.sth done to achieve a goal; the accomplishment of athing; the way sth moves or works 2. legal proceedings in acourt

1. aciune, realizare2. aciune n instan,

proces1. (act)V: be led into, call for, condemn, condone, contemplate, criticise, decide on, defer, demand,

hamper, hinder, incite sb to, inspire, instigate, judge, justify, lead to, leap into, perform,plan, postpone, preclude, prepare for, press for, prevent, put ideas/plans into,recommend, renew, request, require, roll into, rouse sb to, rush into, spur into, start, take,take part in, translate into, undertake ~

A: aggressive, affirmative, appropriate, bold, careless, clumsy, concerted, constant, co-ordinated, corporate, corrective, covert, daring, decisive, defensive, definitive, deliberate,disciplinary, disgraceful, drastic, emergency, energetic, equal opportunity, evasive,exemplary, extreme, fast, foolish, further, generous, hasty, hostile, human, humanitarian,ill-advised, immediate, industrial, imminent, impulsive, incomprehensible, instant,

institutional, joint, legitimate, military, past, precipitated, preliminary, (un)premeditated,prompt, purposeful, quick, rapid, rearguard, remedial, resolute, retaliatory, ruthless,


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sensitive, slow, spontaneous, stern, strenuous, supportive, swift, symbolic, thoughtless,unfortunate, unilateral, unprincipled, unwise, urgent, voluntary, wrong ~

P: ~ group, items, plan; course, freedom, lack, line, man, pattern, plan, programme,timetable of ~; sequence of ~s; demand, grounds, pleas for ~

2. (legal proceedings)

V: avert, avoid, begin, bring, cause, commence, consider, contemplate, continue, defend,dismiss, drop, eschew, face, give evidence in, initiate, is statute barred, pursue, risk,suspend, take threaten, win legal ~

A: civil, court, cross, defensive, disciplinary, expensive, frivolous, legal, libel, plaintiff's,probation, slander, vexatious ~

P: cause, settlement of ~

ACTIVITYn.state of doing sth; any specific action or pursuit activitate, aciuneV: ban, be engaged in, be involved in, be mixed up in, boost, cease, curb, discourage,

disrupt, expand, go in for, hamper, improve, indulge in, keep an eye on, limit, monitor,prevent, proceed to, pursue, put a stop to, reduce, share, step up, suppress, sustain, takeup, wind up ~

V: ~ extends to sth

A: brisk, busy, ceaseless, chief, commercial, competitive, constant, continuous, core,corporate, covert, criminal, daily, detrimental, economic, educational, energetic,enjoyable, entrepreneurial, evening, excessive, frantic, fraudulent, frenetic, goal-directed,group, harmful, high-risk, hectic, illegal, indoor, intense, joint, lawful, leisure,management, manufacturing, mental, nefarious, new, organisational, outdoor, overseas,

particular, physical, policy-making, professional, profitable, recreational, reduced,(un)related, research, rewarding, risky, secret, self-indulgent, social, special, sporting,strenuous, subversive, sustained, trading, uncontrolled, underground, unrestrained,unusual, widespread, worthwhile ~

P: area, burst, field, form, flurry, hive, level, line, range, scurry, surge, wave, whirl(wind) of~; series, variety of ~s; downturn, fall, growth, pick-up, slowdown, upsurge in ~

ACUMENn.quick insight; the ability to make accurate judgementsof people or situations

putere de ptrundere,discernmnt,perspicacitate, simulafacerilor

V: acquire, develop, establish, have, lack, possess, show ~

A: (keen) business, commercial, considerable, executive, financial, fine, great, legal,managerial, mental, political, sharp, social, technical ~

ADDRESS n. 1. the place where a person lives or an organisation issituated 2.discourse delivered to an audience

1. adres, reedin2. alocuiune

1. (residence)V: arrive at, be located at, change, collect from, confirm, deliver to, mail to, receive, remit

to, reply at, send to, take ~A: above, contact, current, e-mail, forwarding, full, known, last, mailing, new, office, p-mail,

personal, postal, private, secret, shipping, short, temporary ~P: ~ announcement, book, database, label; change of ~

2. (speech)V: deliver, give ~


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A: brief, election, emotional, farewell, final, formal, inaugural, keynote, moving, national,opening, presidential, short, televised ~

ADMINISTRATIONn. the management, control and direction of abusiness or organisation

conducere, administrare,gestiune a unei firme

V: be in charge of, be responsible for, streamline, take over, tighten up, work in ~A: bureaucratic, central, city, college, day-to-day, (in)efficient, energetic, financial,

government, justice, labour, legal, manpower, materials, office, overall, personnel,public, poor, regional, routine, school, secretarial, site, social, smooth, successful, trust,university ~

P: ~ charges, consultant, costs, department, effort, expenses, official, order, papers,secretary, union; ~ of assets, estate, inventory, justice, property, securities; ~ by sb;board, cost of ~

ADMINISTRATOR n. sb who has the power to control, direct ormanage a business or other organisation

administrator, gestionar

V: appoint, enable, select, serve as ~A: able, bad, city, clever, college, competent, database, dedicated, efficient, experienced,

financial, former, hard-headed, insolvency, level-headed, network, part-time, poor,project, public, security, senior, skilful, system, tax, temporary, union, university, wise ~

ADMISSION n. 1. the act or process of admitting; the state orprivilege of being admitted 2. the granting of an argument orposition not fully proved; acknowledgment that a fact orstatement is true

1. admitere2. recunoatere

1 (entry)

V: apply for, approve, ban, demand, deny, forbid, force, gain, give, grant, need, refuse,request ~

A: early, emergency, free, full, immediate, (un)restricted, temporary ~P: ~ charge, criterion, discount, fee, practice, price, procedure, rule; requirements for ~2. (confession)V: come out with, force, make, wring an ~ from sb

A: candid, embarrassing, frank, full, humiliating, misleading, painful, partial, ready,reluctant, revealing, tacit ~

P: ~ of defeat, error, failure

ADVANCEn. 1.an act of going forward 2.progress 3.a paymentmade before due time 4.a loan

1. naintare, avans(are)2. progres, descoperire3. platn avans4. mprumut

1. (an act of going forward)V: accelerate, achieve, block, check, delay, facilitate, further, halt, hamper, hold back/up,

impede, keep back, make, oppose, prevent, repel, report, resist, slow down, spearhead,speed up ~

V: ~ gathered momentum, lost impetus, met with setbacks, slowed down, speeded upA: breathtaking, brutal, dramatic, engulfing, exhilarating, great, inevitable, rapid, relentless,

remarkable, significant, slow, steady, sudden, swift, unimpeded ~

2. (progress)V: achieve, curse, defend, make, mark, reject, welcome ~


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A: astonishing, economic, genuine, giant, gradual, latest, major, new, real, research,revolutionary, scientific, significant, small, technical, technological ~

