dfbgfyhnhiljmyfdvjbtftfgyybgbngggtrfhb

THE PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT TENSE OF BE

AFFIRMATIVE CONTRACTION NEGATIVE

I AM I´M I´M NOTYOU ARE YOU´RE YOU AREN´THE IS HE´S HE ISN´TSHE IS SHE´S SHE ISN´TIT IS IT´S IT ISN´TWE ARE WE´RE WE AREN´TYOU ARE YOU´RE YOU AREN´TTHEY ARE THEY´RE THEY AREN´T

INTERROGATIVE AM I? ARE YOU? IS HE?

IS SHE? IS IT? ARE WE? ARE YOU? ARE THEY?

NOTE: HE – SHE – IT (THIRD PERSON SINGULAR)

EXAMPLES

I AM FROM COLOMBIA. YOU ARE A STUDENT. HE IS A TEACHER. SHE IS BEAUTIFUL. IT IS A BOOK. WE ARE SINGERS. YOU ARE SMART. THEY ARE LATE. ARE YOU A TEACHER? YES, I AM A TEACHER. IS HE A STUDENT? NO, HE ISN´T A STUDENT. HE IS A TEACHER. ARE THEY GOOD STUDENTS? YES, THEY ARE GOOD STUDENTS.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

English Tutor: Virginia Padilla Camacho. 2

The indefinite article has two forms, A and An. Before a consonant (A) is used. Before a vowel (An) is used.

EXAMPLE

A student. An article. A friend. An idea. A boy. An umbrella.

EXERCISES

1. Circle the correct words or word parts.

PAM: Hi. I (’m / ´s) Pam. MARY: Hello. We (´s / ´re) Mary and Ellen Johnson. PAM: Oh, you (´re / n´t) twins! MARY: No, we (´re not / isn’t) twins. But we (´m / ´re) sisters. PAM: But you (´s / ´re) exactly alike! ELLEN: No, I (´m / ´s) nineteen years old, but Mary (isn’t / aren’t) even eighteen yet. PAM: Oh. Well, I (´m / are) glad to meet you! PAM: Mary and Ellen, this (is / He’s) Carlos. MARY: Hi, Carlos. ELLEN: Hello, Carlos. CARLOS: Hello. (to Pam) They (´m / ´re) twins!

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb be.

A. ______John a teacher?B. My sister______a good student.C. The teacher______not here yet.D. Carlos and Ron______late.E. The snack bar______open.F. Mary and Ellen______not twins.G. My friends______smart.H. My name______John.I. ______ you from Venezuela?J. No, I______not from Venezuela. I______ from Colombia.


THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The present tense, describes activities and states which are generally and universally true.Example: The teacher explains the lesson.

The simple present tense usually uses the simple form of a verb. For a third person singular subject (He-She-It), the verb ends in (S)

TO CLEAN TO WORK TO LIKE TO WALKI clean I work I like I walkYou clean You work You like You walkHe cleans He works He likes He walksShe cleans She works She likes She walksIt cleans It works It likes It walksWe clean We work We like We walkYou clean You work You like You walkThey clean They work They like They walk

TO DANCE TO KISS TO PLAY TO STUDYI dance I kiss I play I studyYou dance You kiss You play You studyHe dances He kisses He plays He studiesShe dances She kisses She plays She studiesIt dances It kisses It plays It studiesWe dance We kiss We play We studyYou dance You kiss You play You studyThey dance They kiss They play They study

NOTE

Verbs of one syllable that end in o, the ending es is added.TO GO HE GOES

Verbs that end in y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i, and the ending esis added.

TO FLY SHE FLIES


Verbs that end in s, sh, ch, or x, the ending es is added.

TO MISS HE MISSESTO WASH SHE WASHESTO TEACH IT TEACHESTO FIX HE FIXES

Verbs that end in ge, ce, or se, the ending s is added.

