DHS Energy Security InitiativesDHS Energy Security Initiatives

11 MAR 200911 MAR 2009

Scott PughScience and Technology DirectorateInteragency Programs OfficeU.S. Department of Homeland Security

DHS Science & Technology DHS Science & Technology

CONSEQUENCE OF OCCURRENCE

LIK

ELIH

OO

D O

F O

CC

UR

REN

CE

HIGHER

HIGHER

BOMBS, BORDERS, BUGS, BUSINESS, BODIES & BUILDINGS

TERRORIST ROADMAP

LOWER

LOWER

Cyber

Gov’t, economy, societal instability

IEDs

Nuclear

Biological

Radiological

ChemicalPhysical Critical Infrastructure Attack

Trans Nat’l Migration?

?

?

?

S&T NPPD

NCSC

I&A

FEMATSA CBP CIS ICE USSS USCG

U.S. Electric GenerationU.S. Electric Generation

50%50%20%20%

20%20%

10%10%

Gas

Nuclear

Renewables

Coal

Projected US Electric DemandProjected US Electric Demand

US EIA AEO 2009

50% growth by 2030

50% Electricity Demand Growth By 203050% Electricity Demand Growth By 2030

To maintain current electric fuel supply mix would mean building in next 21 years:

Nuclear reactors (1,000 MW)

Renewables (100 MW)

Natural gas plants (400 MW)

Coal-fired plants (600 MW)

50

93

279

261

Source: 2006 Annual Energy Outlook, Energy Information Administration

> 2 / year (104)

(~ 600)

North American Transmission GridNorth American Transmission Grid

HVDCHVDC

HVDCHVDC

HVDC

HVDC

Mexico

Canada

Transmission owned by over 500 independent companies.Generation supplied by over 3000 utilities.

A DOD, DOE, DHS Joint ConcernA DOD, DOE, DHS Joint Concern“Critical national security and

Homeland defense missions are at an unacceptably high risk of extended outage from failure of the grid.”

“Backup power is often based on diesel generator sets with limited on-site fuel storage, undersized for new Homeland defense missions, not prioritized to critical loads, and inadequate in duration and reliability.”

““DOD Facility IslandingDOD Facility Islanding””

Grid VulnerabilitiesGrid Vulnerabilities

Circuit BreakersHigh Voltage TransformersHigh Voltage Transformers

Generators

EHV Circuit BreakersEHV Circuit Breakers

Extremely High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breakers

3 Phase Circuit Breaker Operation3 Phase Circuit Breaker Operation

LOAD SIDE(Grid)

In Phase Out of Phase

GENERATOR SIDE(Power Plant)

+5000v

-5000v

+5000v

-5000v

v1 = +5000 vac

v1 = +5000 vac

v1 = -5000 vac

2007 Grid Cyber Test at INL2007 Grid Cyber Test at INL

““AuroraAurora””

Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) -23 Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative

JAN 08 (Top Secret)

Transformer RisksTransformer Risks• Extreme High Voltage (EHV) Transformers are critical grid components • Vulnerable to natural disasters and deliberate attacks

– No transformers above 345kV are manufactured in the US– US has largest 345+KV grid– 100+ tons, difficult to transport– Months to years of pipeline delays– Manufactured overseas with backlog through 2010– Cost tens of millions of dollars– Many reaching end of design lives

765kV500kV345kV

ECAR Region - Age of EHV Transformers - Total MVA

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1953

1955

1958

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

Transformer Manufacture Date

MVA

Cap

acity

Salem Nuclear Plant GSU Transformer Failure, March 1989

EHV TransformersEHV Transformers

Super High Voltage Transformers - 765 KV, 500 KVNo existing US manufacturing capability.

Virtually no domestic spares.