P: ~ in access to justice, automation, communications3. (payment made before due time)

V: accept, make, pay, put in, receive, refund ~

A: cash, late ~P: ~ billing scheme, compensation, corporation tax, interest, payment, purchasing, royalties,

sales4. (loan)

V: accept, demand, get, make, offer, pay off, reject, secure ~A: additional, hefty, large, overdue ~P: demand for ~

ADVANTAGE n.a favourable circumstance;benefit, profit avantaj; profitV: achieve, balance, be at an, bring, confer, counteract, derive, develop, draw, enjoy, erode,

exploit, gain, get, give, have, hold, keep, leave sb at, offer, outweigh, overlook, reap,retain, secure, seize, take (full) of, turn sth into, use sth to sb (best), waste, work to sbs,wring ~

A: added, additional, big, clear, commercial, comparative, competitive, considerable,decent, decided, decisive, definite, distinct, dubious, economic, educational, electoral,enormous, extra, financial, full, great, huge, important, key, lasting, main, major, market,material, mutual, natural, obvious, overwhelming, particular, personal, positive, practical,

price, real, significant, slender, special, superb, tax, technical, technological, territorial,time zone, unfair, unjustified ~

P: to sb / sth 's best ~; ~ over competition, competitors; ~ in business

ADVERTISEv. making public a product, a service, a job vacancy,an event, etc.; publicly announce availability or need a face reclam, a faceun anunpublicitar

advertise a company, cigarettes, a product, an available post, job vacancies, service, waresadvertise for sb/sthadvertise heavily, locally, nationally, widely

ADVERTISEMENTn.public announcement in a newspaper, or onthe radio, television or Internet advertising products, vacancies,or certain events (abbrev. ad)

anunpublicitar,reclam

V: agree to, answer to, appear in, back, ban, charge for, conceive, control, create, devise,display, draft, fund, insert, issue limit, monitor, place, produce, put ~ in (newspaper,magazine, etc.), react to, read, refer to, reply to, respond to, restrict, rule out, run, screen,see, select, show, stop, take out, write, expose sb to, tailor ~

V: ~ appeared, aroused great wrath, describes, disagrees with, drew sb's attention, features,inflates the market, lists, mentions, spearheads sth

A: alternative, classified, controversial, conventional, co-operative, costly, coupon,disagreeable, discrete, display, effective, eye-catching, free, front-page, full-page, good,hard-hitting, illustrated, inflatable, Internet, investment, job, large, launch, local,misleading, movie, offending, national, newspaper, political, poor, real estate, reminder,repeat, single, small, spot, straightforward, successful, television (TV), walking, widelyacclaimed ~

P: ~ broker, canvasser, column, contents, manager, positioning, rating, spending; an ~ forsb/ sth; draft, format, size of ~; (TV, radio) pause for ~s; in answer/reply/response to ~;


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with regard/reference to ~

ADVERTISINGn.way of increasing consumer demand by bringingthe product to the attention of the public

publicitate, reclam

V: advise on, be trained in, depend on, increase, reconsider, rely on, specialise in, spend on,stop, study, use ~

V: ~ was hit hard by the recessionA: brief, classified, combative, commercial, comparative, constructive, consumer,

controversial, conventional, corporate, counter-cyclical, creative, declining, direct mail,effective, excessive, exterior transit, global, graphic, informative, innovative, institutional,in-your-face, ironic, local, material, nation-wide, national, offensive, outrageous,outstanding, paid, persuasive, point-of-sale, prestige, printed, product, promotional,

provocative, radical, sensational, subliminal, successful, sustained, television,transportation, up-to-date, word-of-mouth ~

P: ~ account, activity, agency, agent, allowance, analysis, appeal, approach, art, audience,brochure, budget, bureau, campaign, canvasser, channel, circular, column, consultant,contract, copy, costs, customer, department, director, directory, discount, display, drive,effect, effectiveness, effort, executive, expenditure, expense, expert, film, function, groupidea, industry, injury, insert, journal, label, leaflet, letter, mail, man, manager, mass-media, material, medium, message, needs, network, people, plan, product, policy,

professional, readership, requirements, revenue, space, spending, staff, strategy, support,time, trade; rebound in ~; forms of ~; ban on ~

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNn.advertising operations spread over agiven length of time and over a fixed range of media, with the

object of influencing the consumers

campanie publicitar

V: begin, be involved in, carry out, conduct, coordinate, embark on, initiate, launch, lead,mastermind, maintain, manage, mount, organise, pay for, plan, run, spend on, start, take

part in, wage ~V: ~ aims at, concentrates on, targets students

A: comprehensive, corporate, extensive, false, full-scale, global, hard-hitting, in-your-face,intensive, large, massive, misleading, modest, national, official, public, television, nation-wide, successful ~

P: ~ on cosmetics

ADVICEn. 1. information given to sb, esp. by an expert, so thatthey know what to do and can make the right decision 2. a

document giving sb details about a sale or purchase; adocument giving information

1. sfat2. ntiinare

1. (helpful information)

V: accept, act on sb, adopt, appreciate, ask (for), avail oneself of, bend sbs ear for, benefitfrom, defy, disregard, follow, get, give, go against, heed, ignore look for, need, offer,profit from, provide, receive, refuse, reject, seek, spurn, sweep aside, take, tender, thankfor, welcome ~

A: astute, badly needed, blunt, career, cautious, clear, considered, deficient, detailed,dispassionate, excellent, expert, financial, further, helpful, immediate, impartial,

incorrect, invaluable, legal, little, official, practical, professional, prudent, reliable,sensible, sound, straight, unbiased, unequivocal, unsolicited, urgent, useful, valuable,


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valued, wise, wrong ~P: piece, word of ~

2. (document)

V: receive, send ~

P: credit ~; ~ of delivery, dispatch; receipt, letter of ~

ADVISER n. a person who advises, esp. one appointed to do so andregularly consulted

consilier, sftuitor

V: act as, appoint as, confirm as, consult, fire, hire, search for, serve as, work as ~A: business, careers, cautious, clear-headed, close, economic, environmental, experienced,

financial, former, government, impartial, independent, insurance, key, lead, legal,medical, official, outside, policy, political, public relations, realistic, statutory, technical,trusted, trustworthy, unbiased ~

P: ~'s role, suitability; appointment, job as ~

AFFAIRn. 1. a concern, a business, a matter to be attended to 2.anoteworthy thing or event 3. pl.a.ordinary pursuits of life b.