TO CHANGE HE CHANGESTO PRODUCE SHE PRODUCESTO USE IT USES

EXAMPLE

TO GO GOESTO DO DOESTO STUDY STUDIESTO TRY TRIESTO CRY CRIESTO FLY FLIESTO REPLY REPLIESTO PAY PAYSTO BUY BUYSTO SAY SAYSTO MISS MISSESTO PASS PASSESTO EXPRESS EXPRESSESTO NOTICE NOTICESTO PRONOUNCE PRONOUNCESTO CLOSE CLOSESTO USE USESTO CATCH CATCHES


EXERCISES

Use the correct form of the simple present tense of the verb.

He______from Colombia. (come) ______you from New York? (be) Mary______to class early. (go) The teacher______the unit 5. (explain) He______the words. (understand) The teachers______North Americans. (be) Pamela______the university. (like) Alice______many books. (have) The lesson______very important. (be) Mr. Perez______the house. (rent) Carol______on Garden Street. (live) My mother_______to buy a car. (need) I_____to the radio every night. (listen) We______to speak English. (want) The students______to learn English. (want)

HOW TO MAKE QUESTIONS IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The helping verb DO/DOES is used in the present tense for questions and negatives.

DO is used for all subjects except third person singular. (I-You-We-They).DOES is used only for third person singular. (He-She-It).

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I DO I DON´T DO I?YOU DO YOU DON´T DO YOU?HE DOES HE DOESN´T DOES HE?SHE DOES SHE DOESN´T DOES SHE?IT DOES IT DOESN´T DOES IT?WE DO WE DON´T DO WE?YOU DO YOU DON´T DO YOU?THEY DO THEY DON´T DO THEY?


EXAMPLES

They like the English class.Do they like the English class? (Interrogative)Yes, they like the English class. (Affirmative)No, they don’t like the English class. (Negative)

Carlos wants to eat now.Does he want to eat now? (Interrogative)Yes, he wants to eat now. (Affirmative)No, he doesn’t want to eat now. (Negative)

EXERCISES

Change these sentences to questions.

A. They know English.________________________________________________________________?

B. They listen to the radio in the evening.________________________________________________________________?

C. Alice goes to the store with him.________________________________________________________________?

D. Mrs. Brown has many things to buy.________________________________________________________________?

E. Herb lives on Clark Street.________________________________________________________________?

F. The house has a nice green lawn.________________________________________________________________?

G. He speaks Spanish very well.________________________________________________________________?

H. The Browns have a new car.________________________________________________________________?

I. My mother puts the tomatoes in the sun.________________________________________________________________?

J. They go to Miami on business.________________________________________________________________?


THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense describes present time. It is used for actions which are happening in the present, and for a period of time which includes the present. It consists of

a form of the verb be before the ing form of a verb.

BE + VERB + ING

Example: SHE IS STUDYING ENGLISH

The present continuous tense, uses combinations to mark the common time: this week, this month, this year, these days, today, now, at the moment, and tonight.

AFFIRMATIVE CONTRACTION NEGATIVE

I AM EATING I´M EATING I´M NOT EATINGYOU ARE PLAYING YOU´RE PLAYING YOU AREN´T PLAYINGHE IS STUDYING HE´S STUDYING HE ISN´T STUDYINGSHE IS COOKING SHE´S COOKING SHE ISN´T COOKINGIT IS TALKING IT´S TALKING IT ISN´T TAKINGWE ARE SINGING WE´RE SINGING WE AREN´T SINGINGYOU ARE CRYING YOU´RE CRYING YOU AREN´T CRYINGTHEY ARE WORKING THEY´RE WORKING THEY AREN´T WORKING

INTERROGATIVE AM I EATING? ARE YOU PLAYING? IS HE STUDYING?

IS SHE COOKING? IS IT TALKING? ARE WE SINGING? ARE YOU CRYING? ARE THEY WORKING?


NOTE

In English, a certain group of verbs can not take any continuous tense. These are verbs which describe mental states or mental activity or conditions of things.