Emergency TransformersEmergency Transformers

230 KV Mobile Transformer (Made in US)765 KV, 500 KV, 345 KV are too large & heavy for mobile versions.

DHS Recovery TransformerDHS Recovery TransformerProduct Description• Recovery transformers designed for

transportability, ease of installation and low maintenance as temporary solutions during emergencies and grid blackouts

• Phase 1: Develop/demonstrate state of the art technologies in form, fit function prototype suitable for 60% of US transformers

• Phase 2: Develop/demonstrate increased transportability (form/fit and reduce weight) while maintaining or increasing efficiency and increasing suitability to 80% of US transformers

TRL at Start: 3/2 TRL at Transition: 7/6 (phase1/phase2)

Planned Demos & Deliverables/Transitions • Demo 1 - Phase 1a: Design and demonstrate a Recovery

Transformer in a lab environment – FY09• Demo 2 - Phase 1b: Demonstrate a Recovery

Transformer on the grid - FY10• Demo 3 - Phase 2: Design and demonstrate a smaller,

lighter, more transportable and more efficient Recover Transformer - FY12

Payoff• Eliminate up to 2 year lag in transformer

replacement • Decreasing power-on recovery times from

months to days.• More resilient transformer as part of power gridIntended Customer for Transition• Energy Sector, DHS OIP

Resilient Electric Grid (REG)Resilient Electric Grid (REG)

May 2007

Blackout Timeline:Nov 65 - Northeastern U.S.Jul 77 - New York CityAug 03 - Northeastern U.S.Jul 06 - New York City (Queens)Jun 07- New York CityFeb 08 - Florida

17 sector- specific plans for protecting critical infrastructure have been developed

A failure of imagination…

ConEdConEd’’s Revolution in Power Deliverys Revolution in Power Delivery1G 1G –– System of the PastSystem of the Past 2G 2G –– System of TodaySystem of Today 3G 3G –– System of the FutureSystem of the Future

ConEd Concept (2015)

High temperature superconducting cable with inherent fast acting

fault current limiting characteristics.

Allows “meshed” distribution system withmultiple redundant current paths.

Reduces impact of single substation loss.

Liquid N2

3 electrical phases

Liquid N2

Cable developed byCable developed byAmerican Superconductor.American Superconductor.

HTS FCL cable under test at ORNL in 2008. HTS FCL cable under test at ORNL in 2008.

Upgrading ORNL facility for Jan-Apr 09 tests:• 25m cable, 3 phase, in cryostat• Normal operating current (up to 4000 amps) and voltage (15,000 volts).• Fault currents up to 40,000 amps for 100s of milliseconds

Outdoor cable test facility for exposure to weather.Outdoor cable test facility for exposure to weather.

Long Island Power Authority Holbrook SubstationLong Island Power Authority Holbrook Substation

• DOE Sponsored• 1st generation high

temperature superconducting cable

• Operating since April 2008• Lacks inherent fault current

limiting characteristic being tested now at ORNL

24

BACKUPsBACKUPs

White House

OSTP

NSTC

CoScience CoTech CHNS CENR

GVTF

Grid VulnerabilitiesGrid Vulnerabilities

Step Down Transformer Substation

Transmission

Distribution

Power

Comprehensive National Cyber Security InitiativeComprehensive National Cyber Security Initiative HSPDHSPD--23 23

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYU. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Why Federal R&D Investment?ONLY the Federal Government can take “game-changing” risks that benefit society, create leading-edge AMERICAN technology, AMERICAN JOBS and assure AMERICAN security!

Navy Nuclear Submarine

Curtis LeMay

ARPANET World Wide Web

Boeing 707

Civilian Nuclear PowerHyman G. Rickover

KC-135

NautilusSSN 571~ 1954

~ 1955

1960’s

DDG 1000 “Electric Navy”

AMSC - 50,000 SHP (36.5MW)HTS AC Synchronous Motor

> 2000

Electric Grid Security• Vulnerabilities

– Cyber attack– Physical attack– Natural disasters– Infrastructure failure

• Consequences– Minor to devastating– Civilian and military– Economic and practical

• Policy– HSPD 7 - Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and

Protection (DEC 03)– HSPD 23 - Comprehensive National Cyber Security Initiative (JAN

08)– White House OSTP National Science & Technology Council

• Committee on Homeland & National Security• Grid Reliability Task Force (SEP 08)

• Major Stakeholders– DHS– DOE– DOD– DOC – EPA

• S&T Concepts/Engagement – Project Hydra– Recovery Transformer– Distributed Power for Resilience and Recovery– Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for Power (TCIP)

U.S. Electricity MixU.S. Electricity Mix

50%50%20%20%

20%20%

10%10%

Gas

Nuclear

Renewables

Coal