business dealings c.public matters

1. (a matter to be attended to)

1. problemde rezolvat2. eveniment remarcabil3.a) treburi, chestiunicotidiene b) afaceri,tranzacii c) chestiunipublice

V: attend to, conclude, conduct, end, handle, neglect ~A: local, public, social ~2. (a noteworthy thing or event)

V: admit to, analyse, commentate on, conceal, deny, disclose, discuss, investigate, learn

about, reveal ~A: alleged, embarrassing, gala, intriguing, lavish, low-key, noisy, publicised, puzzling,

somber, sorry, strange, tawdry, tense ~3a. (ordinary pursuits of life)V: meddle in, pry into ~s

A: casual, disgraceful, every day, family, mundane, routine, social ~s3b. (business dealings)V: arrange, attend to, be in charge of, conduct, control, deal with, dedicate oneself to,

handle, interfere into, look after, lose control of, make a mess of, manage, neglect,organise, oversee, put efforts into, run, sort out, take charge of, wind up ~s

A: administrative, business, commercial, consumer, corporate, economic, financial ~s

P: man, management, stage, statement of ~; responsibility over ~s

3c. (public matters)V: attend to, conduct, control, dedicate oneself to, handle, run ~s

A: civic, community, current, domestic, environmental, external, foreign, global,governmental, home, internal, international, legal, national, political, public, social,state, world ~s

AGENCY n. 1. a business which represents one group of peoplewhen dealing with another group 2.a relationship between an

agent and a principal in which the agent acts for and representsthe principal on the basis of the principal's instructions.

1. agenie2. (relaie de afaceri de)

intermediere,reprezentan


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1. (business)V: act through, apply to, be in charge of, form, found, join, launch, manage, register with,

run, set up, work for ~A: advertising, collection, credit-rating, dating, development, estate, fledgling, global,

independent, international, large, mercantile, news, overseas, press, recruitment, rival,

travel ~P: ~ listing, spokesman, staff2. (agent-principal relation)V: accept, act on an ~ basis, give, grant, handle a (sole), offer, take up ~

A: actual, apparent, exclusive, express, general implied, ostensible, sole, special, universal~P: ~ agreement, commission, contract, costs, fee, status, system; ~ by estoppel2, coupled with

an interest

AGENDAn.list of matters to be discussed or decided at a meeting;a series of things to be done

ordine de zi (la oedin); chestiuni derezolvat

V: abandon, add issues/items to, adopt, agree on, amend, appear on, approve, be off,catch up with, compile, devise, discuss, draft, draw up, decide on, exclude from,fix, formulate, get halfway through, go along with, go through, have, include on,

place sth at the end of, produce, provide, publish, pursue, put sth on, put sth at thetop of, rattle through, remove sth from, review, rule off, set, settle, stick to, vote on,write ~

V: ~ calls for, includes, listsA: attached, clear, clear-cut, common, domestic, enclosed, filled, final, (in)formal, full,

hidden, international, foreign-policy, legislative, open, meeting, national, next weeks,political, provisional, strategic, secret, tricky, world ~

P: ~ issue, item, maker; draft, description, details of ~; item, topic on ~

AGENTn. a person representing another in business agent, reprezentant,mandatar

V: act as, appoint, authorise as, contact, employ, have, look for, require, serve as, work as ~A: authorised, buying, commercial, customs, employment, estate, exclusive, government,

house, independent, insurance, literary, marketing, press, procurement, publicity,purchasing, (fully-)qualified, reliable, retail, sales, selling, shipping, successful, travel ~

P: ~s commission

AGREEMENT n. 1. the reaching or sharing of the same opinion;consensus 2. a verbal or written contract or arrangement by

two or more persons or organisations, sometimes enforceableby law

5.

nelegere, acord,consens6. contract scris saunelegere verbal

1. (consensus)

V: abide by, act in ~ with, arrive at, be in full/total ~ with, break, by-pass, carry out, cometo, conclude, confirm, convey, demand, express, go back on, hammer out, have sbs,honour, ignore, indicate, lead to, make, reach, reject, remain committed to, respect, seek,show, sort out, undermine, uphold, withhold, work out ~

V: ~ holds good, is in force, is out-of-date, is valid

2estoppel n.rule of evidence which prevents a person from saying that a formal statement which he had madeearlier is untrue, or from claiming that facts which he formerly said were true are untrue.


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A: advantageous, amicable, awkward, beneficial, bilateral, binding, broad, commercial,complete, complicated, convenient, crucial, equitable, fair, fair-trade, firm, (in)formal,

full, general, gentlemans, industrial, lasting, mutual, official, price, private, profitable,ready, reciprocal, solemn, standing, standstill, tacit, tentative, timely, threshold, total,unanimous, verbal, wise, workable, written ~

P: acceptance, areas, draft, expression, letter, record, terms of ~; stumbling block to ~2. (contract)

V: abide by, approve, breach, break, by-pass, cancel, circumvent, conclude, contract out of,discuss, draw up, endorse, enforce, enter into, extend, get out of, (dis)honour, implement,negotiate, ratify, remain committed to, compromise, renege on, renew, respect, revise,revoke, scrap, secure, sign, terminate, undermine, violate, view, withhold ~

V: ~ comes into force/effect, engenders, expires, holds good, is in force, is null and void, isout of date, is valid, provides for sth, runs out, states sth, takes effect, terminates, will besuperseded

A: advantageous, amicable, beneficial, bilateral, binding, commercial, complete,contractual, convenient, draft, equitable, fair, firm, (in)formal, general, industrial, lease,legally-binding, licensing, liquidity, loan, merger, mortgage, mutual, new, nondisclosure,official, preliminary, profitable, provisional, reciprocal, (re)purchase, solemn, (free)trade, verbal, wise, written ~

P: ~ of sale; acceptance, breach, details, draft, obligations, non-performance, record,revision, terms of ~

AIDn. help, esp. to a person, organisation or country in difficulty ajutor, asistenV: allocate, appeal for, award, be in need of, bring, call for, channel, come to sbs, cut (off),

deliver, demand, depend on, discontinue, distribute, enlist, extend, get, give, grant, halt,offer, lend, maintain, misappropriate, need, organise, procure, promise, provide, reduce,

refuse, rely on, resume, rush to sbs, send, seek, stop, summon, suspend, withdraw,withhold ~

A: covert, development, (in)direct, disaster, economic, effective, emergency, essential,external, financial, first, foreign, food, generous, government, housing, humanitarian,immediate, international, invaluable, legal, massive, medical, mutual, overseas,

pecuniary, regional, state, substantial, Third World, unemployment, unsolicited ~P: ~ agency, agreement, donor, fund, kit, loan, organisation, package, payments,

programme, scheme, supplies, system; absence, extension, granting, withdrawal of ~;grant-in-~