BELIEVE PREFER WANT UNDERSTAND OWNHATE REALISE SEEM DEPEND NEEDHEAR SUPPOSE CONTAIN LOVE BELONGKNOW MEAN LIKE REMEMBER

HAVE (meaning to own; some exceptions are idioms with have. These idioms are use in continuous tenses: to have fun, to have a party, to have a good time, to have a bad time, to have trouble)

THINK (meaning to believe. Think about has a different meaning and can take continuous tenses)

These are some of the verbs in present continuous

TO DANCE DANCINGTO STUDY STUDYINGTO PRONOUNCE PRONOUNCINGTO MISS MISSINGTO WATCH WATCHINGTO WALK WALKINGTO ASK ASKINGTO LEARN LEARNINGTO PASS PASSINGTO EXPRESS EXPRESSINGTO LISTEN LISTENINGTO LIVE LIVINGTO CLOSE CLOSINGTO USE USINGTO ARRIVE ARRIVINGTO CHANGE CHANGINGTO SPEAK SPEAKINGTO TALK TALKINGTO SEND SENDING


TO SLEEP SLEEPINGTO SWIM SWIMMINGTO TAKE TAKINGTO BREAK BREAKINGTO BUY BUYINGTO DO FLYTO GIVE GIVING

SPECIAL RULES

If the simple form ends in silent e after a consonant, drop the e and add ing.

Example: TO SNEEZE SNEEZING

If the simple form ends in ie, change the ie to y and add ing.

Example: TO DIE DYINGTO UNTIE UNTYING

If the simple form has one syllable and ends in one consonant after one vowel, double the

last consonant (except x) an add ing.

Example: TO GET GETTING TO RUN RUNNING

NOTE: The letters w and y at the end of a word are vowels, not consonants.

Example: TO ROW ROWINGTO PLAY PLAYING

If the simple form ends in an accented (stressed) syllable, follow the rule above forone final consonant after one vowel.

Example: TO BEGÍN BEGINNING

NOTE: If the last syllable is not accented, just add ing.

Example: TO HÁPPEN HAPPENING


In all other cases, add ing to the simple form.

Example: TO WALK WALKINGTO EAT EATINGTO CARRY CARRYING

EXAMPLES

They are studying to pass the test.Are they studying to pass the test? (Interrogative)Yes, they are studying to pass the test. (Affirmative)No, they are not studying to pass the test. (Negative)

The bear is eating our food.Is the bear eating our food? (Interrogative)Yes, the bear is eating our food. (Affirmative)No, the bear is not eating our food. (Negative)

EXERCISES

Use present continuous tense and complete the sentences.

Miguel_______gifts (buy) The little boys_______ (play) The little girl and her mother_______a walk (take) They_______at toys (look) The Teenage girls_______for the test (study) The woman_______home (go) The teenage boy_______to music (listen) The old man_______the newspaper (read) My sister_______a letter now (send) The doorbell_______now (ring)


THE PAST TENSE

THE PAST TENSE OF BE


I WAS I WASN´T WAS I?YOU WERE YOU WEREN´T WERE YOU?HE WAS HE WASN´T WAS HE?SHE WAS SHE WASN´T WAS SHE?IT WAS IT WASN´T WAS IT?WE WERE WE WEREN´T WERE WE?YOU WERE YOU WEREN´T WERE YOU?THEY WERE THEY WEREN´T WERE THEY?

EXAMPLES

I WAS AN ENGLISH TEACHER YOU WERE A GOOD STUDENT. HE WAS AN AEROBICS INSTRUCTOR. SHE WAS BEAUTIFUL QUEEN. IT WAS A NICE ISLAND. WE WERE FAMOUS SINGERS. YOU WERE SMART GIRLS. THEY WERE LATE. WERE YOU A STUDENT? YES, I WAS A STUDENT. WAS HE A PILOT? NO, HE WASN´T A PILOT. WERE THEY GOOD STUDENTS? YES, THEY WERE GOOD STUDENTS.


THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The most basic use of the past tense is to describe one completed action in the past.Example: The fire started at 9:00 pm.