AIMn. the object to be attained; intention or purpose obiectiv; scop, intenieV: accomplish, achieve, be successful in, endorse, express, fail in, fall short of, fulfil, further,

have, lower, pursue, reach, secure, serve, set oneself, state, strive towards, succeed in,take (careful/direct), work for/towards ~

V: ~s coincide, collide, conflict, converge, match, overlapA: ambitious, apparent, avowed, basic, broad, chief, clear, common, conscious, declared,

deliberate, eventual, explicit, express, expressed, indirect, distant, eventual, far-reaching,final, first, fundamental, further, general, high, hopeless, immediate, implicit, implied,initial, intermediate, joint, key, legitimate, long/short-term, main, noble, overall,overriding, overwhelming, policy, political, prime, primary, principal, real, recognised,secret, sole, specific, stated, strategic, true, ultimate, underlying, useful, war, worthy ~

P: with the ~ of


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responsibilities, shares, staffing, taxes2. (cost allotment)A: asset, budget, cost(ing), overhead ~P: ~ of costs, overheads

ALLOWANCE n. money given out regularly to an employee forbusiness expenses, such as for travel, entertainment, motor-carmileage, and subsistence

indemnizaie, sporsalarial, diurn, ajutorbnesc

V: ask for, claim, demand, draw, get, give, grant, make, offer, pay, provide, receive, reduce,refuse, reimburse, squander, stop, use (up) ~

A: accommodation, additional, advertising, age, annual, attendance, basic, car, capital(gains tax), cash, charitable, child, Christmas, clothing, commuting, compensation,contingency, daily, depreciation, disability, disablement, disturbance, employment, extra,

family, fixed, food, funeral, generous, handicap, hardship, housekeeping, housing,income, meagre, mileage, miserly, mobility, monthly, personal, petty, regular, relocation,settling-in, small, special, substantial, taxable, travel, vacation, (in)valid, weekly ~

P: ~ beneficiary, payment; level, proportion of ~

AMENITIES n.pl.things that make you comfortable and at ease faciliti, confortV: add, expect, improve, offer, pay for, provide, upgrade, vary in, wreck ~V: ~ include, provide

A: additional, affordable, airport, appropriate, available, basic, complete, employees, fine,good, guestroom, hotel, indoor, local, luxury, modern, outdoor, outstanding,recreational, resort, various, workplace, world-class ~

P: ~ management; full array, lack, range of ~

AMORTISATION n. reducing a debt by making payments againstthe principal balance in instalments or regular transfers; thewriting off the cost of an asset over a period of time in astatement of accounts

amortizare;nregistrarea amortizriin contabilitate

V: accelerate, calculate ~A: annual, external, internal, loan, mortgage, negative ~P: ~ adjustment, amount, arrangement, calculation, cancellation, charge, code, control,

costs, deduction, discount, field, forecast, fund, instalment, method, payment, period, rate,reserve, schedule, terms, value; ~ of costs, debts, investment, hidden/undisclosed reserves,a loan, premium

AMOUNTn. a quantity, a sum, considered as a total cantitate, sumtotalV: add to, allocate, bring down/forward, carry down/forward, calculate,

charge, claim, cover, credit with, debit (an account) with, deduct from,deposit, determine, double, draw on sb for, estimate, forward, gain,guarantee, increase, insure, maximise, measure, overdraw, owe, pay,

provide, reckon, recover, reduce, refund, reimburse, remit, remove, rise in,settle, spend, state, stipulate ~

V: ~ decreased, diminished, fell, grew, increased, remained steady

A: additional, (in)adequate, amazing, appreciable, available, average,

budgeted, considerable, constant, disproportionate, due, enormous,equivalent, exact, excess, fixed, full, great, huge, incredible, invoice, large,


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(un)limited, massive, maximum, minimum, moderate, modest, negligible,net, outstanding, overall, reasonable, severance, small, specific, specified,substantial, (in)sufficient, surprising, stated, taxable, token, tremendous,total, typical, unpaid, vast ~

P: ~ above par value; ~ paid on account/in advance; ~ of annuity, business, confusion,control, food, information, money, material, people, time, (paper)work; high/highest,small/smallest in ~; in the right ~; in one ~; by a considerable ~; subtraction of ~

ANALYSISn. a close, detailed examination or report analiz, studiu,examinare

V: agree with, appreciate, carry out, complete, defy, do, embark on, handle, indulgein, invalidate, make, offer, present, produce, provide, request, resist, restrict ~ to,send, supervise, undertake, use ~

V: ~ confirms, demonstrates, is based on, shows, suggestsA: accounting, annual, authoritative, basic, (un)biased, broad, careful, close, confidential,

(benefit-)cost, critical, customer profile, data, detailed, economic, efficiency, expert, final,financial, foregoing, genuine, harsh, illuminating, impartial, in-depth, informal, job,logical, market, misleading, needs, objective, painstaking, penetrating, perceptive,

precise, preliminary, problem, profound, qualitative, quantitative, rational, rigorous,rough, sales, scholarly, simple, situation, sober, sophisticated, statistical, systematic,tentative, thorough, thought-provoking, tough, wide-ranging ~

P: ~ book, paper, programme; ~ of expenses; certificate of ~

ANNOUNCEMENT n. sth announced publicly; written or printednotice

anun; notificare

V: broadcast, catch, compose, delay, display, draft, greet, insert, issue, make, miss, notice, place ~ in, print,

publicise, publish, put up, receive, send, watch for ~V: ~ describes, is bound to, lists

A: arcane, brief, death, disaster, (un)expected, final, firm, formal, general, important, initial, job-cuts, last-minute,late, long-awaited, official, preliminary, printed, public, rash, special, written ~

P: ~ date, effect; ~ of decision, judgement, marriage, new products, opinion, sale; in response to ~

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (AGM) n. yearly meeting of themembers, shareholders and directors of a company

Adunarea GeneralaAcionarilor (AGA)

V: attend, be present at, cancel, chair, close, conduct, disrupt, hold, open ~V: ~ brought together, is held, takes placeP: ~ documents, members, minutes, report; notice, proceedings of ~

ANNUITYn.an amount of money paid to sb yearly; an insurancecontract or pension that pays sb a sum of money regularly forlife, usu. in return for a large payment

rent; rentviager

V: buy, get, grant, hold, issue, live off an, lose, offer, opt for, purchase, raise, receive, sell,settle ~ on sb