The simple past tense uses combinations to mark the common time: yesterday, yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon, yesterday evening, last night, last month, last year, two days ago, two weeks ago, three years ago, in 1998, on Monday, at 5:30.

TO CLEAN TO WORK TO FIX TO WALKI cleaned I worked I fixed I walkedYou cleaned You worked You fixed You walkedHe cleaned He worked He fixed He walkedShe cleaned She worked She fixed She walkedIt cleaned It worked It fixed It walkedWe cleaned We worked We fixed We walkedYou cleaned You worked You fixed You walkedThey cleaned They worked They fixed They walked

TO DANCE TO START TO PLAY TO STUDYI danced I started I played I studiedYou danced You started You played You studiedHe danced He started He played He studiedShe danced She started She played She studiedIt danced It started It played It studiedWe danced We started We played We studiedYou danced You started You played You studiedThey danced They started They played They studied

REGULAR VERBS: If a verb is regular, the past simple and past participle end in ed.

NOTE

In the simple past tense of regular verbs, the regular ending is ed; it is added to the simple

form of the verb. If the verb ends in e, only d is added.

TO WALK WALKEDTO DANCE DANCED


When the simple form of the verb ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel and the stress is on the last syllable, the consonant is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

TO STOP STOPPED

When the simple form of the verb ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y changes to i before ed.

TO STUDY STUDIED

EXAMPLE

TO DANCE DANCEDTO NOTICE NOTICEDTO STUDY STUDIEDTO PRONOUNCE PRONOUNCEDTO MISS MISSEDTO OMIT OMITTEDTO WATCH WATCHEDTO WALK WALKEDTO ASK ASKEDTO FINISH FINISHEDTO LEARN LEARNEDTO PASS PASSEDTO EXPRESS EXPRESSEDTO LISTEN LISTENEDTO LIVE LIVEDTO CLOSE CLOSEDTO USE USEDTO ARRIVE ARRIVEDTO CHANGE CHANGEDTO ORDER ORDEREDTO ANSWER ANSWERED


EXERCISES

Give the past tense of the verbs in parentheses.

He______hard yesterday. (work) We______to the radio for an hour. (listen) Mary______a great deal of English last year. (learn) The teacher______the unit 5. (explain) He______as far as the church with them. (walk) The teachers______to go to the factory. (decide) Pamela______the University. (like) Alice______us to her house. (invite) The guys______very well. (play) Mr. Perez______the house. (rent) Carol______on Garden Street two years ago. (live) My mother_______to buy a car. (need) I_____to the radio yesterday night. (listen) We______to speak English. (want) The students______to learn English. (want)

HOW TO MAKE QUESTIONS IN THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The helping verb DID is used in the past tense for questions and negatives.

DID is used for all subjects. (I-You-He-She-It-We-They).


I DID I DIDN´T DID I?YOU DID YOU DIDN´T DID YOU?HE DID HE DIDN´T DID HE?SHE DID SHE DIDN´T DID SHE?IT DID IT DIDN´T DID IT?WE DID WE DIDN´T DID WE?YOU DID YOU DIDN´T DID YOU?THEY DID THEY DIDN´T DID THEY?


EXAMPLES

They liked the last English class.Did they like the last English class? (Interrogative)Yes, they liked the last English class. (Affirmative)No, they didn’t like the last English class. (Negative)

Carlos studied English two years ago.Did he study English two years ago? (Interrogative)Yes, he studied English two years ago. (Affirmative)No, he didn’t study English two years ago. (Negative)

EXERCISES

Change these sentences to questions.

1. They learned English.________________________________________________________________?

2. They listened to the radio yesterday morning.________________________________________________________________?

3. Alice danced with him.________________________________________________________________?

4. Mrs. Brown received a letter this morning.________________________________________________________________?

5. Herb lived on Clark Street.________________________________________________________________?

6. They signed the contract two weeks ago.________________________________________________________________?

7. He missed the bus this morning.________________________________________________________________?

8. The Browns followed the instructions.________________________________________________________________?

9. My mother rented her house.________________________________________________________________?

10. They answered all the questions.________________________________________________________________?


NOTE

Some common verbs have an irregular past tense and are therefore called irregular verbs.

IRREGULAR VERBS: When the past simple and past participle don’t end

in ed, the verb is irregular.

With some irregular verbs, all three forms (infinitive, past simple and past participle) are the same. For example, HIT-HIT-HIT.

With other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle, but different from the infinitive. For example, TELL-TOLD-TOLD.

With other irregular verbs, all three forms are different.For Example, BREAK-BROKE-BROKEN.

The following verbs can be regular or irregular:

Burn……Burned or Burnt Smell……Smelled or SmeltDream……Dreamed or Dreamt Spell……Spelled or SpeltLean……Leaned or Leant Spill……Spilled or SpiltLearn……Learned or Learnt Spoil……Spoiled or Spoilt

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

Be Was/Were BeenBeat Beat BeatenBecome Became BecomeBegin Began BegunBend Bent BentBet Bet BetBite Bit BittenBlow Blew BlownBreak Broke BrokenBring Brought BroughtBroadcast Broadcast BroadcastBuild Built BuiltBurst Burst BurstBuy Bought BoughtCatch Caught CaughtChoose Chose ChosenCome Came ComeCost Cost CostCreep Crept CreptCut Cut Cut



Deal Dealt DealtDig Dug DugDo Did DoneDraw Drew DrawnDrink Drank DrunkDrive Drove DrivenEat Ate EatenFall Fell FallenFeed Fed FedFeel Felt FeltFight Fought FoughtFind Found FoundFlee Fled FledFly Flew FlownForbid Forbade ForbiddenForget Forgot ForgottenForgive Forgave ForgivenFreeze Froze FrozenGet Got GotGive Gave GivenGo Went GoneGrow Grew GrownHang Hung HungHave Had HadHear Heard HeardHide Hid HiddenHit Hit HitHold Held HeldHurt Hurt HurtKeep Kept KeptKneel Knelt KneltKnow Knew KnownLay Laid LaidLead Led LedLeave Left LeftLend Lent LentLet Let LetLie Lay LainLight Lit LitLose Lost LostMake Made MadeMean Meant MeantMeet Met MetPay Paid PaidPut Put PutRead Read ReadRide Rode RiddenRing Rang Rung



Rise Rose RisenRun Ran RunSay Said SaidSee Saw SeenSeek Sought SoughtSell Sold SoldSend Sent SentSet Set SetSew Sewed Sewn/SewedShake Shook ShakenShine Shone ShoneShoot Shot ShotShow Showed Shown/ShowedShrink Shrank ShrunkShut Shut ShutSing Sang SungSink Sank SunkSit Sat SatSleep Slept SleptSlide Slid SlidSpeak Spoke SpokenSpend Spent SpentSpit Spat SpatSplit Split SplitSpread Spread SpreadSpring Sprang SprungStand Stood StoodSteal Stole StolenStick Stuck StuckSting Stung StungStink Stank StunkStrike Struck StruckSwear Swore SwornSweep Swept SweptSwim Swam SwumSwing Swung SwungTake Took TakenTeach Taught TaughtTear Tore TornTell Told ToldThink Thought ThoughtThrow Threw ThrownUnderstand Understood UnderstoodWake Woke WokenWear Wore WornWeep Wept WeptWin Won WonWrite Wrote Written


EXERCISES

Answer these sentences in affirmative form.

1. Did you take a train?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

2. Did he give you his seat?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

3. How much money did you lend him?

4. Did they go last night? Yes, ____________________________________________________________

5. Did she forget her book?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

6. Did he tell you the truth?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

7. Did you send the package?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

8. Did he pay for the tickets?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

9. Did you win the prize?Yes, ____________________________________________________________

10. Did the English class begin on time?Yes, ____________________________________________________________


THE AUXILIARY VERB CAN

CAN expresses ability, mental or physical. We can use CAN, to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something.

We use CAN + INFINITIVE

Example: I can study English.