V: ~ comes to an end, expires, has been exhausted, is availableA: accident, annual, bank, contingent, deferred, disability, fixed, gift, gross, immediate, joint

and survival, joint-life, life, low, ordinary, pension, retirement, single-life, single-premium, survivorship, taxable, tax deferred, temporary, terminable, variable, widows ~

P: ~ agreement, bank, bond, business, certificate, claim, contract, cost, fee, fund, holder,

income, insurance, loan, mortgage, payment, plan, policy, quotes, rates, system, type,yield; amount, payment, price of ~


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APPEAL n.1.a formal or urgent request for public support, esp.

financial, for a cause 2.the referral of a case to a higher court3.attractiveness, appealing quality

1. apel, chemare2. apel, recurs3. atracie, atractivitate

1. (request)

V: address, answer, be moved by, ignore, issue, launch, listen to, make, present, refuse,reject, renew, respond to, turn down, use ~

V: ~ failed, raised $500, succeededA: charity, confident, desperate, (in)direct, dramatic, earnest, emergency, emotional, final,

global, humanitarian, immediate, last, market, mass, moving, mute, nationwide,passionate, personal, powerful, public, sincere, successful, television, urgent, wide,worldwide ~

P: ~ for a decision, help; ~ to the public, reason, sympathy2. (court request)

V: allow, bring, consider, deny, dismiss, exhaust, file, grant, hear, lodge, lose, make, reject,throw out, turn down, uphold, withdraw, win ~

V: ~ failed, succeeded, was deniedA: cross, defendants, plaintiffs, prosecutors ~P: ~ hearing, judge, tribunal; court, ground, right of ~; on/under/against ~3. (attractiveness)

V: boost, broaden, diminish, enhance, extend, have, hold, increase, lose, retain, widen ~V: ~ lies in sth

A: advertising, broad, charismatic, commercial, considerable, crossover, enduring,exceptional, great, growing, immediate, instant, intellectual, irresistible, lasting, limited,little, mainstream, mass, much, obvious, popular, powerful, product, sex, special, strong,timeless, universal, visual, wide, widespread ~

APPEARANCEn. 1. the act or instance of appearing2. the look oroutward aspect of a person or thing 3.a semblance

1. (appearing)

1. apariie2. nfiare, aspectexterior3. aparen

V: advise against, await, make, mark, prepare, put in an, recollect ~A: abrupt, belated, brief, dramatic, early, final, first, guest, inaugural, last, live, one-off,

public, rare, record breaking, regular, scheduled, spectacular, striking, stunning,subsequent, sudden, surprise, television, unexpected, welcome ~

P: ~ fee2. (outward aspect)

V: alter, be lugubrious/modest/secular in, care about/for, change, criticise, enhance, have,give, improve, keep, mar, oversee, put on, retain, smarten up, soften, spoil, take care of,take pride in ones, worsen ~

A: (un)attractive, classical, crisp, dishevelled, distinctive, elegant, false, fantastic, fastidious,futuristic, general, gleaming, good, handsome, healthy, imposing, impressive,intimidating, neat, odd, outward, overall, personal, physical, pleasant, pleasing, product,remodelled, scruffy, shabby, smart, sporty, strange, (un)tidy, unconventional,unprepossessing, youthful ~

P: alteration in ~3. (semblance)

V: keep up an, maintain, mimic, preserve ~A: deceptive ~


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P: ~ of conflict, guilt, partiality, poverty, wealth

APPLICANT n. person who formally applies for employment, a

grant of money or admission to a university

candidat pentru un post

/grant /la admitere,solicitantV: advise, back, charge, drop, exclude, interview, nominate, notify, refuse, reject, represent,

select, shortlist, stand as, support, vote for ~V: ~ appealed against, rates high, is entitled to, has the privileges, was appointed, was

granted a licenseA: credit, eager, job, loan, patent, pension, prospective, rival, (un)successful ~P: ~ screening, selection; ~ for office, a position, a university place, post, work; list of ~s for

a job

APPLICATION n. formal request usu. in writing to be given a

particular job, a grant of money or admission to a university

cerere (de angajare, etc.)

scrisoare de intenieV: accept, act on, approve, cancel, consider, deal with, dismiss, draw up, enclose, examine,

expedite, file, fill in, grant, invite, is under consideration. judge, lodge, make, process,pursue ~ further, put in, receive, refuse, reject, reply to, respond to, review, send in/out,strike out, submit, turn down, vet, withdraw, write ~

V: the ~ failed, was successful, went aheadA: confidential, detailed, formal, immediate, personal, prompt, written ~P: ~ fee, form, package, period, procedure, processing; ~ for membership, a credit, grant,

job, line of credit, loan, the position/post of; letter, status of ~; deluge, flood, wave of ~s

APPLICATION FORMn. a form to be filled out by an applicant formular de cerereV: complete, fill in/out, print, receive, return, send off/out, sign, submit ~

A: completed, employment, housing, job, obsolete, online, passport, sample, standard, visa ~P: ~ tips

APPLYv. make a formal request for sth; fill in a form or write aletter, asking formally to be allowed to have a particular job

a solicita (oficial); a faceo cerere pentru obinereaunui loc de munc

apply for admission, asylum, bail, citizenship, clearance, divorce, entry, exemption,extension, grant, injunction, insurance, job, leave, licence, loan, membership, passport,

patent, permission, permit, political asylum, position, post, rebate, recognition,registration, relief, renewal, social security, status, writ

apply early, in advance, in person, in plenty of time, in writing

APPOINTv. to select or formally choose someone for an officialposition

a numi, a nvesti ntr-ofuncie

appoint a chief officer, a committee, a coordinator, a deputy director, an expert, anexaminer, a manager, a management board

appoint sb chairman, managing directorappoint sb to a job, an office, a post, a higher position, a rank, an overseas unit

appoint by agreement, consensusappoint for a fixed term


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appoint formally, officially

APPOINTEEn.person who has been chosen for a particular job orposition

persoannumitntr-unpost

V: appoint, choose, indicate, recruit, replace, release ~

V: ~ is entitled to, is responsible for, is subject toA:(non)career, continuing, fixed term, new, non-mobile, governmental, political,

probationary, tenurable, (non)tenured ~P:~ eligibility; ~ to an office/department

APPOINTMENTn. 1. arrangement to have a meeting at a particulartime 2. a job or position, usu. one involving someresponsibility

1. programare,planificarea unei ntlniri2. numire ntr-un post

1. (meeting)V: accept, agree on, announce, arrange, be available for, call for, cancel, change, confirm,

have, hold, fix, keep, make, miss, obtain, put off, receive, (re)schedule, set (up) ~