I CAN I CAN´T CAN I?YOU CAN YOU CAN´T CAN YOU?HE CAN HE CAN´T CAN HE?SHE CAN SHE CAN´T CAN SHE?IT CAN IT CAN´T CAN IT?WE CAN WE CAN´T CAN WE?YOU CAN YOU CAN´T CAN YOU?THEY CAN THEY CAN´T CAN THEY?

NOTE: CAN is used in all subjects (I-You-He-She-It-We-You-They) CAN has only two forms. Can (present) and Could (past)

CAN has no present perfect, so sometimes is necessary to use be able to.

CAN has no infinitive.

EXAMPLES

They can see the lake from our bedroom window.Can they see the lake from our bedroom window? (Interrogative)Yes, they can see the lake from our bedroom window. (Affirmative)No, they can’t see the lake from our bedroom window. (Negative)

Herb can speak any foreign languages.Can he speak any foreign languages? (Interrogative)Yes, he can speak any foreign languages. (Affirmative)No, he can’t speak any foreign languages. (Negative)


COULD

Sometimes COULD is the past tense of CAN.


I COULD I COULDN´T COULD I?YOU COULD YOU COULDN´T COULD YOU?HE COULD HE COULDN´T COULD HE?SHE COULD SHE COULDN´T COULD SHE?IT COULD IT COULDN´T COULD IT?WE COULD WE COULDN´T COULD WE?YOU COULD YOU COULDN´T COULD YOU?THEY COULD THEY COULDN´T COULD THEY?

EXAMPLES

My grandfather could swim.Could he swim? (Interrogative)Yes, he could swim. (Affirmative)No, he couldn’t swim. (Negative)

Herb and Ron could smell burning.Could they smell burning? (Interrogative)Yes, they could smell burning. (Affirmative)No, they couldn’t smell burning. (Negative)

EXERCISES

Complete the sentences with can / can’t / could /couldn’t + one of these verbs:

Come Eat Hear Run Sleep Wait

I’m afraid I_________to your party next week. When John was 20, he was fast runner. He__________100 metres in 11 seconds. Are you in a hurry? No, I have got plenty of time. I__________. I was feeling sick yesterday. I__________anything. Can you speak up a bit? I__________you very well. You look tired. Yes, I__________last night.


DO AND MAKE

DO as a principal verb, is often confused with MAKE, because both verbs are the same in Spanish.

TO INDICATE A GENERAL ACTIVITY.

What are you doing now? What did you do yesterday? The maid did everything that I told her to do. What can I do for you?

WITH CERTAINS NOUNS.

She always does her work carefully. Did you do your homework for today? Mr. Brown does his own housework. I have to do my English lesson now. The maid does the dishes after each meal. He did a lot of business last month. I’m going downtown to do some errands. Can you do me a favor?

The verb MAKE is used with several common meanings.

Make usually means perform, create, form, produce, construct, or manufacture.

He is going to make a speech tonight. Let’s make a fire in the fireplace. I always make a list of the things I have to do. She made herself a new dress. He made a diagram to show us the way to go. The best belts are made in Italy. They are making plans for an expensive trip. She didn’t make many mistakes in her English test.


LIST OF SOME WORDS WITH DO AND MAKE

DO MAKE

Work SpeechHomework FireHousework SandwichesLesson DressThe dishes DiagramBusiness PlansErrands MistakesFavor Money

Difference Effort The bed Friends

EXERCISES

Answer these questions, using the correct form of the verbs Do or Make.

Do you do an effort or make an effort? ________________________________ Do you do your work or make your work? ______________________________ Do you do an errand or make an errand? _______________________________ Do you do a mistake or make a mistake? _______________________________ Do you do a favor or make a favor? ___________________________________ Do you do the dishes or make the dishes? ______________________________ Do you do a list or make a list? ______________________________________ Do you do a speech or make a speech? ________________________________


dfbgfyhnhiljmyfdvjbtftfgyybgbngggtrfhb

Documents

Transcript of dfbgfyhnhiljmyfdvjbtftfgyybgbngggtrfhb