A: alternative, business, convenient, exact, interview, last-minute, lunch, upcoming ~P: ~ book, calendar, date; by, without ~2. (selection for a position)V: accept, acknowledge, announce, apply for, avoid, congratulate on, consider, extend, hold,

obstruct, obtain, offer, oppose, prevent, process, propose, ratify, receive, reject, renew,resign from, take up an, terminate ~

V: ~ carries a(n) annual/commencing) salaryA: available, controversial, first/last, fixed-term, formal, good, honorary, ill-fated,

impending, initial, joint, limited, long/short-term, new, paid, permanent, public, recent,(non)renewable, secure, successful, temporary, term, vacant, (in)valid ~

P: ~ end date, period, salary;~ with tenure; ~ for life; ~ on a trial basis; ~ to top positions;letter, period, power, renewal of ~

APPOINTMENTS PAGEn.newspaper page listing jobs or positionsavailable

paginde ziar cu ofertede serviciu

V: examine, find on, print, read, turn ~V: ~ appears, shows

A: online ~P: ~ content, header, layout; ~ of a newspaper

APPRAISAL n. 1. a judgment or opinion of something or

somebody 2. the evaluation of an employees performanceover a period of time, often in the form of a formal interview

1. evaluare, opinie

2. evaluareaactivitii depuse deangajai, de obicei ncadrul unui interviu

1. (evaluation)

V: carry out, conduct, establish by, give, (over)inflate, make, perform ~V: ~ comes in too high/low, is under way

A: accurate, appropriate, candid, career, case, complex, constructive, cool, cost, critical,cynical, definite, detailed, (non)discriminatory, economic, environmental, familiar,

financial, frank, fresh, generous, high, historical, home, honest, independent, individual,inflated, investment, low, mutual, objective, positive, predatory, pricing, project, property,

public debt, qualitative, quantitative, quick, real estate, realistic, records, sensitive, stock,supplier, teacher, team, thorough ~


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P: ~ approach, expenditures, fee, fraud, process, requirement, services, standard, system,technique, term, value; ~ of cost, debt relief, due diligence, ideas, securities, work

2. (staff evaluation)V: complete, conduct, give, make ~

A: annual, performance, periodical, staff, team ~

P: ~ meeting, interview, session, system; methods, period, principles, programme of ~

APPRECIATIONn. 1. a favourable opinion of sth 2. an increase inthe value of an asset or currency in comparison with othercurrencies

1.

apreciere, opiniefavorabil2. cretere a valorii,apreciere

1. (positive opinion)V: accept sth with, acknowledge, build, demonstrate, earn, enhance, express, extend, foster,

gain, have ~ of, increase, mar, note with, receive, require, roar in, share, show, widen,win ~

A: deep, excessive, exaggerated, fine, frank, full, general, genuine, great, heartfelt, honest,

little, perfect, public, real, renewed, scientific, sincere, spontaneous ~P: ~ award, dinner; expression, gesture, lack, letter, note, sentiment, token, tribute, word(s)

of ~2. (growth in value)

V: calculate ~A: annual, anticipated, capital, currency, excess, market, net, price,( un)realized ~P: ~ in excess; ~ of assets, currency, prices, real estate, stocks, value; rate of ~

APPROACHn. specific way of thinking or dealing with a problem;the method used in doing or solving sth

abordare, metoddelucru

V: achieve, adopt, apply, articulate, attempt, change, characterise, choose, cling to, come toa head with, consider, decide on, employ, endorse, envisage, explain, expound, favour,follow, have, illustrate, make, misjudge, modify, object to, pursue, recognise, reject,resist, settle for, show, suggest, take, try, uphold, urge, use, welcome ~

V: ~ appears as, defines, grows in popularity, has scope for improvement, implies, involves,is consonant/in keeping with, pays off

A: aggressive, ambitious, analytic, balanced, basic, best, bold, bottom-up, broad, broad-ranging, can-do, careful, careless, causal, cautious, cerebral, clear, clear-headed,coherent, commendable, concerted, conciliatory, (in)consistent, (un)constructive,(un)conventional, cool, co-ordinated, corporate, crude, data collection, departmental,determined, (in)direct, disciplined, dispassionate, doctrinaire, eclectic, economic,

effective, elastic, empirical, energetic, enthusiastic, entrepreneurial, ethical, favoured,firm, flexible, fresh, (un)friendly, global, grass-roots, hands-on/off, hard-line, helpful,holistic, hostile, humane, (un)imaginative, individualistic, innovative, logical, low-key,mature, measured, methodological, neutral, novel, obvious, original, overall, personal,

personalised, positive, pragmatic, professional, rationalist, realistic, (un)reasonable,refreshing, relaxed, reliability, resolute, responsible, revolutionary, rigid, rigorous,scholarly, scientific, sensitive, soft, statistical, subtle, synthetic, systematic, tentative,timid, top-down, traditional, ultimate, unique, (un)usual, useful, useless, versatile,vigorous, worthwhile ~

P: acknowledgement, embodiment, lightness, wisdom, of ~; amateurism, commitment,

divergence, error, wariness in ~


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APPROVALn. acceptance of sth acceptare, acordV: achieve, apply for, appreciate, ask for, await, check for, confirm, deny, earn, expect,

express, gain, get, give, grant, have, look for, meet with, need, nod, obtain, present sth for,recommend, receive, refuse, request, require, resist, roar, secure, seek, serve as, signify,show, solicit, speed up, submit for, voice, win, withhold ~

A: authorised, bank, board, commercial, conditional, corporate, credit, definite, early,employee, final, financial, firm, formal, friendly, full, general, government, grudging,hesitant, immediate, instant, initial, legislative, managerial, ministerial, official,overwhelming, parental, popular, preliminary, presidential, prior, prompt, provisional,

public, qualified, quality, regulatory, reluctant, social, speedy, tacit, tentative,shareholder, universal, unanimous, universal, verbal, wholehearted, written ~

P: ~ of debt cancellation, loan, particular measures; nod, renewal, roar, seal, signature,stamp of ~; goods on ~; petition for ~; ~ policy, process, rating, requirements, time;with/without sbs ~; subject to ~

APTITUDE n. natural ability or cleverness suited to a particularkind of work or activity

aptitudine, abilitate

V: assess, create, demonstrate, develop, display, encourage, establish, foster, have, inherit,lack, lose, measure, overlook, owe ~ to, possess, reveal, show ~

A: academic, accounting, amazing, brilliant, cognitive, conspicuous, decided, definite,distinct, educational, great, intrinsic, managerial, mental, modest, naked, natural,numerical, natural, occupational, outstanding, personal, pronounced, rare, real,remarkable, sales, social, special, strong, team leader, vocational ~

P: ~ level, survey, test; ~ for figures, foreign languages, leadership, work; on basis of ~

ARRANGEMENTn. 1. an orderly setting out 2.pl.plans, measures

3.an agreement; a settlement of a dispute

1. aranjare, organizare

2. planuri, msuri3. nelegere, acord,rezolvare a unei dispute

1. (display)V: adopt, alter, bring, establish, keep to, maintain, reverse, restore ~

A: beaming, bright, confusing, constant, ingenious, meticulous, neat, ordered, orderly,perfect, product, room, sample, seating, strict, striking, stunning, symmetrical ~

2. (measures)V: alter, announce, arrive at, be in charge of, cancel, change, come to, comply with,

conclude, conform to, coordinate, have, implement, inquire about, investigate, keep to,implement, look after, make, plan proceed with, propose, (re)schedule, reverse, review,settle, suggest ~s

A: alternative, appropriate, business, careful, commercial, convenient, credit, definite,detailed, effective, export, final, firm, fixed, flexible, general, import, informal, licensing,necessary, payroll, preparatory, previous, purchasing, regular, royalty, satisfactory,severance, shipping, special, steady, systematic, trading, transportation, travel ~s

P: details, flexibility of ~s3. (agreement)V: abide by, agree to, approve of, break, cancel, change, come to, comply with, conclude,

consider, discuss, enter into, formalise, get out of, have, implement, make, oppose, reach,respect, reverse, revoke, take advantage of, terminate, work out ~

V: ~ comes into effect, formalised a change, holds good, (no longer/still) holds, is in forcemeets with approval, was brought to an end, works satisfactorily


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A: (dis)advantageous, agreeable, amicable, binding, bank, civic, compromise, convenient,current, exclusive, existing, expensive, financial, formal, friendly, mutual, permanent,

private, satisfactory, special, standby, successful, suitable, tacit, temporary, tentative,unworkable ~

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION n.pl. document recording theregulations and constitution of a company Statutul unei societicomerciale

V: alter, amend, change, draw up, require ~V: ~ act as, are legally binding, control, cover, deal with, establish, impose, lay down,

provide, regulate, set aside/out, state, specifyA: current, existing ~

ASSESSv. to work out the amount, value or quality of sth a evalua, a estima, amsura

assess aspects, chances, changes, competence, the condition of sth, contribution to sth, costs,damage, differences, effects, the effectiveness of sth, efficiency, the impact of sth, theimportance of sth, income, insurance, loss, merits, needs, performance, property, quality,risks, the significance of sth, situation, usefulness, value, work, worth

assess accurately, carefully, incorrectly, minutely, properly, thoroughly

ASSESSMENT n. 1. an evaluation of the amount or quality,calculation of the value of sth 2.calculation of the amount oftax that has to be paid

1. evaluare2. calcularea impozituluidatorat statului

1. (evaluation)

V: agree on, arrive at, carry out, give, make, offer, produce, put sth forward for, reach,revise, update ~

V: ~ has been made with regard to, is based on, takes into account thatA: (in)accurate, adverse, continuous, balanced, broad, candid, careful, competitive,

considered, continuous, (in)correct, critical, damage, direct, economic, educational,expert, external, (un)fair, false, (un)favourable, follow-up, formal, general, gloomy, hasty,health, honest, (in)formal, independent, internal, judicious, limited, medical, monthly,needs, objective, occupational competence, optimistic, overall, poor, quick, rapid,realistic, reasonable, regular, rigorous, social, subjective, succinct, true, upbeat, wise,wrong ~

P: ~ centre, comment, guidelines, experts, framework, method, objective, office, panel,process, schedule; ~ of business, damages, property; mode, stages of ~

2. (taxation)V: agree on, carry out, give, make ~V: ~ becomes due and payable

A: (in)accurate, balanced, considered, (in)correct, (un)fair, false, judicious, income.revenue, personal, property, real estate, true, wrong ~

P: ~ committee, services

ASSETn. 1.sb or sth useful or valuable 2.pl.things owned by aperson or business having a certain money value and that canbe used to pay debts or produce goods

1. resurs(umansaumaterial)2. active

1. (resource)

V: employ, enjoy, lose, make use of, take advantage of, waste ~


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A: considerable, core, economic, invaluable, key, military, natural, national, political,precious, valuable ~

2. (possessions)

V: accumulate, acquire, build up, buy, convert, counterbalance, dispose of, draw on,

exhaust, freeze, impound, invest in, own, pile up, possess, protect ~ (from), recover,release, remove, rent, seize, sell, sequester, shore up, squander, strip sb of, transfer, value~s

V: ~ are tied up (in), declined, depreciated, disappeared, dwindled, grew, shrankA: active, available, bad, capital, (non)cash, circulating, considerable, contingent,

convertible, corporate, current, deferred, doubtful, extensive, fictitious, (non)financial,fixed, floating, frozen, gross, hidden, invisible, (il)liquid, long-term, movable, net,nominal, non-yielding, operating, permanent, productive, (un)profitable, property, quick,real, realisable, (un)renewable, reserve, slow, solid, specific, (in)tangible, total,unrealised, valuable, wasting ~s

P: ~ -stripping; acquisition, disclosure, disposal, exchange, investment, purchase, record,sale, transfer of ~s; return on ~s

ASSET-STRIPPINGn.buying an unsuccessful company and sellingsome or all of its assets individually at a profit

vnzarea fracionataactivelor unei companiinerentabile

V: accuse sb of, avoid, be involved in, give rise to, prevent, safeguard against, stop ~A: alleged, blatant, downright, recent, scandalous ~P: ~ fraud, opportunity, price, tactics, threat

ASSIGNv. 1. to share out task or duty 2.to choose someone for a

certain job or position

1. (give sb task)

1. a trasa cuiva o

sarcin2. a desemna pe cinevantr-o funcie

assign a duty, identity, a job, obligations, responsibility, right, risk, a score, a task, work tosb

assign items of revenue and expense to specific accounting periods2. (appoint)

assign sb to a duty, a job, a position

ASSIGNMENT n. a specific duty given to a person or group ofpersons to carry out

sarcinde serviciu,nsrcinare, atribuie

V: abandon, accept, allocate, assume, be away on, be considered for, carry out, complete,do, fill, fulfil, give sb, handle, move on to, put enthusiasm into, send sb on, take (up),undertake, work on ~

A: crucial, dangerous, dramatic, government, hazardous, important, job, official, onerous,project, secret, special, specialised, team, tough, undercover, urgent, worthy ~

ASSISTANCEn. the act of assisting or the help given to another ajutor, asistenV: accord, appreciate, arrange for, ask for, back sb with all, be of (further), benefit from,

call for, count on, deny, extend ~ to sb, get, give (every), grant, invite, lend, need, offer,prohibit, provide, qualify for, receive, refuse, reject, rely on, render, request, require,

seek, solicit, summon, supply, thank for ~V: ~ was forthcoming


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A: additional, cash, considerable, continued, covert, development, (in)direct, economic,employee, family, favourable, financial, formal, generous, government, great,humanitarian, immediate, immense, judicial, kind, limited, little, material, mutual,

prompt, public, ready, regional, research, secretarial, specialist, supplementary, swift,tangible, technical, tremendous, valuable, vital, useful, welcome, wholehearted ~

P: ~ in kind; ~ grant, package, programme, supplementation; offers of ~

ASSOCIATIONn.1.a group of people, departments or institutionsjoined together for a purpose 2.fellowship, human contact orcooperation

1. asociaie, organizaie2. asociere

1. (organisation)

V: belong to, chair, establish, form, found, join, resign from, run, set up, support ~

V: ~ consists of, reports, sponsors, works towardsA: architectural, auditing, bar, central, educational, employee, employers, development,

formal, housing, medical, national, neighbours, parents, political, press, professional,purchasing, regional, registered, staff, student, trade, umbrella, wholesale ~

P: ~ agreement, aims, chairman, conference, director, headquarters, member, membership,number, representative, secretary, treaty; articles, chairman, contract, deed, freedom of~; ~ of banks, hotels, individuals, shareholders

2. (cooperation)

V: be in close ~ with, begin, break off, continue, disrupt, encourage, enjoy, enter into,establish ~ with, exploit, forge, form, give up, have, inspire, renew, sever, terminate ~

A: beneficial, brief, clandestine, close, continued, disgraceful, free, friendly, fruitful,harmful, harmless, intimate, long, loose, permanent, pleasant, proper, rewarding, useful ~

P: freedom of ~

ASSURANCEn. 1. a declaration that is intended to make sth certainand thus overcome doubt 2.a solemn promise or guarantee 3.insurance, esp. life insurance3

1. asigurare, ncredinare2. garanie (a calitii)3. asigurare de via

1. (assertion, guarantee)

V: ask for, deliver, demand, expect, extract, exude, gain, give, have, obtain, offer, provide,receive, search, seek, want ~

A: absolute, categorical, definite, empty, firm, formal, official, personal, positive, real,repeated, self-contained, solemn, swaggering, welcome ~

P: ~ of confidentiality; ground of ~

2. (guarantee)V: develop, guarantee quality ~P: quality ~ department, system3.( insurance)P: life ~ company, policy, scheme

ATTACKn.1.the act or an instance of attacking; an assault 2.anexpression of strong criticism; hostile comment

1. atac, asalt, ofensiv2. atac verbal

3assurance n.the term generally used by insurance companies to denote policies where a sum is payable after a

fixed number of years or on the death of the insured person. The term insurance is used in policies relating toevents such as fire, accident or death within a limited period. In popular usage, the term insuranceis used in bothcases.


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1. (assault)V: be immune/subject/vulnerable to, be ripe for, beat back, blunt, call off, carry out, come

under, condone, deter, direct, drive home, engage in, evade, fend off, head off, initiate,instigate, intensify, intercept, launch, lead, make, mount, press home, provoke, renew,repel, repulse, resist, scale down, spearhead, step up, suffer, sustain, thwart, ward off ~

V: ~ escalated, failed, fizzled out, gathered momentum, got into its stride, petered out,reached a new pitch, succeeded

A: abortive, all-out, alleged, appalling, arson, audacious, barbaric, blistering, bold, bomb,brutal, bungled, callous, concentrated, concerted, courageous, cowardly, cruel,dangerous, daring, devastating, direct, diversionary, ferocious, fierce, final, frenzied,

fresh, frontal, full-scale, furious, imminent, impending, impetuous, latest, major, massive,mistimed, savage, subsequent, sudden, surprise, sustained, terrorist, treacherous,unexpected, unjustified, unprovoked, vicious, vigorous, violent ~

P: series, spate, wave of ~s; brunt, ferocity, intensity, resumption, savagery, suddenness,thrust, victim of ~; vulnerable to ~; in fear of ~

2. (hostile comment)V: deliver, launch, make ~

A: biting, bitter, crude, distasteful, exaggerated, extensive, feeble, forceful, forthright,impassioned, initial, outspoken, passionate, personal, populist, scathing, scurrilous,strong, sustained, unwarranted, vehement, venomous, virulent, withering ~

AUCTIONn. a sale of goods or property at which intending buyersbid against one another for individual items, each item beingsold to the bidder offering the highest price

licitaie, vnzare

V: acquire at, announce, attend, be on sale at, be up for, bid at, buy at/in, call, come up for,conduct, gather at, get involved in, go to, hold, organise, pick up some bargains at,

purchase by, put up for, schedule, sell at/by/in, spend (money) at, withdraw from ~V: ~ opened with, took place, was oversubscribed, will see the sale of

A: annual, antique, bankruptcy, car, charity, closing, compulsory, Dutch, English,first/second-price, franchise, impromptu, midday, mock, on-line, opening, procurement,public, reverse, silent, successful, Treasury ~

P: ~ algorithm, bidder, block, bridge, catalogue, company, day, fees, gallery, goer, group,house, market, price, proceeds, pitch, record, results, room, sale

AUDIENCEn. a group of people gathered in one place to watch orlisten to a play, film, sb speaking, etc., or the people watching

or listening to a particular TV or radio programme

public, audien

V: address, appeal to, astonish, attract, bring home to, build up, captivate, capture, caution,communicate to, convey to, deliver message to, disappoint, discover, draw, electrify,enchant, entertain, enthral, establish, face, grip, handle, hold, hold ~ captive, hook,impress, keep, keep the ~ on its toes, keep the ~ rapt, look at, move, mystify, pander to,

please, reach, read before/to, retain, rivet, rouse, shock, speak to, stir, struggle for,survey, sway, target, warn ~

V: ~ applauded, booed, heckled, is prone/resistant to, jeered, walked out, whistledA: advertising, alert, applause-prone, appreciative, attentive, average, broad, captive,

critical, demanding, discerning, dwindling, eager, earnest, enthusiastic, exclusive,impressive, large, mass, mixed, nation/wide, packed, peak, potential, prime-time, prone,

radio, rapt, receptive, remaining, (un)responsive, select, sizeable, sparse, spellbound,student, (un)sympathetic, target, television, upscale, vast, viewing ~


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P: ~ analysis, composition, number, partici

Dictionary of Business Collocations-libre

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